广西土壤有机碳储量估算及与全国部分省区的比较研究

以广西第二次土壤普查的土壤剖面数据为基础,结合广西1:50万的土壤图以及相关的地形DEM图和行政区划图,在GIS平台下对广西表层土壤有机碳密度和储量进行了估算,对不同土壤类型、不同区域的土壤有机碳分布特征进行了分析,并将结果与全国其他省市地区的研究成果进行了对比。结果表明:广西表层土壤有机碳密度分布不均,呈现桂北高,桂南低的空间分布特点;中等海拔地区高,低海拔地区低;黄壤高,砖红壤低。有机碳密度均值为3.33 kg/m2,低于全国平均水平4.70 kg/m2;表层土壤有机碳库储量为6.42×1011kg,占全国表层土壤有机碳储量的1.5%。     

深层土壤有机碳的来源、特征与稳定性

深层土壤有机碳占土壤剖面总有机碳的一半以上．最近发现表层和深层土壤有机碳动态及其调控因素并不相同,这对准确评估土壤固碳潜力具有重要影响．深层土壤有机碳主要来源午根系、根系分泌物、可溶性有机碳、土壤微生物及生物扰动作用,这些来源的相对重要性可能取决于气候、土壤、植被类型和土地利用方式;与表层土壤相比,深层土壤有机碳一般具有较高的稳定性同位素C／N、平均驻留时间长、矿化速率低和高稳定性．深层土壤有机碳的生物化学稳定性、化学稳定性和物理保护三种稳定性机制的相对贡献并不清楚．未来应加强环境变化和人类干扰对深层土壤有机碳动态及稳定性影响的研究．     

安徽省土壤有机碳空间差异及影响因素

区域土壤碳储量和碳固定潜力及影响因素分析是全球变化中碳循环研究的重要前沿问题。本文采用第二次土壤普查资料,研究了安徽省不同类型土壤的有机碳密度和碳库,分析了影响土壤有机碳分布的自然和人为因素。结果表明,安徽土壤有机碳库为0.71Pg,表层土壤有机碳库为0.28Pg;土壤平均有机碳密度达117.54 t/hm²,碳密度的空间分布为:皖南山区>皖西大别山区>沿长江平原>江淮丘陵区>淮北平原区;气候和植被控制着表层土壤有机碳的省域分布,降水与土壤有机碳含量呈正相关。地形和母质影响土壤亚类间有机碳的差异;土壤总氮与土壤有机碳呈极显著相关,平原区土壤粘粒含量与表层土壤有机碳固定有较大关系。     

人工固沙区土壤碳分布及其与土壤属性的关系

选择腾格里沙漠东南缘沙坡头地区不同年代建立的人工固沙林（1964、1981、1990年）及临近的流动沙丘,对0~3.0 m剖面上的土壤进行取样和分析,以探讨固沙植被的建立和发展对土壤碳（有机碳和无机碳）分布的影响及其与土壤属性的关系。结果表明：在流动沙丘建立人工固沙植被近50年后,表层（0~0.1 m）土壤有机碳和无机碳含量均明显增加,土壤有机碳含量为1.95 g·kg^-1,是流动沙丘的6.67倍,无机碳含量为4.19 g·kg^-1,是流动沙丘的1.46倍。将土壤剖面划分为3层后（0~0.4,0.4~1.0、1.0~3.0 m）分析显示,从流动沙丘到1964年固沙区,土壤有机碳密度显著增加（0.18 kg·m^-2到0.52 kg·m^-2）,且浅层（0~0.4 m）的增加快于深层（1.0~3.0 m）;同时,浅层有机碳密度在整个剖面中所占比例显著增加（14.3%到30.4%）,而深层减少（64.8%到51.6%）。浅层和深层无机碳密度均有增加趋势,但差异不显著。冗余分析显示,土壤细颗粒含量、水分有效性、总氮含量、总磷含量、pH值和电导率与土壤碳密度关系密切,解释了土壤碳密度86.2%的变异。土壤有机碳密度与土壤细颗粒、总氮总磷含量及水分有效性、电导率极显著正相关（P<0.001）;土壤无机碳密度与土壤细颗粒、总磷含量及水分有效性、总氮含量显著正相关（P<0.05）。在1.0~3.0 m和0~3.0 m剖面上,土壤有机碳密度与土壤水分含量分别存在显著和极显著的负相关关系（P<0.05和P<0.01）。     

