里海大盆地的地质动力学特征和含油气性

内陆湖里海盆地叠加在位于阿拉伯和欧亚岩石圈板块连接区沉积盆地体系或其巨大片段(地质块体)之上。这对这里发生过(和发生着)的对整个海区范围内的油气分布产生根本性影响的地质—地球物理过程生产重要的意义,这包括不同地质块体范围内极不相同的圈闭类型、圈闭分布的规律性、     

孟加拉湾盆地沉积地质与区域构造格架和盆地充填史关系综述

印度次大陆东北部的孟加拉湾盆地位于印度地盾和印缅山脉之间,由三个地质区组成：（1）稳定陆架区;（2）中央深盆区（从东北部的Sylhet海槽向南部的Hatia海槽延伸）;（3）Chittagong-Tripura褶皱带。由于盆地位于三大板块相互作用之处,即印度、缅甸和西藏（欧亚）板块,这些地质区的盆地充填史变化相当大。前寒武纪变质沉积和二叠-石炭纪岩石仅在稳定陆架区钻遇。印度地盾前寒武纪准平原化之后,孟加拉湾盆地的沉积作用开始在孤立的基底之上地堑盆地内发育。随着冈瓦纳大陆在侏罗纪和白垩纪破裂,印度板块向北运动,盆地在白垩纪开始向下挠曲,沉积作用开始在稳定陆架和深盆内发育。自那以后,沉积作用在大部分盆地内连续进行。盆地的沉降是由于地壳的差异调整、与南亚不同要素的碰撞、东喜玛拉雅和印缅山脉的隆升引起。随着冈瓦纳大陆的破裂,在白垩纪向下挠曲期间,几条发育较好的断层开始运动。到始新世,由于重要的海侵,稳定陆架区处于碳酸盐环境,而深盆区受深水沉积作用控制。孟加拉湾盆地沉积作用类型的重要转变发生在中始新世到早中新世期间,是印度与缅甸和西藏块体碰撞的结果。进入盆地的碎屑物流从北部的喜玛拉雅和东部的印缅山脉迅速增加,紧接着是盆地沉降速率的增加。在此阶段,深海沉积作用控制了深盆区,而盆地东部广泛出现深-浅海沉积环境。到中中新世,随着板块之间持续的碰撞和喜玛拉雅和印缅山脉的隆升,大量的碎屑物流从东北部和东部进入盆地．整个中新世,沉积环境继续变化,从盆地内的深海棚到盆地边缘的浅海相和海岸相。上新世以来,大量的沉积物从西部和西北部充填在孟加拉湾盆地,主要的三角洲建造继续发育成为现在的三角洲地貌。自白垩纪以来,由于这个地区主要板块运动和碰撞类型,恙加拉湾盆地的结构一直在变化。然而,当占地理环境和物源区发生变化时,盆地可以识别出三个显著变化,即出现于早始新世、中中新世和上新一更新世。现今的盆地具有的北部恒河-布拉马普特拉河三角洲系和南部盂加拉深海扇这一结构彤成于上新-更新世后半期,在那以后的三角洲进积受到东喜玛拉雅造山作用的强烈影响、孟加拉湾北部的更新世冰川活动伴随着海平面变化.     

Reservoir quality along a homoclinal carbonate ramp deposit: The Permian Upper Dalan Formation,South Pars Field,Persian Gulf Basin

