天山山区近50年面雨量分布及变化特征

天山山区范围大,地形复杂,但测站稀少,而且分布很不均匀。为了尽可能的反映天山山区气候要素分布特征,利用1961~2009年天山山区44个气象站和10个水文站的观测资料,结合数字高程模型（DEM）1km?km网格数据,采用了自然正交分解（EOF）、多元回归分析、最大熵谱值分析等方法,对天山山区面雨量进行了计算,建立了区域面雨量时间序列,研究其时空分布特征及变化规律。天山山区的降水基本上呈现北多南少,西多东少的特征,年平均面雨量1093.2?08m3,1987年发生突变。冬季降水在年际变化和年代际变化特征上都呈现出明显的增加趋势。     

新疆区域面雨量分布特征及其变化规律

将自然正交分解 (EOF) 和数字高程模型 (DEM) 相结合, 利用新疆区域144个气象站和水文站的1961—2005年降水量资料, 计算得到新疆区域面雨量年、季分布特征和变化规律。分析结果表明:新疆区域年平均面雨量约为2724.6×108t, 年平均降水量为165.5 mm。从空间分布来看, 天山山区面雨量最大, 约占全疆面雨量的40.4%, 该区域年平均降水量为409.1 mm; 北疆地区次之占34.3%, 年降水量为277.3 mm; 南疆地区最少约为25.3%, 年平均降水量仅有66.2 mm。从季节分布来看:夏季面雨量最大, 约占全年面雨量的54.4%;春季次之为23.6%;秋季为16.5 %; 冬季最少, 约为5.5%。新疆区域面雨量年际变化呈现出增多的趋势, 1987年存在突变, 在此之后降水量明显增多。     

开都河流域面雨量与径流变化分析

对开都河流域及其附近的8个气象站和3个水文站的1961—2000年的年降水资料进行自然正交分解(EOF),利用梯度距离平方反比法(GIDS)作为差值公式,建立了主要特征向量与地理因子的插值模型,并以数字高程模型(DEM)的1km×1km网格数据为基础,推算出开都河流域平均年降水量的空间分布以及逐年面雨量序列。计算结果表明:开都河流域面雨量年平均为80.6×108m3,径流量与面雨量之比(R/P)平均为0.38,最大为0.53,最小为0.32。面雨量与径流量的年际相对变化幅度是一样的,变差系数Cv值为0.17。     

天山山区大气水分循环特征

将自然正交分解(EOF)和水平空间分辨率30"的地理信息数字高程(DEM)相结合,利用1961~2010年天山山区及其周边79个气象站月降水量应用梯度距离平方反比法计算面雨量,应用2000~2010年NCEP/NCAR逐日4次再分析1°(纬度)×1°(经度)资料计算水汽输送,研究了天山山区面雨量时空分布、水汽输送和外部水汽的降水转化率特征,以及降水转化率异常的初步成因。结果表明:1)天山西部和中部降水量平均在450 mm以上,东天山和天山西南端为150 mm左右。春季、夏季、秋季、冬季的面雨量分别为291.4×108 m3、625.9×108m3、218.1×108 m3和73.6×108m3,降水量分别为108.2 mm、232.4 mm、81.0 mm和27.4 mm,年降水量为449.0 mm。2)月水汽输送量呈正态单峰型分布,7月最大、1月最小,夏季水汽输送量为全年的41.3%,冬季为11.9%,春季、秋季分别为24.5%和22.3%。3)春季、夏季、秋季、冬季和年外部水汽的降水转化率分别为10.3%、12.6%、8.5%、5.4%和9.2%,降水转化率的大小与伊朗副热带高压、贝加尔湖高压脊和西亚副热带西风急流的位置和强度配置有关。     

江苏省流域面雨量气候特征及与雨涝关系的探讨

本文较为详细地分析了1961-2000年汛期5～9月江苏省四大流域面雨量年际、月际变化特征及面雨量的空间分布特征，提出了面雨量异常指数的定义，进行了极值分析，并分析了1980-2000年江苏省内涝对应的面雨量极值、面雨量距平。统计结果表明，强降水面雨量能较好的表征洪涝程度，为今后进一步研究流域面雨量致灾预测打下了基础。     

