基于SIC的伪卫星系统抗远近效应捕获算法研究

地基伪卫星系统中由于远近效应的影响,近场伪卫星信号可能对远场伪卫星信号形成压制干扰,导致远场伪卫星信号无法被捕获. 针对该系统中使用的跳时直接序列扩频(TH-DSSS)信号的捕获问题,引入串行干扰消除(SIC)技术,缓解伪卫星系统中的远近效应问题,通过本地重构强信号和干扰对消降低强信号对弱信号捕获的影响,并从理论和仿真两方面对其性能进行了分析. 仿真结果表明,相比传统未采用干扰消除的捕获算法而言,基于SIC的信号捕获方法在不改变伪卫星基站结构和接收机框架的基础上,可有效降低远近效应的影响,提高弱信号捕获概率,扩大系统工作范围,从而为接收机在强远近效应场景下的捕获、跟踪和定位解算提供有效保障.      

针对抗干扰天线的GNSS非平稳干扰技术研究

针对GNSS抗干扰天线阵列，提出基于非平稳干扰信号的信号体制设计，以提高对GNSS信号的干扰效果.通过构造针对GNSS抗干扰天线阵列的干扰场景，对不同体制的非平稳干扰信号进行仿真.针对采用空频抗干扰算法的抗干扰天线，通过非平稳干扰信号对GNSS信号进行干扰，其干扰效果相对传统宽带扩频干扰，可以提高干扰效果在10 d B以上.所设计的干扰体制的非平稳特性打破了天线阵列抗干扰算法设计的前提(干扰信号广义平稳)，对此类抗干扰算法的性能产生较大影响.     

Trimble R8 Ⅱ与NetR5接收机天线多路径效应对比分析

TrimbleR8 II和NETR5是常见的两型GNSS接收机,前者采用精密内置天线,后者一般配置扼流圈或抑制板天线,两种天线对多路径效应的抵消程度不同。本文在探讨天线多路径效应计算和分析方法的基础上,对两种接收机抗多路径效应的能力进行计算和比较。结果发现一体机的多路径影响比扼流圈天线要大约14%左右,在长距离、高精度的大地控制测量应用中必须充分考虑这一影响。本文叙述的方法也适用于对其他天线进行分析。     

采用调零天线阵测向解GNSS姿态仪的整周模糊度

由多个单元天线组成的GNSS调零天线阵通常用于在大功率干扰信号来波方向上形成天线波束方向图零点,以此来抗压制性干扰。采用此调零天线阵所自然形成的二维短基线,按照电子侦察中多基线干涉仪测向原理,通过短基线的相位差测量值来解GNSS姿态仪长基线的相位差模糊,从而实现了GNSS姿态仪的整周模糊度的实时解算。该方法通过GNSS姿态仪与调零天线阵的组合应用,不仅提高了解模糊的性能,而且增强了整个系统抗干扰反欺骗的能力,从而为GNSS姿态仪和调零天线的拓展应用提供了重要参考。      

基于正交子空间投影的伪卫星远近效应消除方法CSCD

针对地基伪卫星系统中接收机受到远近效应影响无法正确捕获远场伪卫星信号这一问题,引入了基于正交子空间投影算法的捕获优化方法.该方法应用于码分多址伪卫星信号,通过常规滑动相关法得到的强信号码相位和多普勒频移计算正交投影算子,将接收信号与其在强信号空间的投影相减得到弱信号空间并重新进行捕获,以消除强信号对弱信号的干扰.实验结果表明:强弱信号在小于30 dB的功率比范围内,应用正交子空间投影法可以有效改善弱信号捕获性能.这对拓宽地基伪卫星系统的有效工作范围、提升伪卫星接收机信号功率比容忍限度具有重大意义.     

通道特性下时域抗干扰对相关峰的影响分析

天线、射频前端等模拟器件的非理想通道特性会导致全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)接收机内产生测距偏差,现阶段由传统的抗干扰算法导致的测距偏差已成为高精度测距接收机实现其精度提升的主要障碍. 通过理论推导证明在通道特性理想时,由于抗干扰滤波器系数在迭代下的时变特性以及干扰自相关值的不确定性,仍然会导致相关函数的非对称性;在实际通道特性下,基于单天线的传统时域抗干扰算法会导致原本不对称的相关峰畸变程度进一步恶化,并证明了在实际通道特性下,原本不对称的相关峰畸变程度恶化,是由于传统的抗干扰算法在迭代的过程中产生的不同时刻相关函数的叠加效应导致的.      