黄河源区高寒草地土壤有机碳储量及分布特征

选择位于黄河源区的青海省果洛藏族自治州为研究区,利用第二次全国土壤普查所得的土壤剖面数据以及55个典型土壤剖面的地理位置、土层深度、有机质含量、面积、理化分析数据和1:50万数字化土壤类型图,在GIS的支持下利用土壤类型法对黄河源区草地土壤碳库进行了估算。结果表明,黄河源区土壤碳密度较高,平均土壤有机碳密度为29.97 kg/m²,高寒草地土壤有机碳库主要由高山草甸土和高山草原土的有机碳库构成,研究区土壤有机碳总储量达15×10⁸tC。区域草地土壤有机碳密度及储量呈明显的水平和垂直分异规律。     

北京森林表土碳组分城郊梯度变化及其影响因素

快速的城市化进程深刻影响了城市森林土壤碳循环,重塑了城郊梯度上森林土壤碳空间分布特征。本文在北京市设置了4条城郊样带,测定了20个城市森林公园表土（表层0～10cm和亚表层10～20 cm）总碳及其不同碳组分含量,分析了各碳组分空间变化及其影响因素。结果表明,城郊样带森林表土总碳（表层21.0±1.6 g/kg;亚表层18.0±1.3 g/kg）以有机碳为主（表层占比64.6%±4.5%;亚表层占比54.9%±4.5%）,有机碳含量从市中心到郊区表现出先下降后增加的非线性变化,无机碳含量在此梯度上呈显著线性下降趋势。城市森林表土有机碳（表层13.8±1.5 g/kg;亚表层10.0±1.2 g/kg）以颗粒态有机碳为主（表层占比71.3%±2.4%;亚表层占比70.5%±2.8%）,颗粒态有机碳和矿物结合态有机碳含量在城郊梯度上均表现出先下降后增加的非线性变化;颗粒态有机碳的占比在城区相对更小,而矿物结合态有机碳占比在城区相对更大。土壤质地、土壤p H和公园年龄是解释表土碳组分在城郊梯度上空间变异的重要因素,城郊气候梯度以及树木多样性对城市森林土壤碳组分空间变化的影响并不明显。上述研究...     

基于GIS的安徽省土壤有机碳密度的空间分布特征

在GIS技术支持下,建立安徽省土壤数据库,揭示安徽省土壤有机碳密度空间分布特征.结果表明:安徽省0-100cm土体中土壤有机碳密度在0.92-40.97 kg/m2之间,均值为10.39 kg/m2;从空间分布上看,从北向南有机碳密度逐渐增加,有机碳密度大部分在3～19 kg/m2之间,其分布面积占总面积的89.72%;在各土壤类型中山地草甸土有机碳密度最大,而潮土、黄褐土、石质土有机碳密度较小;草地的有机碳密度最大,耕地最小;土壤有机碳密度与海拔高度之间存在高度相关,随着坡度、降雨量的增加,平均有机碳密度逐渐加大.     

银川鸣翠湖国家湿地公园香蒲、荷花、石菖蒲和芦苇生长区土壤有机碳及其组分含量对比研究

为了了解干旱区城市湿地公园不同植物生长区土壤的储碳能力,在宁夏回族自治区银川市鸣翠湖国家湿地公园中,在香蒲(Typha orientalis)、荷花(Nelumbo nucifera)、石菖蒲(Acorus tatarinowii)和芦苇(Phragmites australis)生长区,分别设置采样地,于2018年5月8日,采集0～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～40 cm和40～60 cm深度的土壤样品,测定土样的有机碳及其组分含量,分析土壤有机碳及其组分含量与土壤其它理化指标的关系。研究结果表明,香蒲、荷花、石菖蒲和芦苇生长区0～60 cm深度各土层的土壤有机碳质量比平均值分别为20.85 g/kg、16.35 g/kg、7.23 g/kg和4.48 g/kg,土壤易氧化碳质量比平均值分别为6.17 g/kg、4.53 g/kg、2.57 g/kg和1.16 g/kg;与其它植物生长区对应深度的土壤有机碳和易氧化碳含量相比,香蒲生长区0～10 cm、10～20 cm和20～40 cm深度土壤有机碳和易氧化碳含量显著偏高,荷花生长区40～60 cm深度土壤有机碳和易氧化碳含量显著偏高;与其它植物生长区对应深度的土壤颗粒有机碳含量相比,香蒲生长区0～10 cm、10～20 cm土壤颗粒有机碳含量显著偏高,荷花生长区20～40 cm和40～60 cm深度土壤颗粒有机碳含量显著偏高;荷花生长区各深度土壤可溶性有机碳含量显著高于其它植物生长区;各植物生长区土壤有机碳含量及其组分的含量与土壤砂粒含量、粉粒含量、全氮含量和pH显著相关。     

