杭州湾南岸滨海盐沼碳库的季节性变化

滨海盐沼的碳库变化可为蓝碳碳汇核算提供依据。为量化短时间尺度(季节到年际尺度)内滨海盐沼碳库的固碳速率,基于高分辨率的地表高程监测系统,于2022年在杭州湾南岸典型滨海盐沼开展了季节性的观测和采样分析。研究结果表明,在观测期间,本地种海三棱藨草和外来种互花米草的生长呈现季节性变化特征,植物生长主要集中在3—9月。就植物碳库的地下部分而言,海三棱藨草固碳量达到11 g C·m^-2,互花米草盐沼则较高,为56 g C·m^-2。地表高程监测数据表明,海三棱藨草盐沼的沉积速率为12.30 cm·a^-1,略低于互花米草盐沼的沉积速率(13.02 cm·a^-1)。结合沉积速率与沉积物容重、有机碳含量等数据,可以算得观测期间,海三棱藨草盐沼沉积物碳埋藏速率为460 g C·m^-2·a^-1,互花米草盐沼沉积物碳埋藏速率为588 g C·m^-2·a^-1,这两种滨海湿地的碳埋藏速率也具有季节性,在夏、秋季达到高值。结合植物碳库和沉积...     

长江口南汇湿地植被的光谱吸收特征研究

植被的光谱吸收特征与植被生长状况密切相关,同时也受土壤湿度等外界因素影响。本文以长江口南汇湿地典型植被芦苇、互花米草和海三棱藨草为研究对象,在计算其光谱特征参数的基础上,分析了这3种植被的光谱吸收特征形变PSDI值。最后结合实测的土壤湿度,分析了3种植被的PSDI值和土壤湿度的相关性。研究结果发现:互花米草的PSDI值最大,海三棱藨草的PSDI值最小,芦苇介于两者之间,表明互花米草受外界的环境影响较大;互花米草的PSDI值与土壤湿度的相关性最大,芦苇的PSDI值与土壤湿度的相关性最小,海三棱藨草介于两者之间,表明互花米草适应湿地环境能力较强。     

植被演替对杭州湾南岸盐沼物质循环的影响

本研究选择杭州湾庵东浅滩作为研究区,选取盐沼区三个不同植被带进行柱状样的采集,通过测量沉积物的粒度、沉积速率、碳氮含量(有机碳、总碳、总氮、碳氮比)等参数,系统分析研究区盐沼湿地植被演替对盐沼物质循环产生的影响。研究结果发现,不同植被覆盖下沉积物粒径差异显著,沿海向陆逐渐变细;沉积速率从海三棱藨草滩、互花米草滩、植被交错区依次递减;总碳、总氮、有机碳含量特征为互花米草滩植被交错区海三棱藨草滩,碳氮比介于6～9,有机碳以海源物质为主;通过计算,发现有机碳埋藏速率为互花米草[159 g/(m2·a)]海三棱藨草[140 g/(m2·a)]植被交错区[119 g/(m2·a)]。从整体上来看,杭州湾南岸盐沼从海三棱藨草群落向互花米草群落演替时,沉积物颗粒发生细化,沉积速率有所变化,而总碳、有机碳、总氮含量增加,盐沼有机碳埋藏速率增加。     