基于DSP技术的GPS接收机天线自适应抗干扰模块的设计与实现

针对GPS接收机在接收信号的过程中经常存在由于干扰信号的影响而导致接收机无法跟踪锁定有用信号,从而失去精确导航定位的能力问题,提出了一种在天线部分增加一个自适应抗干扰模块的解决办法,并用TI公司的TMS320C6416芯片实现了该方案。     

GNSS调零抗干扰天线的反欺骗性能分析

为分析全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)中存在欺骗干扰的场景下调零抗干扰天线的反欺骗性能,推导出在快拍数有限的情况下,功率倒置(PI)算法利用调零天线处理后输出真实信号和欺骗信号功率的理论公式. 详细分析了欺骗信号到达天线阵口面的功率对真实信号和欺骗信号输出功率的影响,通过欺骗抑制比这一指标来衡量PI自适应调零天线的反欺骗性能. 分析得出:即使欺骗信号功率在噪声水平之下,使用PI算法的自适应调零抗干扰接收机依然能对欺骗干扰进行抑制,在欺骗信噪比高时,抑制效果更加明显. 最后通过仿真和硬件平台实测验证了结论的正确性.      

基于站间单差相位绕转数据估计测站天线旋转速率的方法研究

相位绕转在GNSS定位中是一种误差源,但包含接收机天线旋转的有用信息。提出了一种基于站间单差相位绕转观测数据估计测站天线旋转速率的方法。首先由无几何距离观测值的变化判断天线旋转的开始与结束时间,然后利用单颗卫星站间差分的无几何距离观测值求出测站的天线旋转角度,以及单颗卫星的测站天线旋转速率,最后将所有卫星计算的测站天线旋转速率按照高度角加权平均得到最终的天线旋转速率。通过精心设计实验方案,经实测数据验证,该方法可以精确地估计测站天线的旋转速率,在本实验中,天线旋转平均速率估计精度约为0.5°/s。     

卫星导航系统抗干扰问题研究

针对卫星导航系统的脆弱性和干扰来源,对卫星导航系统的抗干扰技术进行了研究,重点对接收机天线、射频前端、基带处理三大模块的抗干扰技术以及自适应滤波技术进行介绍和分析,对各类抗干扰技术所能抑制的干扰类型、抗干扰原理、发展状况进行阐述。分别总结了窄带干扰、宽带干扰、多径干扰适用的抗干扰技术、研究热点及存在的问题,提出了卫星导航系统抗干扰技术的发展趋势。     

GNSS接收机观测数据多径效应分析方法研究

多径效应是影响GNSS接收机观测数据质量的主要误差因素之一。首先,介绍了多径效应及其信号特性,分析了多径效应对GNSS接收机伪距测量和载波相位测量的影响,阐述了三种GNSS接收机观测数据多径效应分析方法,并结合实际观测数据给出了多径效应分析结果,最后介绍了几种常用的多径效应抑制方法。     

空间信息技术是防洪减灾现代化的基础

我国洪涝灾害频繁,洪灾损失严重,防洪减灾将是一项长期而艰巨的任务。在防洪减灾研究中,必须积极引进当今最新科学技术成果,以高新技术改造水利这一传统产业,以水利信息化推动水利现代化。以遥感、地理信息系统和全球导航定位系统为支撑的空间信息技术可以广泛地应用于防洪减灾中,是防洪减灾现代化的基础。本文分析了空间信息技术在防洪减灾中的作用,并对空间信息技术在防洪减灾中的应用趋势作出展望。     

泥石流灾害多发区生态环境遥感监测评价

泥石流灾害对流域植被、土壤、水体等生态环境要素具有极强的破坏作用,快速有效地监测灾害影响区内生态环境的变化对防灾减灾工作有着重要意义。本文选取白龙江流域泥石流灾害为研究对象,利用多期次遥感影像提取了生态因子信息,构建了生态质量评价模型。结果表明,基于时间序列影像的遥感监测能够有效地刻画灾害发生前后的区域生态变迁过程,对地质灾害区的生态监测和修复具有实际应用价值。     

Estimating the carbon budget and maximizing future carbon uptake for a temperate forest region in the U.S.

Background

Unmanaged or old-growth forests are of paramount importance for carbon sequestration and thus for the mitigation of climate change among further implications, e.g. biodiversity aspects. Still, the importance of those forests for climate change mitigation compared to managed forests is under controversial debate. We evaluate the adequacy of referring to CO₂ flux measurements alone and include external impacts on growth (nitrogen immissions, increasing temperatures, CO₂ enrichment, changed precipitation patterns) for an evaluation of central European forests in this context.