1980s-2010s内蒙古草地表层土壤有机碳储量及其变化

以我国内蒙古草原为研究区域,结合1982-1988年第二次土壤普查资料以及2011-2012年实地考察数据,构建了基于遥感数据和土壤数据的区域表层土壤有机碳储量估算方法,对研究区1980s和2010s表层土壤有机碳储量、空间分布特征及其变化进行研究,结果表明：(1) 1980s、2010s内蒙古草地表层土壤 (0~20 cm) 有机碳储量分别为2.05 Pg C、2.17 Pg C,土壤有机碳密度约为3.48 kg C·m^-2、3.69 kg C·m^-2,其空间分布上呈现从草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原逐渐降低的特征;(2) 1982-2012年间,内蒙古草地表层土壤有机碳储量略有增加,但增加幅度较小,其中草甸草原和典型草原表层土壤有机碳储量增加,荒漠草原则表现为减少。研究结果将为研究区因地制宜地采取固碳措施,实现草地可持续管理提供科学参考。     

川中丘陵地区近25年来农田土壤有机碳密度变化——以四川省盐亭县为例

根据盐亭县第二次全国土壤普查23个土壤剖面的采样记录,2007年采集了这23个土壤剖面样品,并分析测定其土壤有机碳含量,对比发现,盐亭县近25年来土壤平均有机碳密度上升2.70 t/hm2,上升幅度为5.65%,该县农田土壤具有微弱的碳汇效应.近25年来该县土壤有机碳密度变化复杂,不同土壤类型之间的变化差异较大.其中,水稻土、黄壤和紫色土有机碳密度均有不同程度的上升,而冲积土的有机碳密度则明显下降.而就土地利用方式而言,水田土壤的有机碳密度呈明显上升趋势(上升幅度15.38%),而旱地土壤有机碳密度则基本上保持稳定少变.该区今后应主要通过改良耕作措施,推广生态农业技术,增加土壤有机物质归还量;加强生态环境建设,搞好水土保持;灌溉水利工程建设进一步稳定和扩大水田面积等措施,以达到稳定和提高农田土壤有机碳储量的目的.     

松辽平原黑土有机碳含量时空分异规律

松辽平原典型黑土分布区土壤有机碳的空间分异规律及不同开垦年限土壤有机碳含量变化的研究结果表明:随着纬度的增加,黑土总有机碳平均含量由11.43g/kg增加至20.83g/kg,有机碳组分含量和HA/FA比值均表现出增加的趋势。随着土壤剖面加深,黑土总有机碳及其组分含量均呈下降的趋势,土壤中的HA-C逐步被FA-C和HU-C所替代。土壤开垦前50年,黑土总有机碳及其组分含量下降迅速,以后下降趋于缓慢,至开垦130年后,有机碳含量水平基本处于相对稳定状态,变化不明显。     

开封市不同功能区城市土壤有机碳含量与密度分析(英文)

Urban soil, forming along with the development of city, has unique properties of soil organic carbon. On the basis of field investigation and laboratory analysis, soil organic carbon (SOC) of Kaifeng city was studied, and the results showed that the characteristics of SOC were different not only among function districts in urban area, but also between urban area and suburbs. The order of SOC in topsoil was industrial district > recreational district > traffic district > cultural/educational district > residential/administrative district. The density of soil organic carbon (SOCD) in both topsoil and profile followed the orders of recreational district >industrial district > traffic district>cultural/educational district > residential/adminis- trative district, and cultural/educational district > traffic district>industrial district>recreational district > administrative/residential district, respectively. SOCD in both topsoil and profile decreased along the transection line from urban area to suburbs and urban area had 2.53-fold more SOCD in topsoil and 1.56-fold more SOCD in profile than suburbs, respectively. SOC decreased with the depth and was mainly distributed within the scope of 0-30 cm. The variances of SOC in urban area were more complicated than that in suburbs.     