Permo-Triassic carbonate successions host some of the largest oil and gas reserves in the Arabian Plate, including the world's largest gas reservoirs of the Upper Dalan and the Kangan formations in the South Pars Gas Field, Persian Gulf Basin. Both formations are stratigraphically equivalent to the Upper Khuff Formation which has been long recognized as a major oil and gas reservoir in the Arabian Peninsula. The Permian Upper Dalan Formation is composed mainly of mixed carbonate-evaporite sequences that formed on a laterally continuous homoclinal carbonate ramp with significant variations in reservoir heterogeneity and quality. They can be grouped in 18 microfacies. High reservoir qualities are found within high-energy shoal environments with a tendency of the best reservoir quality to occur towards the basin in a mid-ramp setting. In contrast, low-energy tidal flat environments exhibit the poorest reservoir quality. Reservoir quality from lagoonal environments is diverse. Diagenesis has significantly affected reservoir properties by both enhancing and destroying original porosity and permeability. Bivariate plots of porosity and permeability values, combined with thin section petrography indicate that pore-filling “pervasive” and poikilotopic anhydrite cements had the greatest negative impact on the reservoir quality whereas dolomitization and dissolution of grains and cements played the most positive role. Two third-order sequence stratigraphic cycles link lithologies and depositional environments to sea-level fluctuations. HSTs are associated with better reservoir characteristics than TSTs.     

活动边缘带沉积盆地的地质模式

具有最长活动边缘带的海盆分布于太平洋周边。属于这种类型的海盆有:与印度洋东北部巽他岛弧、大西洋西部和西南部安的列斯和桑威奇岛弧以及西北部的马尔卡边缘有联系的海盆;地中海带西端(第勒尼尔,阿尔伏郎)和与古老岛弧共轭的黑海—里海地域的海盆。总的来说此类海盆占据不大的面积(将近300万km2),其中陆架上为200万km2和胡安德富卡海洋板块与阿拉斯加湾的数拾万平方千米。沉积盖层的总体积为600万km3,即将近3%的整个层状岩石圈。这些数值证明了这一组海盆在地球潜在的含油气性平衡表上只占有不大的份额。按深部构造和地质动力学环境特点,…     

Benthic foraminifer communities of the Persian Gulf

Eighteen types of benthic foraminifer communities inhabiting depths of 0–200 m are described for the Persian Gulf including the analysis of 269 sampling sites. The species area is mostly localized by the geographical position and bathymetrical features, including the water masses advection, the upwelling, the river discharge, and the concentrations of CaCo₃ and C_org in the bottom sediments.     

Wave height forecasting in Dayyer, the Persian Gulf

Forecasting of wave parameters is necessary for many marine and coastal operations. Different forecasting methodologies have been developed using the wind and wave characteristics. In this paper, artificial neural network (ANN) as a robust data learning method is used to forecast the wave height for the next 3, 6, 12 and 24 h in the Persian Gulf. To determine the effective parameters, different models with various combinations of input parameters were considered. Parameters such as wind speed, direction and wave height of the previous 3 h, were found to be the best inputs. Furthermore, using the difference between wave and wind directions showed better performance. The results also indicated that if only the wind parameters are used as model inputs the accuracy of the forecasting increases as the time horizon increases up to 6 h. This can be due to the lower influence of previous wave heights on larger lead time forecasting and the existing lag between the wind and wave growth. It was also found that in short lead times, the forecasted wave heights primarily depend on the previous wave heights, while in larger lead times there is a greater dependence on previous wind speeds.     

Scleractinian coral communities of Hormuz Island in the Persian Gulf

The abundance and health of scleractinian coral communities of Hormuz Island were investigated. For this purpose, we employed 20 m line intercept transects—12 in the intertidal zone and 15 subtidally to evaluate coral cover and community composition. The estimated dead coral coverage was 6.21%±0.81%, while live coral coverage was 16.93%±1.81%, considered as very poor. Totally, 12 genera were recorded, of which Porites with 11.9%±1.4% live cover was the dominant, while Goniopora had the least cover (0.07%±0.08%). Based on Mann-Whitney U-test, live coral coverage, dead coral coverage, algal coverage, cover of other benthic organisms and abiotic components showed significant univariate differences between zones (p<0.05). The Spearman correlation test between the abundance of biotic and abiotic components indicated significant negative correlation of live coral and sand with zoantharian and significant positive correlation of algae and other benthic organisms with rubble. The reef health indices used for the corals indicated that, in general, the environmental conditions were not suitable, which could be attributed to both natural and anthropogenic factors, the most important of which was zoantharian’ overgrowth on the scleractinian corals in this region.     