Results

We deduce that the use of CO₂ flux measurements alone does not allow conclusions on a superiority of unmanaged to managed forests for mitigation goals. This is based on the critical consideration of uncertainties and the application of system boundaries. Furthermore, the consideration of wood products for material and energetic substitution obviously overrules the mitigation potential of unmanaged forests. Moreover, impacts of nitrogen immissions, CO₂ enrichment of the atmosphere, increasing temperatures and changed precipitation patterns obviously lead to a meaningful increase in growth, even in forests of higher age.

Conclusions

An impact of unmanaged forests on climate change mitigation cannot be valued by CO₂ flux measurements alone. Further research is needed on cause and effect relationships between management practices and carbon stocks in different compartments of forest ecosystems in order to account for human-induced changes. Unexpected growth rates in old-growth forests ?C managed or not ?C can obviously be related to external impacts and additionally to management impacts. This should lead to the reconsideration of forest management strategies.     

A preventative approach to mitigating CW interference in GPS receivers

In the global positioning system (GPS), code division multiple access (CDMA) signals are used. Because of the known spectral characteristics of the CDMA signal, continuous wave (CW) interference has a predictable effect on the different pseudo random noise (PRN) spreading codes (unique to each satellite) depending on the Doppler frequency of the signal. The Doppler frequency for each signal is also predictable once the receiver position is known. As different satellite signals have different Doppler frequencies, the effect on the signal quality is also different. In this paper first the effect is studied analytically. The concept of an “exclusion zone” is defined and analyzed for each satellite. This exclusion zone, where that satellite should not be used due to interference degradation, is shown to be predictable for each satellite as a function of time. Using this prediction, the CW interference effect on the positioning quality of the receiver can be mitigated by ignoring the affected satellites within exclusion zones when performing position evaluation. The threshold beyond which a satellite should be excluded is then derived by studying the mutual effects of the geometry and the signal quality of that satellite on the positioning quality. Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) uses redundancy in measurements to perform an internal consistency check to see if all of the measurements are satisfactory. In this paper this technique is also used to mitigate the effect of CW interference on the positioning accuracy. Finally it is shown that the prediction of the exclusion zone for each satellite outperforms the RAIM algorithm in mitigation the effect of the interference when 5 satellites are visible. An erratum to this article can be found at     

基于GIS的彭州市崩塌滑坡地质灾害地形因素分析

基于ArcGIS平台,利用DEM数据资料,选择位于四川西北部的彭州市作为研究区域,提取了区内高程、地形起伏等地形因子;统计了5.12震后区内39个滑坡点,58个崩塌点,建立了地形地貌与崩塌滑坡地质灾害之间的关系:这类地区对应的地貌类型主要是海拔高程较高的山坡地带。实验证明,利用GIS技术,结合数字地面模型,进行崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害的地形因子相关性分析,结果可靠,对防灾减灾具有重要的借鉴意义。     

InSAR变形监测方法与研究进展

变形监测是星载InSAR技术应用最为成熟的领域之一。本文首先介绍了InSAR变形监测的基本原理和卫星数据来源;然后对InSAR变形监测方法进行了系统性的分类,分析了D-InSAR、PSInSAR、SBAS-InSAR、DS-InSAR和MAI等方法的技术特点和适用范围;进而从应用的角度分析了InSAR技术在城市、矿山、地震、火山、基础设施、冰川、冻土和滑坡等领域的研究现状和不足之处;最后总结出InSAR变形监测在多维形变和低相干区测量、大气和轨道误差去除和精度评定等方面的前沿问题。     

DME/TACAN interference mitigation for GNSS: algorithms and flight test results

The Galileo E5a/E5b signals and the Global Positioning System (GPS) L5 signal lie within the aeronautical radionavigation services (ARNS) band. They suffer interference from the services in this frequency band, in particular, pulsed signals from distance measuring equipment (DME) and tactical air navigation (TACAN) systems. To maintain system accuracy and integrity, interference mitigation is beneficial and necessary. We first present the real DME/TACAN environment at Stanford, CA as an example to illustrate the need for mitigating DME/TACAN interference. We then propose a time and frequency joint mitigation algorithm—Hybrid Blanking and its simplified version, frequency domain adaptive filtering (FDAF) for hardware implementation. Finally, a flight measurements campaign was performed over a European DME/TACAN hotspot near Frankfurt, Germany, to record a worst-case DME interference environment. Recorded data from the flight tests mixed with injected GNSS signals verify the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation algorithm.