湖泊藻类动态模拟

以过程模拟研究为主线,从藻类生长与吸收,生态过程,尺度与空间异质性等方面阐述了湖泊藻类动物模拟研究的发展态势与存在问题,认为结构动力学模型、生态与水动力耦合模型、面向对象模型和神经网络模型等具有良好的发展前景。     

Occurrence of water ponding on soil surfaces depending on infiltration rates on Mongolian rangeland

The occurrence of water ponding on soil surfaces during and after heavy rainfall produces surface run‐off or surface water accumulation in low‐lying areas, which might reduce the water supply to soils and result in a reduction of the soil water that plants can use, especially in arid climates. On Mongolian rangeland, we observed ponded water on the surface of a specific soil condition subjected to a heavy rainfall of 30 mm/hr. By contrast, ponded water was not observed for the same type of soil where livestock grazing had been removed for 6–8 years via a fence or for nearby soil containing less clay. We measured the infiltration rate (the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the surface soil, K_s) of the three sites by applying ponded water on the soil surface (an intake rate test). The results showed that K_s in the rangeland was lower than the rainfall intensity in the site where water ponded on the soil surface; however, K_s of the soil inside of the fence has recovered to 3 times that of the soil outside of the fence to exceed the rainfall intensity. Heavy rainfall that exceeds the infiltration rate occurs several times a year at the livestock grazing site where we observed ponded water. Slight water repellency of the soil reduces rain infiltration to increase the possibility of surface ponding for the soil.     

基于地震动参数的建筑物震害研究

本文介绍了多步简化的push—over(MSP)方法,引导出求解单体建筑物易损性指数和群体建筑物易损性指数的办法,并通过建筑物平均易损性指数曲线,来评价城市的总体抗震性能。本文不采用过去以烈度为地震输入的易损性评定方法,采用地震动参数作为城市建筑物易损性的评定标准。给出的易损性指数曲线,可用来查找不同地震动参数下各类建筑物的易损性结果,比较城市各类建筑物的抗震性能。本文研究可望在城市建筑物震害评估中有好的应用前景。     

基于ActiveMQ平台的地震消息服务探讨

重点介绍了ActiveMQ消息平台的特点和功能,并对遥测台网中速报、台站参数共享、标定信息等部分应用进行了探讨和阐述,并给出了部分相关代码和应用实例流程图。     

基于合成孔径技术CSAMT成像研究

可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)在实际生产中具有广泛的应用,但依然存在着一些急需解决的问题,需引进新技术和方法,提高其探测、解释精度.根据CSAMT中同一目标体相邻的回波信号具有很强的相关性,借助合成孔径思想,对CSAMT数据进行相关叠加合成,进而提高其探测精度.本文首先解决了把应用于波动场的合成孔径技术应用到频率域扩散场中,再通过模型算例表明合成孔径技术可以有效的增强弱信号、提高分辨率、减小场源效应、提高信噪比等,通过噪声加载,也进一步证实了合成孔径成像技术在CSAMT的有效性.     

Earthquake-induced pressures on discontinuous piling support on Santiago gravel

Discontinuous anchored piling support (anchored soldier piles without lagging) is one of the most frequent earth-retaining systems used in temporary deep excavations in Santiago, Chile. The main advantages of using discontinuous piling support are their relatively low cost and ease of installation. This system is particularly efficient on stiff soils with deep groundwater table, conditions usually found in Santiago. This paper presents a numerical investigation of the characteristics of earthquake induced lateral pressures on discontinuous pile-supported excavations in Santiago gravel. An equivalent bi-dimensional plane-strain model was developed on the basis of a more refined 3D model in order to quantify the influence of the “arching effect” on the dynamic lateral earth-pressures. The dynamic response was studied for a suite of Chilean ground motion recorded on rock in order to evaluate the variability of the dynamic pressures and their influence on the piles' internal forces. These results are then compared against some simplified design recommendations.     

Insights on cutoff frequency for foundation on soil layer

In foundation dynamics a most important effect, often overlooked, is that for a soil layer on rock a cutoff frequency exists, below which there is no radiation damping. Valuable insights into the nature of the cutoff frequency may be obtained without solving differential equations. Physically motivated wave-propagation techniques enable modification of familiar unbounded cone models to represent layered soil. Echoes corresponding to the natural period of the layer appear to account for the cutoff frequency. The cone models have simple solutions in both the time and frequency domains. An investigation of the simplest system with a cutoff frequency, the shear bar on an elastic foundation, shows that, for radiation to take place, the radius of penetration of waves must extend to infinity. In order to reach infinity, the waves' displacement amplitude must die off in a special way, otherwise conservation of energy would be violated. These considerations reveal a general radiation criterion, namely, that the waves' amplitude must diminish in inverse proportion to the square root of the far-field boundary surface. Using the radiation criterion, it is possible to derive transmitting boundaries for shear waves which replace the far field.     