潮间带盐沼植物黏附悬浮颗粒物的差异性研究

为了研究潮间带盐沼植物黏附悬浮颗粒物的差异性,在长江口选择了三种盐沼植物群落对它们黏附的颗粒物质量进行测定,结果表明:(1)植物群落距潮沟或光滩越近,生长位置的滩面高程越低,则黏附颗粒物越多,而在盐沼前缘单位滩地面积上植物黏附颗粒物的质量以1%~3%/m(单位水平距离)的速率从水体悬浮颗粒物含量相对较高的盐沼外缘光滩或潮沟向盐沼内部减小;(2)植物黏附的颗粒物量在垂向上从上到下急剧增大,通常在靠近滩面5~10 cm的部分植物的黏附量占植物黏附总量的三分之一以上;(3)相邻群落单位滩地面积的互花米草[(220.6±172.7)g/m2]的总黏附量明显多于芦苇[(64.9±38.1)g/m2]和海三棱藨草[(45.2±31.7)g/m2],而按单位生物量来说单位滩地面积上三种盐沼植物黏附的颗粒物以海三棱藨草最多[(150.5±134.8)g/kg],芦苇最少[(28.8±22.8)g/kg],互花米草介于两者之间[(57.5±32.9)g/kg];(4)海三棱藨草的黏附量在季节上差异性明显,秋初(9月)是春末(5月)的6倍,在冬季该植物消失,其黏附颗粒物的功能也消失。造成盐沼植物黏附悬浮颗粒物差异的根本原因是生物量、悬浮颗粒物含量和淹没条件(淹没的深度、时间、频率)的不同。     

九段沙湿地植被时空遥感监测与分析

收集了研究区近20年以来的陆地卫星影像,结合以往实地调查资料,探讨了九段沙湿地优势植被群落多光谱遥感的分类方法,并对分类结果进行了现场校核,得出(1)多光谱遥感数据能够区分海三棱藨草与芦苇、互花米草植被群落;(2)季相变化的多光谱遥感数据可进一步区分芦苇与互花米草。分析了自20世纪80年代以来九段沙草滩及优势植被覆盖的时空变化,基本分为两个阶段80年代至1999年的自然演替阶段,2000年至今的人工干预阶段。结果表明(1)自然演替阶段。0m以上潮滩面积自然淤涨平均每年3.6km2;草滩平均每年增长1.2km2;芦苇仅出现于上沙的中部(除中沙1997年人工种植芦苇和互花米草外),其余均为海三棱藨草并占整体植被的80%以上,湿地自然演替速度相对较慢。(2)人工干预阶段。0m以上潮滩面积自然淤涨平均每年8.2km2,比自然淤涨速度快一倍以上;草滩平均每年增长7.86km2,增长速度远超过自然演替阶段;中沙人工引种的芦苇和互花米草群落扩散迅速,其覆盖占中下沙草滩的53.70%,其中互花米草扩散速度远快于芦苇,在中、下沙上占据了优势地位,而先锋植被海三棱藨草所占比例显著下降。     

基于Sentinel-2A影像的杭州湾南岸湿地植被特征及其候鸟生境分析

互花米草的入侵与扩张占据了其他植物的生态位,在一定程度上,改变甚至破坏了滩涂景观,对原生生态系统造成了消极影响。利用2019-2021年Sentinel-2A影像,结合最大似然分类法与决策树分类法对杭州湾南岸互花米草等多种生境类型加以识别,并进一步讨论生境变迁对迁徙候鸟的影响。结果表明：（1）决策树分类法总体精度更高且细节信息更为丰富,但存在较为明显的漏分现象;（2） 2019-2021年互花米草分布范围不断扩大且空间分布愈发离散,严重侵占芦苇、光滩等生境的生态位,导致总体生境景观趋于破碎;（3）受互花米草入侵的影响,适宜鸻鹬类候鸟栖息的光滩与海三棱藨草生境面积锐减,整体生境状况愈发复杂多样,候鸟适宜生境面积呈明显减少趋势。     

互花米草入侵对漳江口红树林保护区的影响研究

文章根据2019年、2020年漳江口红树林保护区内互花米草、沉积物、潮间带底栖生物的调查结果,结合历史遥感影像资料分析互花米草的入侵过程。结果表明：漳江口红树林保护区互花米草高潮区株高略低于同潮区红树植物,亦低于中潮区互花米草株高,更倾向于向光滩扩张;研究区域互花米草区沉积物中总氮、硫化物和有机碳含量高于光滩,全盐含量低于光滩;根据研究区域的遥感影像分析,2011—2019年漳江口互花米草保持较高的速率扩张,2020年互花米草扩张进入稳定期;根据丰度生物量比较法,2020年互花米草区的潮间带底栖生物群落结构较2019年稳定。在研究互花米草入侵对滨海湿地的影响时,除了考虑调查方法、时空因素和样地互花米草入侵时间的长短外,还应考虑互花米草入侵的不同扩张时期。     