新疆天山山区大气冰核浓度的测量及分析

利用2001年6、7月份在新疆天山山区两个取样点取得的冰核资料，计算了山区中的冰核浓度，研究了冰核平均浓度日变化、日际变化的规律，并分析了天山山区冰核浓度与一些气象因子的关系及可能原因。得出以下结论：天山山区的大气冰核主要来源于地面土壤，比较缺乏；冰核浓度易受气象因子、地表状况的影响，日变化和日际变化明显．     

近30多年汉江流域面雨量时空变化特征分析

利用汉江流域1967-2000年逐日面雨量资料,分析了汉江流域及其上游、中下游和唐白河流域三个区间面雨量的平均值、极值、降水频次、连续强降水等特征值。结果表明,汉江流域面雨量季节性明显,存在夏汛与秋汛之分;该流域面雨量,20世纪80年代主要为高值期,90年代为低值期,2000年后又进入一个相对高值期,呈11年左右年代际变化;该流域面雨量年变化曲线为较对称的单峰型,峰顶在7月;该流域(连续)强降水主要出现在4-10月,夏季最多,秋季仍可出现相当明显的降水。     

北疆汛期降水集中程度的特征分析

基于1961－2007年新疆北部104站逐日降水资料,分析了天山山区、天山北麓、伊犁河谷和北疆北部汛期降水集中度和集中期的气候特征。结果表明,北疆北部汛期降水总量虽然最小,但年际变化较大。天山山区汛期降水总量虽然最大,但年际变化较小,说明山区降水稳定。北疆以及四个子区域多年平均的汛期降水集中度约为0.2左右,汛期降水集中期出现在32-37候。北疆北部汛期降水集中度和集中期的年际变化均相对较大。北疆地区汛期降水偏多时,降水量在整个汛期分布比较均匀,而汛期降水偏少时,降水量比较集中。     

1961—2015年新疆天山日照时数时空变化特征及其影响因素分析

采用新疆天山地区55个气象站1961—2015年逐月气象数据,用Mann Kendall突变检验、基于ArcGIS的混合插值及偏相关分析对天山日照时数年、季节特征及影响因素进行分析。结果表明：①天山日照时数年及季节均呈减少趋势,天山各区域变化差异显著,山区及天山北坡变化趋势明显于南坡。②天山北坡、天山南坡及天山山区年日照时数突变时间为1985年、1980年和1988年,云量和降水是导致突变发生的主导因素。③新疆天山年日照时数由西向东逐渐增加,平原多、山区少,春季呈“东北部多、西南部少”,夏季为 “东北部多、西南部少”,平原盆地高于山区,秋季呈现“北少南多,东多西少”,冬季由南向北逐渐减少。④云量、降水是导致天山地区日照减少的主要因素,少云区日照时数较多,多云区日照时数较少,天山云量减幅或增幅区域,日照时数突变量变化明显。     

近50a江淮梅雨的区域特征

利用江淮地区44个站1954-2003年50 a逐日降水资料,采用模糊聚类、经验正交函数分解(EOF)、谐波分析和小波分析等方法分析了江淮梅雨期梅雨量的时空变化特征.结果表明:江淮地区梅雨量的空间分布存在显著不同的区域差异,可以分为南、北两个区.梅雨量具有显著的年际和年代际变化特征,南区候平均雨量峰值出现在6月第5候,北区峰值出现在7月第1候,副高脊线的两次北跳分别与江淮梅雨的平均入梅日期(6月第4候)和平均出梅日期(7月第2候)密切有关;南区梅雨量长期变化呈显著的上升趋势,而北区变化不明显;南北两区梅雨量具有显著不同的年际和年代际方差构成.南北两区梅雨量均存在多时间尺度的振荡周期.副热带高压和季风环流的异常直接影响到江淮梅雨期梅雨量的丰枯.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.