毛乌素沙地海流兔河流域水文地质特征

海流兔河流域是毛乌素沙地的代表性流域,开展以流域为单元的研究,将为毛乌素沙地的流域水资源配置提供科学依据。通过系统分析海流兔河流域的含水层展布和地下水分布特征,创新性地将含水层厚度和地下水埋深的分区进行小波图像融合后,得到了新的水文地质参数分区。结果表明：海流兔河流域的第四系及白垩系为该区域的巨厚含水层系统,其中白垩系含水层由南向北逐渐增厚,整体上该流域地下水资源量丰富。克里金指数模型适用于海流兔河流域的地下水埋深插值,该模型得到的流域地下水埋深为0—43 m,其中地下水埋深3 m以上的区域占流域的主体部分。以Symlets小波函数作为离散小波变换的图像融合技术对海流兔河流域的水文地质参数分区具有较强的适用性。     

黑龙江流域水文地理研究综述

本文主要从地理环境、地表水、地下水和水环境4个方面集中对黑龙江流域水文地理研究进行综述。地理环境的研究从气候变化、湖泊湿地、流域区划和流域开发进行说明,近年来该流域气候呈现变暖的趋势,湖泊湿地资源丰富,中俄两侧有众多的保护区和保护对象,水库对其水资源开发利用起到了关键作用。地表水的研究从径流特征和洪水特征进行说明,该流域可以划分为7条支流和1条干流,大气环流异常是2013年其干流出现连续暴雨的直接原因。地下水的研究从水文地质、地下水位和跨国界含水层进行说明,该流域可以划分为9个水文地质分区,地下水位动态变化特征有其特殊性,跨国界含水层问题有待于研究。水环境的研究从地表水环境和地下水环境进行说明,加强流域污水防治工作,提出流域地下水防治措施及应急处理方案。最后对寒区特色水问题等热点问题进行简要探讨。     

多层抽水试验地下水位动态与同位素浅析——以衡水试验为例

针对不同深度含水层,揭示其富水性,探讨地下水资源可恢复性、可利用性和浅层劣质水改造利用可能性。以国土资源部衡水地下水试验场为依托,在详细调查试验场影响区地下水开发利用状况、监测地下水年动态基础上,开展分层抽水试验和水化学同位素采样。通过对大量抽水水位动态数据过程、局部流场特征和水化学同位素的分析,得出结论:该区农业为影响地下水水位的主控因素;含水层系统承压性、补给强度从下到上分别呈减弱、增强趋势,除浅层外各含水层渗透性较强;各含水层渗流强度及方向不同等。提出实现地下水可持续开发利用建议:对浅层地下咸水适时进行抽咸换淡、混灌轮灌改造利用;170m、300m强含水层作为工农业用水主要开采层,深层地下水主要用于生活用水;按照水量平衡、分质用水原则开发地下水。     

采煤对海流兔流域大气降水-地表水-地下水-矿井水转化关系的影响北大核心CSCD

煤矿开采使流域水文地质条件发生改变,研究采煤影响下流域降水-地表水-地下水-矿井水转化关系对揭示区域水循环过程意义重大。以海流兔流域为研究区,利用数理统计法、Piper三线图和氢氧同位素关系图等方法,分析采煤影响下降水-地表水-地下水-矿井水的转化关系。结果表明:在煤矿开采影响下采矿区地表水中SO_(4)^(2-)、Na^(+)、Mg^(2+)等含量增幅较大;流域降水、地表水与地下水转化关系以地表水下渗补给地下水为主,平均贡献率为56.7%;矿区及以下流域海流兔与纳林河不同水体间的转化关系仍以地表水补给地下水为主,与上游天然流域相比平均贡献率分别增至69.3%和59.4%;矿井水主要来源为上覆萨拉乌苏组地下水,补给比率为72.4%,煤矿开采使上覆含水层地下水向采空区汇流速度增大。     