互花米草入侵对闽东滨海湿地土壤有机碳的影响

探讨入侵种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)对闽东滨海红树林湿地生态系统的影响,揭示互花米草的入侵机制,采用空间替代时间的研究方法,对闽东滨海湿地互花米草入侵不同阶段的群落类型(秋茄(Kandelia candel)红树林群落、秋茄红树林-互花米草共生群落、互花米草群落和光滩)土壤有机碳(TOC)的演化进行研究。结果表明:1)水平变化:4个不同入侵阶段TOC大小次序为:秋茄红树林群落秋茄-互花米草群落互花米草群落光滩,且秋茄红树林群落0-60cm土层深度有机碳平均值24.8g·kg~(-1),互花米草群落则为11.73g·kg~(-1),说明互花米草入侵闽东滨海红树林湿地有可能大大削弱该生态系统的碳汇功能。4个不同群落类型0-20cm土层深度的TOC不具有显著性差异(P0.05),但20-40cm、40-60cm土层深度具有显著性差异(P0.05);2)垂直变化:除互花米草群落TOC在40-60cm土层达到最大外(P0.05),其他3个群落类型都是在20-40cm土层深度达到最大(P0.05);3)相关性:土壤容重与土壤含水量存在极显著的负相关性(P0.01),TOC和土壤容重存在极显著的负相关性(P0.01),TOC与土壤含水量存在极显著的正相关性(P0.01)。     

苏北滨海湿地互花米草两种繁殖体与本地种竞争能力分析

在碱蓬滩选取互花米草斑块,由外向内分为外围(A)、外侧(B)、内侧(C)、中心(D)四个取样点,研究互花米草实生苗、分蘖苗与本地植物碱蓬、芦苇的相对竞争力,探讨互花米草在碱蓬滩地入侵扩张的趋势。结果表明:1)在斑块B点处,互花米草实生苗与碱蓬相对竞争力高于互花米草分蘖苗与碱蓬相对竞争力;在斑块C点处,互花米草实生苗与碱蓬相对竞争力低于互花米草分蘖苗与碱蓬相对竞争力;多样性指数分析表现为:B点>C点>A点>D点;在互花米草斑块B点处重要值大小表现为:互花米草实生苗>碱蓬>芦苇实生苗>互花米草分蘖苗,在互花米草斑块C点处重要值大小表现为:互花米草分蘖苗>芦苇实生苗>互花米草实生苗>碱蓬。因此,碱蓬滩互花米草斑块主要是通过实生苗入侵新生境,向外扩张,通过互花米草分蘖苗维持种群的稳定。2)在斑块B点,芦苇实生苗与互花米草实生苗的相对竞争力相当,大于互花米草分蘖苗的相对竞争力,但在斑块C点处,互花米草分蘖苗高于芦苇实生苗。碱蓬与本地种芦苇也产生了竞争关系,并很有可能被芦苇和互花米草共同取代。3)互花米草实生苗与碱蓬的相对竞争力与滩涂微生境土壤含水量、土壤全盐量负相关(P<0.01),与土壤pH正相关(P<0.01);互花米草分蘖苗与碱蓬的相对竞争力与土壤含水量、土壤全盐量正相关(P<0.05),与土壤pH负相关(P<0.01)。碱蓬滩斑块处的含水量、盐度适合互花米草的定居、扩张。     

