Northwest Atlantic REX inverted echo sounder location: Acoustic range data

The Northwest Atlantic Regional Energetics Experiment (REX) will study the dynamics and energetics of the Gulf Stream and associated rings. Bottom‐moored inverted echo sounders with pressure gauges (IES/PGs) will collect in situ data which both complement and augment the GEOSAT altimeter measurements in the Northwest Atlantic. The primary objective of these data will be the intercomparison of satellite and IES/PG measured fluctuations in sea surface topography and mean ther‐mocline depth. However, more detailed and absolute intercom‐parisons of these data would be available if the IES/PG could be positioned in an inertial reference frame while the measurements were taken. This paper presents an error model for computing the accuracy of positioning with a bottom beacon of the IES/PG type. Equations for studying the use of acoustic range data for locating an IES/PG with respect to a ship's track are developed and presented. The ship's track is assumed to be located in inertial space to the 1‐ to 2‐m level by application of the GPS (Mohan, 1983, 1984). Effects of depth‐dependent acoustic speed are included. Although IES/PGs as presently deployed would have to be modified to function as the type of ranging device described in this paper, the representative parameter values that have been calculated for the Northwest Atlantic REX show that sub‐1‐meter accuracy in location determination can be expected. A crucial factor is the measurement pattern, and recommendations for optimal patterns are presented.     

逆式回声测量仪在全球海洋中应用及前景展望

系统总结了逆式回声测量仪（IES）的发展历史,重点介绍了其目前在世界范围内的应用情况,并阐述了CPIES（集成流速和压力传感器的IES）在我国吕宋海峡周边布放的意义及对未来应用的展望。结果表明采取不同的排列方式布放的IES阵列所获取的数据通过结合地转经验模态GEM（gravest empirical mode）以及最优插值方法能够获得观测海区的温度、盐度和流场的三维空间分布特征。基于CPIES的应用,可深入地研究多尺度的海洋动力过程,如内波、内潮和中尺度涡等,对后续大洋环流理论发展、中尺度涡产生和消亡机理、海洋中不同尺度能量串级等具有重要意义。     

基于集合同化方法的南海北部最优观测实验

根据集合同化理论及最优观测方法,应用基于ROMS模式的南海北部区域模拟结果作为集合样本,对该区域的最优观测廓线以及最优观测航次进行了评估和选择.最优观测方法是一种不需要直接同化观测,而通过最小化分析场误差方差理论值来选择最优观测点的方法.最优观测方法根据卡曼滤波理论中协方差矩阵的更新方程,使用一组模式或观测得到的历史样...     

倒置式回声仪的研究进展

倒置式回声仪(IES)是一种锚系于海底的海洋观测仪器,它通过向上发射声信号并接收从海面反射的回声信号,测量并记录声信号的垂向往返传播时间。倒置式回声仪具有体积小、设置方便、性价比高、安全性强等特点。IES已经成功应用于全球多个海区,并取得了举世瞩目的成果。文中回顾了IES的发展历史,系统介绍了有关IES的研究成果与进展及在我国的初步应用。     

南海北部陆坡区混合过程观测

为了解南海北部陆坡区的内部混合过程,2004年4月30日至5月1日,延平2号科考船在该海域利用自由沉降式的微结构剖面仪TurboMAP-Ⅱ进行了一次混合过程的直接观测。观测海区南海次表层水团和南海中层水团形成的特定温盐结构,使得150～500m之间出现盐指现象。通过对观测数据的处理和分析,研究了观测海区的湍动能耗散率、热耗散率和热扩散系数的分布以及盐指现象对混合效率的影响。观测海区的湍动能耗散率为2.0×10-10～7.8×10-7W/kg,最大值出现在上混合层;热耗散率为2.7×10-9～1.5×10-6℃2/s,最大值出现在温跃层附近。层结稳定区混合效率的平均值为0.18,与常用值0.2非常接近,盐指发生区混合效率的平均值为0.76,表明盐指现象的存在提高了混合效率。     

西沙群岛和哀牢山-红河地区的宽频带地震观测

利用宽频带数字地震仪分别在南海西沙水兴岛和云南哀牢山-红河断裂带两侧开展了流动观测，经过1a的运行记录了许多地震波形数据，为研究南海西北部及哀牢山-红河地区的深部结构提供了重要的信息，也为在海域岛礁地带进行地震观测积累了经验。     

南海海底地磁日变站布放选址方法

南海海底地形以复杂著称,适合布放沉底自容式观测仪器的海区不多.通过对南海海底地形、水深、通航条件及作业时间的科学合理分析,为南海海域海底日变站布防选址提供了有效方法并取得良好的实际效果,确保了南海水下地磁日变观测的安全性.     