基于匹配滤波的多次波压制方法研究

常规滤波方法对浅海多次波压制不能取得理想效果.通过改变模型表面边界条件,求解波动方程实现多情景地震数值模拟.利用自由边界条件模拟时获得含海平面强反射多次波地震记录,而利用吸收边界条件时得到理想条件下无多次波地震记录.对比分析多次波对有效地震信号的影响得到海平面强反射多次波改变了有效地震信号的振幅、频率和相位.利用归一化方法计算得到压制多次波滤波器算子,并作用于含海平面强反射多次波地震记录.叠加地震剖面对比分析表明,归一化滤波器算子较好的压制了地震记录中的多次波,提高地震资料分辨率.最后,根据多次波产生条件,给出了利用实际区域简化地质模型的地震数值模拟结果计算归一化滤波器算子的方法,从而利用该方法压制实际地震数据中多次波.     

Review on Morphological Insights of Self-Potential Anomalies on Volcanoes

Energy and thermal transfers in active volcanoes can play an important role incontrolling their dynamics depending on the hydrothermal state. Much geothermalenergy is released through the groundwater circulation, hot gas emission and thermalconduction. Therefore, it is very important to know the hydrological and thermalenvironments associated with volcanoes from the volcano-energetic point of view.However, it is difficult to evaluate these because of the availability of only a fewborehole data on the summit of volcanoes. Recent studies reveal that self-potential(SP) anomalies (up to some hundreds of mV) are observed on volcanoes, activefissure zones and/or fumarolic areas, suggesting that the SP anomalies are closelyrelated to heat-triggered phenomena such as thermoelectric and electrokinetic effectsdue to hydrothermal circulations. Therefore, SP studies can be appropriate for sensingthe thermal and hydrothermal states of volcanoes. In addition, monitoring SP anomaliescan be an efficient method for describing the change of thermal state and the evolutionof the hydrothermal (and volcanic) activities.In this paper, we have reviewed the origin of the SP anomalies associated withvolcanic phenomena theoretically as well as experimentally. Subsequently, wehave presented the results of many case studies and have classified the types ofanomalies in accordance with possible mechanisms. We have also described theresults of time variations of SP anomalies associated with volcanic activities. Timevarying SP fields exhibit the dynamic aspects of volcanic activities correspondingto the evolution of hydrothermal activity, changes in ground water circulation andmagma displacement. These morphological insights should lead to a quantitativeinterpretation of SP anomalies in volcanic regions.     

基于离散时间反馈的闭环MEMS加速度计研究

MEMS加速度计的噪声和线性指标是地震监测应用领域的关键问题,采用闭环力反馈是提高这些性能的有效途径。然而,由于对质量块不需要额外的电极来施加电静力,并且其残余位移会给闭环传递函数带来显著的非线性,从而影响该方法的有效性。因此,本文提出一种基于离散时间反馈的闭环MEMS加速度计,分时完成电容变化检测及静电力反馈,最大程度的减小了反馈信号对检测信号的馈通及耦合。利用开关电容电路中的相关双采样电路噪声消除技术,及电路参数噪声优化,可实现噪声谱密度小于0.5μg/Hz^1/2的微加速度计。     

Effects of soil resistivity on currents induced on pipelines

The goal of cathodic protection is to prevent corrosion by maintaining buried pipelines at a constant potential with respect to the surrounding soil. In practice, however, the implementation is very complicated since many factors can contribute to the current flowing off the pipe. Design requires characterization of the parameters impacting the corrosion process, such as soil resistivity, size of the pipe and quality of the coating.In the present paper, we have studied the effect of geomagnetic fields on the pipe-induced currents considering it as an additional cause of corrosion. A theoretical method implemented to model the induced currents was tested in a previous work and the effect during disturbed days was quantified. This theoretical model indicated that the intensity of the current induced in a pipeline by the varying geomagnetic field depends on the intensity and rate of change of the field and the electrical resistivity of the soil. This induced current is in equilibrium with the host current and there is no current drainage between the pipeline and the host until, along the length of the pipeline, the host resistivity becomes different. At that point, current must flow between the pipe and host in order to establish a new equilibrium. It is this drainage current, flowing between the pipeline and the host, which causes corrosion problems.Following these results, experimental tests were performed in Tierra del Fuego. In this zone, a geophysical study was made to determine the discontinuities in soil resistivities and simultaneous measurements of the geomagnetic field and the drainage of current were recorded at different sites. The results obtained from the correlation of the data are consistent with the theoretical predictions.     

高速公路对场地微振动背景影响的分析研究

为了分析高速公路对场地微振动的影响,在高速公路旁边选择了几块环境相似的场地,进行间隔50 m布点多测线测量,对测量得到的数据进行RMS值计算和功率谱密度分析后,得出微振动的能量主要集中在5～15 Hz之内,卓越周期为0.2～0.1 s.并得出了几块场地的微振动速度及位移的RMS值分布情况,还得出了该值随测点与高速公路的距离增加而衰减的简单关系以及该值在普通路基和高架桥路基高速公路影响下的不同衰减关系.     