江苏盐城滨海盐沼湿地沉积物有机碳含量及碳储量研究

全球范围内有植被定植的海岸带栖息地(红树林、盐沼和海草床)是巨大的沉积物有机碳碳库,同时也是自然生态系统中最密集的碳汇之一,在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用。针对江苏盐城海岸盐沼湿地沉积物有机碳的研究,区域上的稀疏性和偏向性限制了其作为区域碳汇能力的可靠估计。本研究采用47个100 cm深沉积柱样的现场调查数据,探讨了江苏盐城海岸盐沼湿地沉积物有机碳含量、密度和储量特征。结果表明,0～100 cm深度沉积物有机碳平均含量和平均密度分别为1.68%和23.07 kg/m³,不同盐沼群落沉积物有机碳含量和密度存在一定的差异,其中有机碳平均含量大小排序依次为互花米草>芦苇>盐地碱蓬,有机碳密度排序为芦苇>互花米草>盐地碱蓬。总体而言,3种盐沼群落沉积物有机碳含量的垂向变化趋势与有机碳密度变化趋势具有一致性,芦苇和互花米草表聚性明显。沉积物有机碳含量与其理化性质有关,互花米草群落沉积物有机碳含量具有明显的粒度控制效应,而其他群落不显著。3种盐沼湿地类型0～100 cm深度沉积物总碳储量约为6195.27×10³Mg C。研究成果揭...     

Environmental impact factors and mercury speciation in the sediment along Fujian and eastern Guangdong coasts

Concentrations of total mercury (THg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) were determined for 32 surface sediments collected along the coastal line of Fujian Province and eastern Guangdong Province. The spatial distributions of THg and MeHg and their environmental impact factors were investigated. The average concentrations of THg and MeHg in the sediments were 31.5 ng/g and 0.096 ng/g, respectively. Both sediment THg and MeHg concentrations showed relatively high value in the Minjiang Estuary and the coastal areas of Quanzhou and Putian. The concentrations overall decreased as the distance to the shoreline increased. The correlations among environmental impact factors and THg, MeHg were analyzed. The sediment THg concentration was highly correlated to the concentrations of organic matter, copper, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP), and significantly correlated to pH value of the bottom seawater and concentration of sediment sulfide. The sediment MeHg concentration was highly correlated to the concentrations of organic matter and copper, and significant correlated to the concentrations of sulfide, TN, TP and pH value of the bottom seawater.     

长江口盐沼湿地底栖微藻的分布特征及其对有机质产出的贡献

2006年6月(夏季)和12月(冬季)分别对长江口九段沙湿地潮滩底栖微藻的分布状况进行了调查,估算了湿地内各主要初级生产者的生产力并进行了比较。结果显示分布于该盐沼湿地的底栖微藻在光照条件下主要聚集于沉积物表层,形成其生物量随深度增加而迅速减少的垂直分布模式,并随滩面植被盖度从大到小的顺序呈现为:光滩、藨草区、米草区≈芦苇区的水平分布特征。九段沙湿地中单位面积上底栖微藻的生物量远高于上覆水中浮游植物的生物量,其单位面积生产力也显著高于后者,表明底栖微藻在源自单胞藻的湿地有机产出中占有主导地位。九段沙湿地中底栖微藻总生物量远低于地表维管植物,其生物量仅占潮滩初级生产者总生物量的约0.41%,所产出的有机质却达到潮滩总初级生产力约16.53%,意味着这种高营养、易摄取的有机产出有能力成为维持该湿地生态系统的重要食物来源之一。     

Uptake and distribution of N, P and heavy metals in three dominant salt marsh macrophytes from Yangtze River estuary, China