长江三角洲(长江以南)地区深层地下水三维数值模拟

长江三角洲地区做为未来中国经济发展的一大重心,对该区地下水资源进行评价具有十分重要的意义。文章将该区作为一个整体来进行数值模拟,避免了以前将各行政区边界作为研究区边界分别来模拟各局部地区地下水资源量所带来的人为误差。对如此大面积、条件复杂的多层含水层系统,建立了反映该区地下水贮存和总体运移特征的三维模型,在采用地下水数值模拟国际通用标准软件GMS对其进行精细剖分的基础上,对模型参数进行了识别,进一步对该区地下水资源几种不同开采方案进行了评价,为该区今后建立水资源管理模型提供依据,为其经济发展规划和可持续发展提出合理的用水建议。     

区域地下水含水层富水性研究——以河坝场乡为例

富水性是含水层的基本属性之一,贵州省碳酸盐岩广泛分布,溶蚀作用强烈,地下水含水层富水性赋存规律具有复杂多变的特点。探究地下水的富水性规律对区域地下水开采、保护及矿区、环保具有重要意义。本文以野外调查和水文地质勘查资料为基础,详细分析了地下水形成的自然条件、地质情况、水文地质条件等,以统计分析为技术手段,得到不同地下水含水层枯季径流模数,最后依据含水岩组富水性指标评价含水层富水性,对河坝场乡地下水含水层的富水性规律进行分析与总结。     

黑河流域中游灌区含水层系统异质性对地表热通量和温度的影响模拟

渗透系数是描述地下含水层系统空间异质性的重要参数,直接影响地下水位和浅层土壤水分分布,并最终间接影响地表辐射收支及地气间能量转换.基于三维物理过程的地下水—陆面过程耦合模型ParFlow-CLM,在黑河流域中游灌区开展数值模拟实验,分析4种渗透系数情景下地下水位埋深、地表热通量和温度的差异.结果表明,忽略水平方向异质性会降低地表热通量的模拟精度,同时设置水平和垂直方向异质性并考虑包气带—饱水带三维水力特征可提高地表温度的模拟精度;充分考虑土壤和含水层系统异质性能提高分层(尤其是0.2～0.5 m深度土层)土壤温度的模拟精度;土壤和含水层系统异质性对地表热通量和温度的控制作用受到下垫面、地形等环境因素的显著影响,尤其在裸地区域,地表感热通量和温度的模拟结果差异较大.研究结果可为干旱—半干旱地区高时空分辨率水文集成模型的构建提供科学依据.     

内蒙古鄂温克族自治旗地下水水化学特征分析及水质评价

地下水水化学及水质特征分析,是地下水资源调查评价的重要组成部分,本文利用近年来开展的《鄂温克族自治旗地下水资源勘查与区划》调查研究成果,首次对鄂温克族自治旗按地下水含水层系统进行了地下水水化学及水质特征分析研究,明确了该地区的地下水水化学基本特征及水质动态变化特征,对该地区水资源的开发利用具有重要的指导意义。     

黑河中、下游盆地地下水系统与水资源开发的资源环境效应

该文分析了黑河流域降水及河水时空分布规律,划分并阐明了中、下游盆地地下水系统与特征,探讨了盆地区地表水与地下水大数量相互转化的固有规律,深入分析了流域水资源开发利用引起的资源和环境负效应,提出了流域水资源开发的建设性建议。     

内蒙古阿拉善吉兰泰地区孔隙承压水的研究

吉兰泰地区位于内蒙古自治区阿拉善左旗北部,孔隙承压含水层主要分布在吉兰泰第四纪盆地及其西南-东北部,承压水含水层稳定,连续性好,含水层岩性较均一,补给充足。承压水是一个地区基本的水文地质条件,能够反映了地下水的一些基本,对认识该地区地下水资源的形成具有重要意义。     

Regional groundwater flow modelling of Upper Chaj Doab of Indus Basin, Pakistan using finite element model (Feflow) and geoinformatics