岩浆岩储层的形成及油气藏类型

对岩浆岩这一特殊油气藏的储层形成及其孔隙结构特征进行了较系统的阐述 ,认为造成该类储层的决定性因素为构造运动、风化及热液作用等 ,形成了以次生的裂缝为主的复杂孔隙结构类型 ,其储渗空间的分布具有局限性和一定的分散性。由此 ,也造成该类油气藏在分类上的特殊性 ,即按其储层成因的主导因素可分为 :构造裂缝油气藏、古风化壳油气藏及火山碎屑岩油气藏等三大类、若干种 ;提出岩浆岩油气藏在地壳中分布的规律 ,为勘探和开发该类油气藏提供一定的理论基础和评价的依据。     

An Observational and Numerical Modeling of Thermocline Development in the Persian Gulf

An observational and numerical (Princeton Ocean Model) study of the summer thermocline development in the Persian Gulf (PG) shows that as the northwesterly cold winter wind weakens and become warmer, the fresher inflow from Oman Sea penetrates much further into the PG. This is also associated with stronger solar radiation leading to the near surface thermocline development over the whole of the PG. For more realistic monthly averaged wind, the thermocline develops as is indicated by observations. This is particularly marked in the deeper central part in which it grows in depth about 0.2(m) per day. The formation of thermocline decreases the dissolved oxygen in water column due to induced stratification. Over the PG the temperature difference between surface and subsurface increases exponentially from March until May when it levels off, with similar smaller variations for salinity differences than observed.     

Intertidal gastropod assemblages shaped by key environmental variables across the northern Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Omanss

Variations in environmental factors can alter the species distribution pattern in intertidal rocky shores. The Persian Gulf (PG) and the Gulf of Oman (GO) vary substantially with respect to environmental and oceanographic conditions. The abundance and biodiversity of intertidal rocky gastropods in five locations across the northern PG and the GO were compared, and the environmental variables underlying the distribution pattern of these organisms were investigated. A total of 67 gastropod species were identified. The largest average density (294 ind./m²) and diversity (N = 43) for gastropods occurred in the Hotel Lipar station (LIP) located in Chabahar Bay in the GO. Clypeomorus bifasciata (107.43 ind./m²) followed by Cerithium caeruleum (94.67 ind./m²) were the most abundant species. Planaxis sulcatus and Siphonaria spp. occurred in all locations during both sampling occasions. Species richness and abundance of gastropods showed significant differences between LIP and remaining locations. A significant difference was found in assemblage structure across locations. In general, the species richness and density in the locations at GO were significantly larger than those locations in the PG, suggesting that the harsh environmental condition in the PG might be the forcing factor for this diminish. Distinct grouping was observed in both assemblage structure and species composition between locations in the PG and the GO. The spatial and temporal distribution patterns of gastropods assemblages were significantly correlated with variation in salinity and substrate rugosity.     

Assessment of coral health in the coastal areas of the Persian Gulf

In this study, Zooxanthellae density, chlorophyll a concentration, and mitotic index (MI) were measured in the coral Porites compressa obtained from coastal areas of the Persian Gulf in early February to September 2008. During the summer, zooxanthellae density declined by approximately 30% compared to the winter peak (3,607,849 ± 229,894, n = 15) and reached a minimum of 2,536,732 ± 169,776, n = 15. The highest value of chlorophyll a (0.828 ± 0.043 μg/cm²) was recorded in the south while the lowest (0.604 ± 0.048 μg/cm²) was measured in the north sampling site at the cold season. There was a higher level of MI in the warm season followed by cold > and temperate seasons. The MI were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the warm and cold seasons in comparison with the temperate season. Differences in response may be attributed to the drastic seasonal temperature changes. However, the significant decline found in the north sampling site indicates that anthropogenic stressors may adversely affect coral P. compressa. These results imply that there were negative impacts on coral P. compressa in our study site.