We examined the variation in aboveground biomass accumulation and tissue concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) in Phragmites australis (common reed), Spartina alterniflora (salt cordgrass), and Scirpus mariqueter throughout the growing season (April-October 2005), in order to determine the differences in net element accumulation and distribution between the three salt marsh macrophytes in the Yangtze River estuary, China. The aboveground biomass was significantly greater in the plots of S. alterniflora than in the plots of P. australis and S. mariqueter throughout the growing season (P<0.05). In August, the peak aboveground biomass was 1246+/-89 gDW/m(2), 2759+/-250 gDW/m(2) and 548+/-54 gDW/m(2) for P. australis, S. alterniflora and S. mariqueter, respectively. The concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals in plant tissues showed similar seasonal patterns. There was a steady decline in element concentrations of the aboveground tissues from April to October. Relative element concentrations in aboveground tissues were at a peak during the spring sampling intervals with minimum levels during the fall. But the concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the belowground tissues were relatively constant throughout growing season. Generally, trace metal concentrations in the aboveground tissues of S. mariqueter was the highest throughout the growing season, and the metal concentrations of S. alterniflora tissues (aboveground and belowground) were greater than those of P. australis. Furthermore, the aboveground pools of nutrients and metals were consistently greater for S. alterniflora than for P. australis and S. mariqueter, which suggested that the rapid replacement of native P. australis and S. mariqueter with invasive S. alterniflora would significantly improve the magnitude of nutrient cycling and bioavailability of trace metals in the salt marsh and maybe transport more toxic metals into the water column and the detrital food web in the estuary.     

The impact of resuspension on sediment mercury dynamics, and methylmercury production and fate: A mesocosm study

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of resuspension on the fate and bioaccumulation of mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in shallow estuarine environments, using mesocosms. Two 4-week experiments were conducted in July (Experiment 1) and October (Experiment 2) of 2001 with Baltimore Harbor sediments. Hard clams, Mercenaria mercenaria, were introduced into sediments for Experiment 2. Tidal resuspension (4 h on and 2 h off cycles) was simulated, with 3 replicate tanks for each treatment—resuspension (R) and non-resuspension (NR). Sediment cores were collected during the experiments for THg, MeHg, organic content and AVS analyses, and for the determination of methylation/demethylation using Hg stable isotopes (¹⁹⁹Hg(II) and CH₃¹⁹⁹Hg(II)). Zooplankton samples were collected once a week while clams were taken before and after Experiment 2 for THg and MeHg analyses. Our results suggest that the interplay between Hg methylation and MeHg degradation determines the overall MeHg pool in sediments. Sediment resuspension does not appear to directly impact the Hg transformations but can lead to changes in the association to Hg binding phases, influencing Hg methylation. The bioaccumulation results indicate that sediment resuspension can play an important role in transferring sediment MeHg into organisms.     

Water Column Distribution of Mercury Species in Permanently Stratified Aqueous Environments

Biogeochemical structures of three permanently stratified waterbodies were studied: a sea water basin (the Black Sea), an estuary (Hunnbunn fjord), and a freshwater lake (Nordbytjernet), with focus on the distributions of methylmercury (MeHg) and total mercury (THg). THg concentrations were similar in the sea water basin (0.2–1.8 ng/L) and the freshwater lake (0.8–1.2 ng/L), but significantly higher in the estuary (0.6–9.4 ng/L). An increase in the MeHg concentration and MeHg/THg ratio were found in the redox zone in all three basins, indicating bacterial production of MeHg in the aqueous phase. In the lake and estuary, the maximum MeHg concentration and MeHg/THg ratio were found in samples located closest to the bottom sediments, likely due to the formation of MeHg in surface sediments and subsequent diffusion to the overlying waters.     

