The ecological,chemical and histopathological evaluation of an oil spill site: Part III. Histopathological Studies

In July 1971 when approximately 25% of the clams in Long Cove, Searsport, Maine, had been killed by the March 1971 oil spill, collections of surviving clams for histological examination were made. These studies were continued through 1974 and revealed a high incidence of gonadal tumours in clams contaminated by the oil. The area of highest oil impact correlated with the highest per cent of tumours. The tumours were found to be malignant neoplasms.     

地震前油井动态变化机理的初步探讨

根据理想的水平层状含油层模型,分析研究了地震前油井动态变化的机理,认为由于地壳应力应变的作用,使得含油层内的孔隙流体压力发生变化,当应娄增大时,孔隙流体压力也随之增大,进而引起油井的产液量和产气量发生变化。     

Effects of south Louisiana crude oil and dispersants on Rhizophora mangroves

Sprays of seawater or dispersant were found to have no value in saving oiled Rhizophora mangroves. However, mangroves treated with dispersed oil showed no greater mortality than was found in untreated control plots. It is concluded that every effort should be made to protect mangroves from oil, including offshore dispersal.     

Effects of surface and sunken crude oil on the behaviour of a sea urchin

Studies have been made of the effects of exposure to various forms of crude oil on the righting behaviour of Paracentrotus lividus and its reactions towards the presence of oil. Prolongation of the righting response was recorded in animals exposed to contact with surface or sunken fresh crude oil or to their water soluble fractions. No such effect was recorded on exposure to weathered oils and results indicate that the more volatile components of crude oil were responsible for this effect. Paracentrotus showed no avoidance reaction to the presence of sunken oil in its vicinity. The likely ecological significance of these results is discussed.     

CT在肝癌LP－TAE术后的应用价值（附30例）

作者对３０例原发性肝癌ＬＰ－ＴＡＥ治疗前后有ＣＴ检查的病例进行分析，讨论了碘油选择性沉积在肿瘤内的机理．ＬＰ－ＴＡＥ术后肿瘤区域四种成份的ＣＴ表现．碘油在肿瘤内的三种分布类型及其意义。重点讨论了肝癌ＬＰ－ＴＡＥ术后ＣＴ检查，可以从以下几方面对疗效观察提供帮助，即肿瘤大小变化、碘油聚积量及分布情况、肿瘤区密度变化、子结节的发现和治疗效果、术后并发症的发现等．     

Observations on surface pollution in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea during the Sindbad Voyage (1980–1981)

Analysis of 159 visual observations on tar balls, oil slicks and other surface pollutants in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea form the basis of this study. Observations were made between November 1980 and June 1981 aboard a replica of an ancient Arab sailing vessel, Sohar, during the ‘Sindbad Voyage’. The vessel, being both small and slow-moving, provided an almost ideal platform from which to make visual observations on surface pollution. Tar balls were encountered in more than 20% of the observations, and show a progressive increase in occurrence from Malaysia/Indonesia (<15%) towards the Gulf region (>60%). In contrast, oil slicks and other forms of surface pollution were encountered less frequently. The results are discussed in the light of observations made during the Marine Pollution [Petroleum] Monitoring Pilot Project (MAPMOPP).     

井间地震技术在松南油气开发中的初步应用研究

为了研究松南地区陆相砂泥岩薄互层储层岩石物性横向变化、微构造等对油气聚集的影响和探索利用高分辨率井间地震技术直接指示油气分布的可能性,开展了井间地震及地面小三维地震、VSP、测井等立体地震观测．使用了自行研制的井中炸药震源和常规地震记录仪器．采用层析成像方法、反射资料叠前偏移成像方法等对采集到的资料进行研究,得到了不同分辨率的地下构造和岩石物性信息,展示出不同方法技术在分辨薄储层能力上的差异．高分辨率的井间地震成果较好地实现了井间地层对比,查清了两井间储层横向变化和油气分布情况．层析速度与构造信息等的综合应用解释了两井油气产能差异的原因,建立了油气地质模型．所得成果显示出井间地震技术在油气开发中的潜力．     

Effects of Kuwait oils on feeding rates of copepods

Sub-lethal toxicity and recovery tests were made on feeding rates of 4 species of copepods using Kuwait oils kept in suspension on a slowly rotating wheel. Counts of faecal pellets from individuals fed on standard algal suspension were made after 20 h at 12°C. This exposure produced only marginal effects at 1 and 2 ppm, but 10 ppm produced definite effects on planktonic species. Recoveries were generally quite good from ‘weathered’ oil treatments. Oils emulsified alone did not produce significantly different effects in these experiments from oils emulsified with dispersants.     