A 3-D finite element model (Feflow) has been used for regional groundwater flow modelling of Upper Chaj Doab in Indus Basin, Pakistan. The thematic layers of soils, landuse, hydrology, infrastructure and climate were developed using Geographic Information System (GIS). The numerical groundwater flow model is developed to configure the groundwater equipotential surface, hydraulic head gradient and estimation of the groundwater budget of the aquifer. Integration of GIS with groundwater modelling and satellite remote sensing capabilities has provided an efficient way of analysing and monitoring groundwater status and its associated land conditions. The Arcview GIS software is used as additive tool to develop supportive data for numerical groundwater modelling, integration and presentation of image processing and modelling results.
The groundwater behaviour of the regional model shows a gradual decline in watertable from year 1999 onward. The persistent dry condition and high withdrawal rates play an influential role in lowering down the groundwater levels. Different scenarios were developed to study the impact of extreme climatic conditions (drought/flood) and variable groundwater abstraction on the regional groundwater system. The results of the study provide useful information regarding the behaviour of aquifer in order to organize management schemes on local and regional basis to monitor future groundwater development in the area.     

Hydrogeologic Behavior of an Alluvial Aquifer,Salta Province,Argentina: Simulations of Hydraulic Conductivity Field,Groundwater Flow,and Chloride Migration

This work was designed to analyze the hydrogeological behavior of an alluvial aquifer in the River Mojotoro basin site in the Province of Salta, Argentina. The study area presents coarse-grained sediments with high infiltration capacity. The hydraulic conductivity field is affected by the physical heterogeneity of the medium and a geostatistical method, kriging, was used to construct this field from local measurements. The groundwater flow velocity field is computed using a hybrid mixed finite-element method and small variations in the flow directions were determined. Given the existence of a point source of chloride in the region under study, the spatial distribution of the generated plume in the saturated zone is analyzed. The advection-diffusion equation describing the transport of chloride in vertical and horizontal cross-sectional planes of the aquifer is discretized employing a method of characteristics combined with a mixed finite-element procedure, which provides an efficient method to eliminate spurious numerical oscillations and handle the convective term in the equation. The migration of chloride shows patterns, which are affected by the litologic heterogeneities of the aquifer and the regional groundwater flow.     

Application of Artificial Neural Networks to Complex Groundwater Management Problems

As water quantity and quality problems become increasingly severe, accurate prediction and effective management of scarcer water resources will become critical. In this paper, the successful application of artificial neural network (ANN) technology is described for three types of groundwater prediction and management problems. In the first example, an ANN was trained with simulation data from a physically based numerical model to predict head (groundwater elevation) at locations of interest under variable pumping and climate conditions. The ANN achieved a high degree of predictive accuracy, and its derived state-transition equations were embedded into a multiobjective optimization formulation and solved to generate a trade-off curve depicting water supply in relation to contamination risk. In the second and third examples, ANNs were developed with real-world hydrologic and climate data for different hydrogeologic environments. For the second problem, an ANN was developed using data collected for a 5-year, 8-month period to predict heads in a multilayered surficial and limestone aquifer system under variable pumping, state, and climate conditions. Using weekly stress periods, the ANN substantially outperformed a well-calibrated numerical flow model for the 71-day validation period, and provided insights into the effects of climate and pumping on water levels. For the third problem, an ANN was developed with data collected automatically over a 6-week period to predict hourly heads in 11 high-capacity public supply wells tapping a semiconfined bedrock aquifer and subject to large well-interference effects. Using hourly stress periods, the ANN accurately predicted heads for 24-hour periods in all public supply wells. These test cases demonstrate that the ANN technology can solve a variety of complex groundwater management problems and overcome many of the problems and limitations associated with traditional physically based flow models.     

Data model for system conceptualization in groundwater studies

Development of a conceptualization of a hydrogeologic system serves as the basis of groundwater modeling. While existing groundwater data models are designed to store groundwater system information, none is designed to capture its conceptual view. This study addresses this need by presenting a new object-oriented Conceptualization Groundwater Data Model that represents a groundwater system as a series of aquifer layers with defined aquifer properties and water boundary conditions. A case study is presented that develops the conceptual view of the groundwater system beneath Konza Prairie. This single conceptualization is used to support groundwater models across existing technologies of finite difference, finite element, and analytical element methods. While the models each employ different mathematics, data input files, and formats, all models are founded on the same conceptualization process that is represented using this new data model. The case study illustrates the data model's promise as an effective mechanism for groundwater system conceptualization and data storage, and utility for various groundwater computational models. This conceptualization of a groundwater data model suggests a new focus on incorporating system conceptualization into data model design.     