基于VTK的医学图像系统研究

医学三维数据场可视化是当前科学计算可视化应用的重点。本文论述了可视化工具包VisualizationToolkit(VTK)的主要特点,介绍了三维医学可视化系统实现的原理和方法。根据一系列人体断面图像,应用VTK实现了三维医学图像重构,对重构后的三维图像进行解剖分析;并实现对人体的二维图像逐帧浏览及柱状统计。实验结果表明,VTK具有使用灵活,功能强大的优点,是医学三维数据场可视化的有力工具。     

基于工程应用的频率时变模型研究

对美国NGA数据库中的3551组地震记录按场地条件、震级、震中距进行了分组,采用一维连续小波变换得到每条记录的小波功率谱。研究任意时间处小波功率谱最大值所对应的主频率,并对每个地震动分组内的主频率值做一定时间窗内的均方根处理,分别采用线性函数、指数函数和指数三角函数模型来拟合得到的主频率随时间变化的曲线,最后分析了场地条件、震级和震中距对频率时变曲线的影响,并给出了每个分组内水平向和竖直向地震动主频率随时间变化的模型参数。结果表明:地震动主频率随时间的增大逐渐减小,但是竖直向要比水平向衰减得快一些。     

An investigation on stream temperature analysis based on evolutionary computing

The data‐driven technique, evolutionary polynomial regression, has been tested and used for the study of water temperature behaviour in the River Barle (south‐west England). The study aimed to produce multiple models for forecasting water temperature, using air temperature as input. In addition, river discharge data were used to describe the hydrological regime of the study stream, even if they are not involved in the modelling phase. The availability of data sampled at hourly intervals allowed behaviour to be studied at several time scales, including short‐term lags between air temperature and water temperature. The approach to model building differs from previous studies in that the relationship between air temperature and water temperature is not evaluated on the basis of a multi‐parameter regression, nor does it identify particular structures; rather the evolutionary technique identifies the model by itself. In fact, the non‐linear relationship between air temperature and water temperature is investigated by an evolutionary search in the space of particular pseudo‐polynomials structures. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A note on edge waves on a flat shelf

Abstract

A variational approximation to the dispersion relation for trapped waves on a flat shelf of depth h ₁, bounded internally by a vertical coast and externally by a semi-infinite ocean of depth h ₂>h ₁, is obtained through an integral-equation formulation that accounts for all of the non-propagated modes that are excited at the discontinuity in depth (the conventional formulation of the edge-wave problem allows only for the propagated mode on the shelf and the dominant, non-propagated mode in the deep water). Coriolis effects are neglected. The exact result in the limit ω² h ₂/g↓0 (ω = angular frequency) is obtained by conformal mapping and compared with the variational approximation, which proves to be quite accurate over the entire range 1>h ₂/h ₁>x. The effects of the higher-order, non-propagated modes are found to be small for the long waves observed over the Southern California shelf by Snodgrass, Munk and Miller (1962).     

基于WebGIS的地震目录数据发布系统研究

介绍了ArcIMS的体系结构、特点及技术优势。构建了基于ArcIMS的地震目录等信息的发布系统,提出了系统设计的思想、功能、特点及实现的方法,并通过实例操作演示了基于WebGIS的地震目录数据发布系统。     

半横向排烟下隧道火灾烟气控制效果试验研究

为了研究隧道火灾半横向排烟对烟气排放效果的影响参数,同时为半横向通风排烟下隧道火灾烟气蔓延情况的系统性研究提供试验数据支持,建立缩尺比例为1：10的水平模型隧道开展火灾试验,并对火灾半横向排烟时排烟阀和排烟道内的烟气流动进行理论分析。结果表明,水平公路隧道半横向排烟情况下,理论分析得出的排烟阀处烟气流速与模型试验结果基本吻合;在火源附近,冷空气与高温烟气掺混较少,温度较高;在靠近风机处,排烟阀烟气流速较大,但同时因远离火源,热量损失和掺混冷空气较多,因而温度较低;排烟阀开启个数、间距、单个面积以及排烟阀离风机的距离,均会对半横向排烟系统的排烟效果产生影响。     

基于磁弹效应的索力传感器研究

本文介绍了一种建立在磁弹效应原理基础上的可用来测量钢索轴向拉力的传感器。文中详细阐述了其基本原理,设计了单路磁循环的磁路结构,进行了磁路分析并提出一种电脉冲磁化法的实验装置,给出实验结果。实验结果与理论设计相符,系统稳定可靠。该装置具有可由电池供电、体积小、造价低廉、便于携带的特点。     

基于噪声概率密度函数的地震计观测性能对比

在记录波形一致性分析的基础上,对比不同仪器的噪声概率密度函数的分布形态和中值曲线,以及不同频率处的概率密度分布,得出仪器的实际观测性能差别,其与仪器特性及传递函数的差别相一致。利用对比噪声概率密度函数的方法可以定量地、直观地给出不同仪器观测性能差别,更为细致地了解不同地震计的差别,对观测资料作出合理的评估。