南海温跃层基本特征及一维预报模式

根据现有1907—1990年南海大面调查资料,按1°×1°网格进行逐月的标准水层的温度统计。在此基础上采用3次样条函数的插值方法计算出整个南海温跃层的深度、厚度和强度并予以相应分析。分析表明,南海温跃层主要分为两种类型:第一类为辐射型,主要分布在南海北部的陆架区内,季节变化显著;第二类为不同水体叠置型,主要分布在广大深水区,它长年存在,季节变化较小。一种温跃层的一维积分预报模式,该模式是基于忽略热平流作用和水平热扩散的前提下,从局部热平衡方程出发,建立了受海面热收支及风混合作用下求解温度垂直分布及温跃层的时空变化。在南海北部水深约300m处进行了单站温跃层后报,结果表明,温跃层的深度、厚度和强度的相对误差均在30％以下。     

2020年西北太平洋和南海台风活动概述

利用中央气象台台风实时业务定位资料和地面气象观测资料对2020年西北太平洋和南海的台风活动主要特征以及主要影响我国的台风路径、强度及风雨情况进行了统计分析.2020年西北太平洋和南海共有23个台风生成,较多年平均值(27.0个)偏少4.0个;有5个台风登陆我国,较多年平均值(7.0个)偏少2.0个.2020年台风活动的...     

CZMIL机载激光测深系统及其在骆马湖测深试验评估

机载LiDAR测深技术被认为是海洋测绘领域极具潜力的对地观测新技术,国内对LiDAR测深的试验大都是针对南海这类水质较清的区域。本研究首次在国内引入先进的CZMIL(Coastal Zone Mapping and Imaging LiDAR)系统,选取较为浑浊的江苏省骆马湖作为试验测区,进行了测深试验。试验结果表明,在测区有着低底部反射率、高漫衰减系数的情况下,CZMIL系统仍能够成功探测到湖底数据,成果精度达到了CZMIL系统标称的测深精度指标,具有较好测深探测能力和精度。     

南海上层环流季节变化的诊断计算

通过一个全球的二维诊断模型,采用Levitus温盐资料和COADS风应力资料,并结合动力计算来研究南海上层环流的季节变化。计算结果与其它模式结果和观测结果非常相似。南海北部(南部)全年存在一气旋式(反气旋式)环流。在冬季气旋式环流几乎占据了整个南海,夏季则以反气旋式环流为主。泰国湾的环流在冬季(夏季)是气旋式的(反气旋的)。南海的西边界流有明显的季节变化,其在冬季从卡里马塔海峡流出南海,夏季部分西边界流从台湾海峡流出南海。越南离岸流在春季就开始出现,其位置比夏季的越南离岸流的位置偏北。     

VERIFICATION OF INTERNAL WAVES IN OFFSHORE AREAS BY MEANS OF CURRENT OBSERVATIONS

Based on the shear effect of internal wave currents in stratified fluid, the necessary condition for the possible existence of an internal wave and the sufficient condition under which there will be no internal wave are deduced starting from the continuity equation of incompressible fluid. The above two conditions are verified by the measured results from vertical current meter arraies at some observation stations in the Bohai Sea and the South Huanghai Sea. In the treatment of measured results, first of all, the tidal period components are separated from the measured currents by Fourier-analysis method, and then the internal wave currents of tidal period from the tidal period components in the light of some considerations. The analytical results of observed currents are well consistent with theoretical analysis. Furthermore, one can also deduce some features of internal waves therefrom. Consequently, it is concluded that the observation from a vertical current meter array is an important means to verif     

2015年6月南海北部陆坡气旋-反气旋涡对陆坡水文和环流影响的观测

利用2015年6月南海北部现场观测的水文数据,结合卫星高度计资料,分析了2015年6月13日—28日南海北部陆坡在气旋涡-反气旋涡的双涡结构影响下的水文和环流特征。结果表明,2015年6月南海北部陆坡调查海区表层50 m以浅盐度存在NE—SW向低盐区,表层盐度最小值低于32,这表明南海北部陆坡存在跨陆架海水输送。在观测期间,南海北部陆坡调查海区受气旋涡和反气旋涡双涡结构影响,使得南海北部陆坡表层100 m以浅存在跨陆坡流,流速最大值出现在两涡交汇区域。此外,通过潜标连续海流资料,发现南海北部陆坡环流呈现了“深入浅出”(100 m以深层为向岸的入侵、以浅层为离岸的出流)的“两层结构”。     

锚定式海洋水体剖面观测技术的研究与应用

介绍了国际上基于海底观测网、浮标和海床基等设施的锚定式海洋水体剖面观测的技术手段,国内西太平洋深海科学观测网、南海潜标观测网和中国科学院近海观测研究网络三大体系中应用的锚定式海洋水体剖面观测技术手段,通过对这些技术特点的分析,指出一些国际上较为成熟的锚定式海洋水体剖面观测技术手段并不适用于我国近海的水体剖面观测,自主研制的基于大浮标的锚定式水体剖面观测技术在我国近海则较为实用,能够长期稳定地运行,而且应用前景广阔。     

论证南海海疆国界线

According to a series of important historical maps,i.e.,the Location Map of the South China Sea Islands,the Nansha Islands,Zhongsha Islands,Xisha Islands,Yongxing Island and Shidao Island,and Taiping Island(archived by the Territorial Administration Division of the Ministry of Interior of Republic of China in 1946),and the Administration District Map of the Republic of China published in 1948,the dashed line surrounding the South China Sea Islands represents China's sea boundary in the South China Sea at that time.It was both connected with,and an extension of,the land boundary of China.At that time the dashed line was used to represent the waters boundaries while the solid line was used to represent the land boundary—a universal method used in maps that was then recognized internationally.The above observation provides historical and scientific evidence of China's sea boundary in the South China Sea that is useful for the international maritime delimitation over the South China Sea area.     