黑河下游地下水波动带地下水时空分布模拟研究:研究区离散化与潜水蒸发空间化

从地下水研究意义出发,综述了地下水研究现状,利用含水层结构对研究区进行离散剖分。利用观测资料确定潜水蒸发与地下水的关系,在界定初始地下水位的基础上,利用该关系模型对初始潜水蒸发空间化,结果表明,初始潜水蒸发（1990年7月）分布在7~80 mm之间,高值出现在研究区的河岸地带,低值出现在研究区的北部、南部和远离河岸区。研究区的潜水蒸发随着时间的变化也有显著的变化,一般在6—9月蒸发量较大。     

双重介质模型中地下水运动的环境示踪

为评价博茨瓦纳帕拉匹村非均质裂隙含水层的地下水资源，采用双重介质法及增加阻水水平屏障来模拟含水层，用排水和蒸发双重边界来模拟季节性河流，用溶质运移模型来再现示踪剂氟氯烃化合物（CFC）在地下水中的分布，用环境同位素氢和氧分析地下水的来源，用氯离子质量平衡法估计人渗量。对双重介质的不同有效空隙度的确定则采用了地下水龄示踪剂CFC的实测值分析得出。这些为地下水模型的真实、准确提供了几种独立、有效的分析手段。     

Groundwater Assessment at Manukan Island,Sabah: Multidisplinary Approaches

A rapid increase in the number of tourists has placed a heavy demand for freshwater on Manukan Island, a small island located offcoast of Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Hydrochemical and numerical approaches have been applied in this study to evaluate the groundwater quality of unconfined aquifer lying in Manukan Island, Sabah, East Malaysia. This is vital to enhance better understanding about groundwater management. Hydrochemical analysis output indicated NaCl water type in sampling locations. Seawater intrusion is marked by its relatively high Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻ and SO₄ ²⁻ concentrations. Hydrochemical analysis output clearly showed the influence of seawater in groundwater of Manukan Island. The numerical model output proved the influence of seawater in groundwater of Manukan Island by indicating the upconing process at the beneath of the pumping well. Current status of seawater intrusion in Manukan Island is about 14.6% of freshwater and seawater mixing ratio in low lying area of Manukan Island as simulated by SEAWAT-2000 model output. Numerical model SEAWAT-2000 output showed clearly that the upconing process is the possible route of seawater to influence the fresh groundwater aquifer chemistry in Manukan Island. The results have enhanced the current understanding of seawater intrusion in the study area. Future studies will focus on using numerical models to simulate and suggest suitable groundwater management plans in Manukan Island.     

Comparative study of specific groundwater vulnerability of a karst aquifer in central Florida

The Floridan aquifer system (FAS) is known to be one of the most productive aquifer systems in the USA. With the FAS being a karst aquifer, it presents unique challenges to land use planners because of inherent vulnerabilities to contamination through direct connections between the aquifer and the surface. In this study a new Geographic Information Systems (GIS) -based index, the Karst Aquifer Vulnerability Index (KAVI), incorporates geologic layers used in intrinsic groundwater vulnerability models (GVMs) plus an epikarst layer specific to karst, with land use coverages to create a specific groundwater vulnerability model. The KAVI model was compared to another specific vulnerability model, the Susceptibility Index (SI). Tabulation of the percentage areas of vulnerability classes reveals major differences between the two models with SI suggesting greater vulnerability for the study area than KAVI. Validation of these two models found that KAVI vulnerability levels best reproduced spatially varying concentrations of nitrate in the aquifer. Sensitivity analysis, the application of a variation index and measuring the effective weights for each parameter included in KAVI confirmed the importance of closed depressions but also aquifer hydraulic conductivity. The inclusion of land use was justified; however, effective weight analysis determined its assigned weight was too high as used in the initial calculation of KAVI.