Superhydrophobic and superoleophillic surface of porous beaded electrospun polystrene and polysytrene-zeolite fiber for crude oil-water separation

This research presents a cheap route procedure for the preparation of a potential adsorbent with superhydrophobic/superoleophillic properties for selective removal of crude oil from water. In this study, expanded polystyrene (EPS) was electrospun to produce beaded fibers in which zeolite was introduced to the polymer matrix in order to impart rough surface to non-beaded fiber. Films of the EPS and EPS/Zeolite solutions were also made for comparative study. The electrospun fibers EPS, EPS/Zeolite and resultant films were characterized using SEM, BET, FTIR and optical contact angle. The fibers exhibited superhydrophobic and superoleophillic wetting properties with water (>150⁰) and crude oil (0⁰). The selective removal of crude oil presents new opportunity for the re-use of EPS as adsorbent in petroleum/petrochemical industry.     

Impacts of the Jessica oil spill on intertidal and shallow subtidal plants and animals

Densities of fishes, invertebrates and plants at rocky intertidal and shallow subtidal sites were censused 1-2 days prior to the Jessica oil spill and compared with information obtained for the same sites one month after the spill, both for sites impacted by oil and unaffected reference sites. While the availability of pre-spill data made this analysis one of the most powerful to date for testing impacts of oil on shoreline environments, no clear changes attributable to oiling could be identified. Discharged oil appeared to cause very little impact in the intertidal and shallow subtidal zones, with such impacts lying within the range of natural spatial and temporal variation at sites investigated. Factors considered to minimize impact in Galápagos included paucity of fully sheltered shores in spill path, moderate wave action, warm temperature, high levels of sunlight, and mixing of bunker oil with diesel.     

Oil viscosity limitation on dispersibility of crude oil under simulated at-sea conditions in a large wave tank

This study determined the limiting oil viscosity for chemical dispersion of oil spills under simulated sea conditions in the large outdoor wave tank at the US National Oil Spill Response Test Facility in New Jersey. Dispersant effectiveness tests were completed using crude oils with viscosities ranging from 67 to 40,100 cP at test temperature. Tests produced an effectiveness-viscosity curve with three phases when oil was treated with Corexit 9500 at a dispersant-to-oil ratio of 1:20. The oil viscosity that limited chemical dispersion under simulated at-sea conditions was in the range of 18,690 cP to 33,400 cP. Visual observations and measurements of oil concentrations and droplet size distributions in the water under treated and control slicks correlated well with direct measurements of effectiveness. The dispersant effectiveness versus oil viscosity relationship under simulated at sea conditions at Ohmsett was most similar to those from similar tests made using the Institut Francais du Pétrole and Exxon Dispersant Effectiveness (EXDET) test methods.     

Abnormal development of Dentalium due to the Amoco Cadiz oil spill

A comparison was made between the development of Dentalium eggs, spawned by animals, collected before and after the Amoco Cadiz oil spill. Development of eggs from animals collected before the oil spill was significantly better than development of eggs from animals collected after the oil spill. It is suggested that development is affected by oil hydrocarbons, accumulated during oogenesis in the lipidrich phases of the oocytes.     

Effects of oil pollution on breeding Grey Seals

Marine mammals are probably frequently exposed to floating oil but little is known about the effect oil pollution has on them. Oil stranded on the shore in Pembrokeshire, West Wales in September 1974 coincided with the start of the Grey Seal breeding season there. Observations have been made on the effect the oil had on the newborn pups and their mothers.     

A biological oil adsorption filter

A new oil adsorption method called adsorption filtration (AF) has been developed. It is a technology where by oil residues can be cleaned from water by running it through a simple filter made from freeze treated, dried, milled and then fragmented plant material. By choosing suitable plants and fragmentation sizes it is possible to produce filters, which pass water but adsorb oil. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibilities of manufacturing oil adsorbing filter materials from reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) or hemp fibre (Cannabis sativa L.). The oil (80 ml) was mixed with de-ionised water (200 ml) and this mixture was filtered through 10 or 20 g adsorption filters. Fine spring harvested hemp fibre (diameter less than 1 mm) and reed canary grass fragments adsorb 2-4 g of oil per gram of adsorption material compared to 1-3 g of water. Adsorption filtration is thus a novel way of gathering spilled oil in shallow coastal waters before the oil reaches the shore.     