荒漠土壤微生物碳垂直分布规律对有机碳库的表征作用

以古尔班通古特沙漠南缘原始盐漠为研究对象,测定不同深度的土壤有机碳和土壤微生物碳含量,以分析它们之间的响应关系。结果表明:(1)在土壤垂直剖面上,土壤微生物碳（SMC）含量与有机碳（SOC）含量呈现极显著正线性相关（R2=0.63,p=0.0003）。（2）SMC出现了2个明显的改变界面（20 cm,80 cm）,0~20、20~80、80~500 cm值分别为:2.24~3.06、0.19~0.72、0.0017~0.0097 mg·kg-1;0~20 cm和20~80 cm的SMC差异极显著（p<0.0001）,20~80 cm和80~500 cm的SMC差异显著（p<0.05）。（3）对应于SMC的土壤层划分,SOC在0~20 cm、20~80 cm和80~500 cm同样具有一定的分层性。（4）我们把具有不同微生物活性的有机碳层分别定义为活性、惰性、稳定性有机碳库,土壤垂直剖面上微生物碳的分布很好地表征了土壤中活性、惰性、稳定性有机碳库的分布;通过对这3种碳库所在土层进行合理划分,可以定量分析土壤中3种有机碳库的储量。     

Content and densities of soil organic carbon in urban soil in different function districts of Kaifeng

Urban soil, forming along with the development of city, has unique properties of soil organic carbon. On the basis of field investigation and laboratory analysis, soil organic carbon (SOC) of Kaifeng city was studied, and the results showed that the characteristics of SOC were different not only among function districts in urban area, but also between urban area and suburbs. The order of SOC in topsoil was industrial district > recreational district > traffic district > cultural/educational district > residential/administrative district. The density of soil organic carbon (SOCD) in both topsoil and profile followed the orders of recreational district > industrial district > traffic district>cultural/educational district > residential/administrative district, and cultural/educational district s>traffic district>industrial district>recreational district > administrative/residential district, respectively. SOCD in both topsoil and profile decreased along the transection line from urban area to suburbs and urban area had 2.53-fold more SOCD in topsoil and 1.56-fold more SOCD in profile than suburbs, respectively. SOC decreased with the depth and was mainly distributed within the scope of 0–30 cm. The variances of SOC in urban area were more complicated than that in suburbs.     

The impact of land use/cover change on storage and quality of soil organic carbon in midsubtropical mountainous area of southern China

Land use/cover change (LUCC) is widely recognized as one of the most important driving forces of global carbon cycles. The influence of converting native forest into plantations, secondary forest, orchard and arable land on stores and quality of soil organic carbon (SOC) was investigated in mid-subtropical mountainous area of southern China. The results showed that LUCC had led to great decreases in SOC stocks and quality. Considerable SOC and light-fraction organic carbon (LFOC) had been stored in the native forest (142.2 t hm?2 and 14.8 t hm?2 respectively). When the native forest was converted to plantations, secondary forest, orchard and arable land, the SOC stocks decreased by 25.6%, 28.7%, 38.0%, 31.8% and 51.2%, respectively. The LFOC stocks decreased by 52.2% to 57.2% when the native forest was converted to woodland plantations and secondary forest, and by 82.1% to 84.2% when converted to economic plantation, orchard and arable land. After the conversion, the ratios of LFOC to SOC (0–60 cm) decreased from 13.3% to about 3.0% to 10.7%. The SOC and LFOC stored at the upper 20 cm were more sensitive to LUCC when compared to the subsurface soil layer. Also, the decline in carbon storage induced by LUCC was greater than the global average level, it could be explained by the vulnerable natural environment and special human management practices. Thus, it is wise to enhance soil carbon sequestration, mitigate elevated atmospheric co2 and develop ecological services by protecting vulnerable environment, restoring vegetation coverage, and afforesting in mountainous area in mid-subtropics.     

Content and densities of soil organic carbon in urban soil in different function districts of Kaifeng

Urban soil, forming along with the development of city, has unique properties of soil organic carbon. On the basis of field investigation and laboratory analysis, soil organic carbon (SOC) of Kaifeng city was studied, and the results showed that the characteristics of SOC were different not only among function districts in urban area, but also between urban area and suburbs. The order of SOC in topsoil was industrial district > recreational district > traffic district > cultural/educational district > residential/administrative district. The density of soil organic carbon (SOCD) in both topsoil and profile followed the orders of recreational district > industrial district > traffic district>cultural/educational district > residential/adminis- trative district, and cultural/educational district > traffic district>industrial district>recreational district > administrative/residential district, respectively. SOCD in both topsoil and profile decreased along the transection line from urban area to suburbs and urban area had 2.53-fold more SOCD in topsoil and 1.56-fold more SOCD in profile than suburbs, respectively. SOC decreased with the depth and was mainly distributed within the scope of 0–30 cm. The variances of SOC in urban area were more complicated than that in suburbs.     