长江口表层沉积物中正构烷烃的高分辨分布特征及有机碳来源解析

于2014年3月对长江口及邻近海域的表层沉积物进行了高分辨率采样,分析了沉积物粒级组成、比表面积、总有机碳含量及其稳定碳同位素组成(δ¹³C)、正构烷烃及其相关分子指标,讨论了此区域沉积有机碳和正构烷烃的高分辨分布特征,并结合基于主成分分析-蒙特卡洛模拟的三端元混合模型,对沉积有机碳的来源进行了定量解析。结果表明,长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中总有机碳含量为0.45%±0.16%,近岸泥质区总有机碳含量较高,外海砂质区含量较低。总正构烷烃(C₁₄-C₃₅)的绝对含量和相对于总有机碳的含量分别为(1.42±0.73)μg/g和(0.34±0.21) mg/g。泥质区以长链正构烷烃占优势,具有较强的奇碳优势;砂质区以短链正构烷烃占优势,且具有一定的偶碳优势。长江输入、老黄河口输入、闽浙沿岸小型河流输入和水动力分选等因素制约了正构烷烃的输运和分布特征。模型结果显示此区域沉积有机碳来自海源、土壤和高等植物的混合输入,其中以海源为主,其贡献为42.70%±18.18%,由陆地向外海贡献逐渐升高,其次是土壤和高等植物,其贡献分别为2...     

The effect of resuspension on the fate of total mercury and methyl mercury in a shallow estuarine ecosystem: a mesocosm study

Sediments are the major repository of mercury in estuaries and could be a significant source of Hg to the overlying water column via release from the solid phase during resuspension. There is, however, little information on the effect of resuspension on Hg partitioning and release to the water column. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of resuspension on the cycling of THg and MeHg between the water column and the sediment. Tidal resuspension was simulated using the MEERC STORM facility. The facility can mimic both realistic bottom shear stress and water column turbulence simultaneously. There were three replicates of each resuspension (R) and no resuspension (NR) mesocosms. Two 4-week experiments were conducted in July and October of 2001: experiment 1 without clams and experiment 2 with clams. Both experiments showed that resuspension of muddy sediment introduced significantly higher particulate THg to the water column as TSS increased. The results suggest that THg was mostly bound to sediment particles with very little release during the resuspension events. In contrast, particulate MeHg was significantly lower in the R tanks where sediment particles with poor MeHg were dominant in the water column during the resuspension events. Dissolved THg and MeHg did not change in concert with changes in particulate load, suggesting that the dynamics between dissolved and particulate phases for both THg and MeHg cannot be explained by an equilibrium partitioning.     

Mercury speciation in sediments at a municipal sewage sludge marine disposal site

Mercury speciation was performed in excess activated sewage sludge (ASS) and in marine sediments collected at the AAS disposal site off the Mediterranean coast of Israel in order to characterize the spatial and vertical distribution of different mercury species and assess their environmental impact. Total Hg (HgT) concentrations ranged between 0.19 and 1003ng/g at the polluted stations and 5.7 and 72.8ng/g at the background station, while the average concentration in ASS was 1181+/-273ng/g. Only at the polluted stations did HgT concentrations decrease exponentially with sediment depth, reaching background values at 16-20cm, the vertical distribution resulting from mixing of natural sediment with ASS solids and bioturbation by large populations of polycheates. Average Methyl Hg (MeHg) concentration in ASS was 39.7+/-7.1ng/g, ca. 3% of the HgT concentration, while the background concentrations ranged between 0.1 and 0.61ng/g. MeHg concentrations in surficial polluted sediments were 0.7-5.9ng/g (ca. 0.5% of the HgT) and decreased vertically, similar to HgT. A positive correlation between MeHg and Hg only at the polluted stations, higher MeHg concentrations at the surface of the sediment and not below the redoxline, and no seasonality in the concentrations suggest that the MeHg originated from the ASS and not from in situ methylation. By doing selective extractions, we found that ca. 80% of the total Hg in ASS and polluted sediments was strongly bound to amorphous organo-sulfur and to inorganic sulfide species that are not bioavailable. The fractions with potential bioaccessible Hg had maximal concentrations in the range in which biotic effects should be expected. Therefore, although no bioaccumulation was found in the biota in the area, the concentration in the polluted sediments are not negligible and should be carefully monitored.