三维隔震系统振动台实验研究

针对目前隔震体系尚不能减小竖向地震反应的缺陷,提出并研制了采用碟形弹簧的竖向半主动隔震装置。竖向半主动隔震装置是由碟形弹簧和外套油缸组成的,且由电磁阀控制油缸内油体与外接蓄油箱内油体间的油路,可实现竖向半主动隔震控制,提出了竖向隔震控制的半主动策略,结合水平隔震支座可实现三维隔震。通过振动台地震模拟实验,验证了三维隔震体系的效能,该研究对高烈度地区隔震技术的改善具有应用参考价值。     

Concentrations of Scottish seabirds vulnerable to oil pollution

The diving birds most vulnerable to oil pollution normally appear to concentrate in areas of tidal mixing indicated by the development of cooler surface water temperatures offshore. This is not always a reliable guide to their location because they move about with the weather, however, and a survey needs to be made at the time of each incident. The most hazardous situation occurs when sustained onshore winds drift first the birds and then the oil against the coast.     

油井产液量与井底压力关系的研究

利用流体动力学理论,研究了油井产量与井口压力、井底压力之间的产量关系,给出了井口压力和油井产液量之间的等效互换关系,进一步研究了油井动态观测资料的科学处理方法,以胜利油田东水－３井为例,对其观测资料进行了处理,并讨论了泄流管管径对流量及等效水位的影响。     

Study of the effect of water-soluble fractions of heavy-oil on coastal marine organisms using enclosed ecosystems,mesocosms

Mesocosm facilities composed of 4 experimental and 2 reservoir tanks (1.5 m in diameter, 3.0 m in depth and 5 tons in capacity) made of FRP plastics, were constructed in the concrete fish rearing pond in the Fisheries Laboratory, The University of Tokyo. The water-soluble fraction of Rank A heavy residual oil was formed by mixing 500 g of the oil with 10 l of seawater, which was introduced to the 5000 l-capacity tanks. Experimental Run 4 was conducted from May 31 to June 7, 2000. Oil concentrations in the tanks were 4.5 microg/l called LOW, and 13.5 microg/l, called HIGH tank. Bacterial growth rates very quickly accelerated in the HIGH tank just after the loading of oil which corresponded with a high increase of bacterial cells in the same tank after 2 days. Later, bacterial numbers in HIGH tank rapidly decreased, corresponding with the rapid increase of heterotrophic nano-flagellates and virus numbers on the same day. Sediment traps were deployed at the bottom of the experimental tanks, and were periodically retrieved. These samples were observed both under light microscope and epi-fluorescent microscope with UV-excitation. It was observed that the main components of the vertical flux were amorphous suspended matter, mostly originating from dead phytoplankton and living diatoms. It was further observed from the pictures that vertical transport of oil emulsions were probably conducted after adsorption to amorphous suspended matter and living diatoms, and were settling in the sediment traps at the bottom of the tanks. This means that the main force which drives the soluble fraction of oil into bottom sediment would be vertical flux of such amorphous suspended particles and phytoplankton. Further incubation of the samples revealed that the oil emulsions were degraded by the activity of autochtonous bacteria in the sediment in aerobic condition.     

油井动态与地震关系研究的新进展

对油井动态与地震关系进行了系统、深入研究,取得了新的进展,给出了油井动态多种观测参数间定量的相互关系数学表达式,给出了由油井压(水位)的变化反演含油(水)层应力变化的定量计算方法与程序,给出了多维的时、空、强大区域应力场的演化图像,给出了较科学的油井动态数据处理方法,对动态异常演化的时空分布特征与观测点所处的构造位置进行综合研究。     

Drilling mud-evoked hydranth shedding in the hydroid Tubularia crocea

At 100 000 ppm, the suspended particulate and liquid phases of a reference drilling mud and a used production mud significantly increase the hydranth shedding proportion in the hydroid coelenterate Tubularia crocea after 48 h. At 10 000 ppm only the liquid phase of the synthetic drilling mud significantly increased hydranth shedding. At 1000 ppm the 3% iron and calcium forms of the five lignosulphonates tested were found to be toxic. Other organic constituents of drilling muds found to be toxic included, tannic acid (100 ppm), paraformaldehyde (1 ppb), and water-soluble fractions of crude oil and No. 2 fuel oil (approximately 20 ppm). Mercury, cadmium, copper, cobalt, zinc and nickel were found toxic at 100 ppm. Exposure to 0.1−0.001 ppm mercury, 1% WSF of crude oil, and 10 ppm cadmium resulted in a significant decrease in the hydranth shedding proportion. This reduction in hydranth shedding proportion may reflect hormesis, a stimulation of growth by low-level exposure to a pollutant, but cannot be conclusively demonstrated until growth measurements are made.