泉州大港湾海水、沉积物及水产生物体内重金属的含量分布

根据1997年7月大港湾海域环境调查资料,着重分析了大港湾海水、表层沉积物及水产生物体内重金属的含量及分布。结果表明：大港湾海水中Cu,Pb,Cd,Zn的含量均低于渔业水质标准,大港湾湾顶水域,海水和表层沉积物中Cu,Pb,Cd,Zn的含最明显高于湾口水域：湾南部水域高于北部水域。文中还根据《海洋沉积物质量》、《无公害食品》、《食品中锌限量卫生标准》、《海洋生物质量》标准对表层沉积物和6种水产生物的重金属污染程度进行评价,结果大港湾的水产生物体内的重金属含量均未超标,但沉积物中的Cd含量已超标。     

福建兴化湾中部表层海水及沉积物中重金属含量特征与生态风险评价

分析研究了兴化湾中部表层海水Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg、As的含量发现,表层海水中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg、As含量均符合海水水质一类标准,对表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Hg、Cr、Cd、As等6种重金属含量分析表明,6种重金属含量均符合海洋沉积物质量一类标准.表层海水中重金属与环境因子相关性分析表明,6种重金属与环境的相关性在不同季节中存在差异;而表层沉积物中重金属与环境因子的分析表明,重金属具有相近的来源,有机质对沉积物中重金属的含量分布具有重要影响.主成分分析结果表明,兴化湾中部表层沉积物7种重金属主要来源为有机质的降解、沉积环境本身及工业排污的影响,其贡献率分别为59.48%、15.30%、10.98%,3个主成分的贡献率合计达到85.76%.潜在生态危害指数法评价结果表明,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg、As均属轻微生态危害.     

威海双岛湾海域重金属的分布特征及生态风险评价

根据2012年双岛湾海域环境调查资料,研究了海水和表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征以及生态风险。结果显示,双岛湾海域海水中的重金属Cu和Pb在湾中部和湾底的部分站位含量较高,Zn和Cr含量在湾底最高、湾外最低,Cd和Hg在湾底和湾外的含量均高于湾中部,As的分布比较均匀;除Zn和Pb外,其余重金属含量均高于周边其他海域。双岛湾海域沉积物中重金属含量较低,与区域背景值相近,其中重金属Hg和Cd在湾内沉积作用明显,而Cu、Pb和Cr在湾外沉积作用比较明显。相关性分析表明,有机碳含量对双岛湾沉积物中的重金属分布影响不大。生态风险评价结果表明,双岛湾海域海水未受到重金属的污染;表层沉积物中重金属存在中低度的生态风险,具有潜在的不利生物毒性效应,重金属毒性大小依次为Pb>As>Cu>Hg>Cr=Cd>Zn。     

深圳湾海域表层和柱样沉积物中的重金属分布特征

分析深圳湾表层沉积物中锌、铬、镉、镍、铅、铜等6种重金属元素的含量发现它们的浓度均值已全部超过广东省海岸带沉积物背景值。根据潜在生态危害法,在6种重金属中镉造成的污染最严重,从潜在的生态危害指数评价看镉的含量已达到很高的污染水平。从面状分布看,重金属污染危害指数值在深圳河口区最低,在蛇口段居中等水平,在深圳湾内侧的近岸水域最大。柱样沉积物的浓度变化以1950年为界划分为两部分:1950年以来的现代沉积物中有较强的人类活动干扰痕迹,表现为重金属元素的浓度增长幅度大,且浓度很高,其均值全部大于广东省海岸带的背景值;1950年以前的近代沉积物中有稍弱的人类活动干扰痕迹。研究认为沉积物粒度特征、沉积速率、人类活动与重金属在沉积物中的浓度高低有直接相关关系,并直接影响到重金属在沉积物中的污染水平。     

福建罗源湾海区表层沉积物重金属的含量与分布

根据2005年11月对罗源湾海域的环境调查资料,着重分析了表层沉积物重金属的含量以及分布,并与福建省内各主要港湾的沉积物重金属含量进行对比.结果表明:沉积物中Hg、As、Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr(总铬)的含量均小于<海洋沉积物质量>一类评价标准的含量,质量状况良好;罗源湾的Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、Cr平均含量与其它海域相应的重金属含量比较,含量水平无明显差异;湾内水域的沉积物重金属含量大于湾口水域,湾内近岸水域的沉积物重金属含量大于中心水域.罗源湾沉积物未受到重金属的污染.     

深圳铜鼓航道表层沉积物中重金属含量及潜在生态危害

根据2009年9月深圳铜鼓航道表层沉积物中重金属含量的调查资料,采用单因子指数法和Hakanson生态风险指数法对其重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险进行了分析和评价.结果表明:重金属含量较低,属于国家一类海洋沉积物;表层沉积物已受到重金属Pb、Zn、As的污染,所有站住重金属综合污染指数均＞5,达到中等污染水平,各重金属污...     

威海湾沉积物重金属含量分布及其潜在生态危害评价

对威海湾表层沉积物中重金属(Cu,Zn,Pb,Cd,Hg,As)的含量分布及富集状况进行了调查分析,并采用Hakanson的潜在生态危害指数法评价了该湾沉积物中重金属污染的程度及其潜在的生态危害。结果表明,威海湾表层沉积物中Cu,Zn,Pb,Hg 4种重金属的含量分布特征表现为由西北向东南递减的趋势;Cd在湾西部含量较高,呈由西向东递减的趋势;As整体分布较均匀,在湾内近岸处较高,湾口处较低。潜在生态危害评价结果表明,威海湾表层沉积物中重金属的潜在生态危害轻微;污染程度顺序为CdAsHgPbCuZn;对威海湾生态环境具有潜在影响的重金属主要是Cd。     

兴化湾海域水体和表层沉积物中重金属分布及其源解析

根据2015年春季兴化湾海域的环境调查资料,对海水和沉积物中的重金属分布及其来源进行了探讨。采用单因子污染指数法和地质累积指数法对海水和沉积物污染程度进行评价,并利用主成分分析法对其重金属的潜在来源进行解析。结果显示:表层海水中重金属Cd,As和Cr质量浓度符合海水水质一类标准,重金属Cu,Pb,Zn,Hg质量浓度均符合海水水质二类标准;表层沉积物中重金属Cu,Pb,Zn,Hg,As,Cd,Cr含量均符合海洋沉积物质量一类标准。地质累积指数评价结果显示,沉积物中重金属Cd总体为污染,其余6种重金属为清洁水平。表层沉积物中重金属间相关性分析表明,Hg与Cu,Zn之间具有相似的来源特征。研究区重金属潜在来源主要为江阴港周边入港船舶排放、生活污水和工农业生产的输入、周边河流输入和大气沉降等。     

东山湾养殖区表层沉层沉积物的分布特征及环境评价

利用１９９１－１９９２年东山湾渔业环境监测资料，着重讨论东山湾水产养殖鞠表层沉积物中重金属，有机质和硫化物的分布特征，以及它们之间的要上关关系，文中还对表层沉积物中重金属，有机质和硫化物的污染程度作了 评价。     

重金属在胶州湾表层沉积物中的分布与富集

用原子吸收法测定了胶州湾表层沉积物中重金属的含量并运用平均富集因子（AEF）对其污染与富集状况进行了分析与评价,发现重金属在胶州湾表层沉积物中的分布极不均衡,高浓度值主要分布在河口区,与历史资料相比,平均含量都有所升高,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、Cr、As已有不同程度的污染富集.污染源主要来自工业和居民生活排污,沉积物中有机质的存在也对重金属的分布与富集起着重要的作用.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.