南海中部深水海盆的潮流垂直结构

南海季风实验(SCSMEX)期间,由台湾大学在南海中部深海盆投放了3个定点ATLAS浮标,用来观测长时间序列的水温、海流和气象数据。利用调和分析和EOF方法对1998年10月至1999年4月3个站点近6个月的流速观测资料进行分析,研究了观测海区的潮流空间结构特征。调和分析结果表明,该海区以全日潮流为主,潮流椭圆随深度旋转,且潮流以顺时针旋转为主,潮流振幅存在显著的垂向变化。对实测海流进行10~30 h的带通滤波保留潮周期部分,滤波后的潮流进行EOF分解得到潮流存在不同的垂向模态,证明南海深水海盆潮流具有较强的斜压性。     

Seiche oscillations in Lake Baikal

The variations in the free surface of Lake Baikal at three stations (Bol’shie Koty, Listvyanka, and Baikal’sk) are measured. A modern recording method and an advanced technique of record processing are used. Based on 1-year-long observation data, the amplitudes of seiche oscillations and their seasonal changes are analyzed. It is found, in particular, that 67-min seiches are manifested in different seasons. Numerical calculations of seiches in Lake Baikal are made with the use of up-to-date bathymetric data on one-dimensional, plan, and spherical models. Spatial structures of oscillations with periods of 277, 152, 84, 67, and 59 min, corresponding to the well-expressed peaks of power spectral density, are studied. It is shown that the first four periods correspond to uninodal, binodal, trinodal, and quadrinodal longitudinal seiche modes of Lake Baikal. The periods of three solutions can correspond to the value of 59 min. The first of them is the seiche of the lake’s South Basin, and two others are characterized by significant amplitude growth in the Small Sea and Chivyrkui Bay.     

A numerical study of transport dynamics and seasonal variability of the Yellow River sediment in the Bohai and Yellow seas

A sediment numerical model was embedded into a wave-tide-circulation coupled model to simulate the transport processes of the Yellow River-derived sediment considering the wave-induced vertical mixing (Bv) and the wave-current coupled bottom shear stress (BSS). Numerical results show that the main stream of the Yellow River-derived sediment moves first eastward off the northern Shandong Peninsula and then southward into the South Yellow Sea all year round. In spring, the sediment moves northeastward in the Bohai Sea. In summer, there is a northeastward branch of sediment in the Bohai Sea off the west coast of the Liaodong Peninsula, while the main part goes eastward to the Yellow Sea. The Yellow River-derived sediment transport from the Bohai Sea to the North Yellow Sea across the Bohai Strait is mainly limited to the top 10 m, and with a maximum centered at 37.9°N in summer. The transport from the North Yellow Sea to the South Yellow Sea across the transect of 37°N is mainly in the 0–30 m layer with a maximum around 123.7°E in autumn. The simulated Yellow River-discharged sediment deposits along the Shandong Peninsula and between 20 and 30 m isobaths in the Yellow Sea, which is consistent with observation. If surface waves are not considered in the model, the sediment deposits westward to the nearshore area in the South Yellow Sea. The sediment would deposit further southward in the numerical experiment results without wind influence. In the numerical experiment of no tide, there is hardly any sediment deposited on the Yellow Sea floor, while in the Bohai Sea most of the sediment is transported southward and northwestward around the river mouth instead of eastward as in the Control Run, indicating the tides play a key role in forming the deposition pattern.     

西太平洋海面风场数据集的建立及其应用

再分析风场数据至今已发展了约30年,目前人们使用区域乃至全球网格化再分析数据集愈加频繁,但风场再分析数据在强天气过程中的强度明显不足,将风场再分析数据同台风观测数据相融合是解决问题的重要途径,本文通过"构建经验台风圆形风场-叠加台风移行风场-流入角修正-叠加背景再分析风场"的基本思路,融合了西太平洋联合警报中心的所有台...     

连续两次台风过境对东海北部水环境及初级生产力的影响

台风是影响东海最严重的自然灾害之一。本文在现场观测基础上,结合遥感与模型数据,研究了连续两个台风过境对东海北部水环境及初级生产力的影响。研究结果表明:连续两个台风过境情况下,虽然前面台风有助于后续台风对海洋上层进行垂直混合作用,但它对后续台风过后海洋表层温度(SST)的降低以及初级生产力的增加却起到了削弱作用;除了加强垂向混合过程,台风也可以改变海洋上层的平流输运过程,受此影响,部分海区上层温度、盐度以及叶绿素在台风后重新分布;台风对海区次表层叶绿素浓度的改变程度明显高于表层,某些站位次表层叶绿素最大值(SCM)在台风刚过后被破坏,一段时间后SCM又重新出现,而且层内叶绿素浓度远高于台风前水平。