中亚热带山区土地利用变化对土壤有机碳储量和质量的影响

通过对中亚热带山区天然林、人工林(用材林和经济林)、次生林、果园和坡耕地等7 种典型土地利用方式的土壤有机碳储量及质量的研究, 结果表明: 中亚热带山区天然林转变 为其他土地利用类型后, 土壤有机碳储量下降了25.6%~51.2%, 而表层0~20 cm 土壤有机碳 储量下降了45.1%~74.8%, 比底层土壤有机碳对土地利用变化的响应更为敏感。土壤轻组有机碳储量(0~60 cm) 下降了52.2%~84.2%, 轻组有机碳占总有机碳比例从13.3%降到3.0% ~10.7%, 比土壤总有机碳对土地利用变化更为敏感。天然林转变为其他土地利用类型后土壤 有机碳损失巨大的原因主要与凋落物归还数量及质量, 水土流失和经营措施对土壤(特别是表层土壤) 的扰动引起土壤有机质加速分解等因素有关。坡耕地人为干扰最严重, 土壤有机 碳下降幅度最大。中亚热带山区土地利用变化引起土壤有机碳储量下降幅度高于全球平均水平, 主要与区域降水和地貌条件有关。因此, 保护山区脆弱生态环境, 加强天然林保护和植 被恢复, 合理营造人工林, 减少耕作, 对山区土壤碳吸存、减缓大气CO₂ 浓度升高和气候变化以及促进山区可持续开发的生态服务功能发展都具有重要意义。     

Effects of afforestation on soil carbon turnover in China’s subtropical region

Afforestation in China’s subtropics plays an important role in sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere and in storage of soil carbon (C). Compared with natural forests, plantation forests have lower soil organic carbon (SOC) content and great potential to store more C. To better evaluate the effects of afforestation on soil C turnover, we investigated SOC and its stable C isotope (δ13C) composition in three planted forests at Qianyanzhou Ecological Experimental Station in southern China. Litter and soil samples were collected and analyzed for total organic C, δ13C and total nitrogen. Similarly to the vertical distribution of SOC in natural forests, SOC concentrations decrease exponentially with depth. The land cover type (grassland) before plantation had a significant influence on the vertical distribution of SOC. The SOC δ13C composition of the upper soil layer of two plantation forests has been mainly affected by the grass biomass 13C composition. Soil profiles with a change in photosynthetic pathway had a more complex 13C isotope composition distribution. During the 20 years after plantation establishment, the soil organic matter sources influenced both the δ13C distribution with depth, and C replacement. The upper soil layer SOC turnover in masson pine (a mean 34% of replacement in the 10 cm after 20 years) was more than twice as fast as that of slash pine (16% of replacement) under subtropical conditions. The results demonstrate that masson pine and slash pine plantations cannot rapidly sequester SOC into long-term storage pools in subtropical China.     

中亚热带山区土地利用变化对土壤有机碳储量和质量的影响

Land use/cover change (LUCC) is widely recognized as one of the most important driving forces of global carbon cycles. The influence of converting native forest into plantations, secondary forest, orchard and arable land on stores and quality of soil organic carbon (SOC) was investigated in mid-subtropical mountainous area of southern China. The results showed that LUCC had led to great decreases in SOC stocks and quality. Considerable SOC and light-fraction organic carbon (LFOC) had been stored in the native forest (142.2 t hm⁻² and 14.8 t hm⁻² respectively). When the native forest was converted to plantations, secondary forest, orchard and arable land, the SOC stocks decreased by 25.6%, 28.7%, 38.0%, 31.8% and 51.2%, respectively. The LFOC stocks decreased by 52.2% to 57.2% when the native forest was converted to woodland plantations and secondary forest, and by 82.1% to 84.2% when converted to economic plantation, orchard and arable land. After the conversion, the ratios of LFOC to SOC (0–60 cm) decreased from 13.3% to about 3.0% to 10.7%. The SOC and LFOC stored at the upper 20 cm were more sensitive to LUCC when compared to the subsurface soil layer. Also, the decline in carbon storage induced by LUCC was greater than the global average level, it could be explained by the vulnerable natural environment and special human management practices. Thus, it is wise to enhance soil carbon sequestration, mitigate elevated atmospheric CO₂ and develop ecological services by protecting vulnerable environment, restoring vegetation coverage, and afforesting in mountainous area in mid-subtropics. Foundation: Supported by the Key Project of Ministry of Education of China, No.JA04166 Author: Yang Yusheng (1964–), Professor, specialized in carbon and nitrogen cycles of forest.