相对湿度作用下的石膏矿护顶层突变破坏机制分析

依据室内试验所得的石膏岩的基本力学性质随着大气中相对湿度变化的规律,并结合石膏矿采空区的破坏特征,将护顶层简化为铅直方向受均布荷载q作用的三铰拱分析模型,建立了相对湿度作用下的石膏矿采空区护顶层的尖点突变模型,研究了相对湿度作用下护顶层突发破坏的失稳机制。试验结果表明：石膏岩的力学性质在采空区中环境湿度的作用下,其强度和变形参数会大大降低。分析和工程计算结果表明：随着采空区中环境湿度的增加,支撑体系越不稳定,越容易跨越分叉集而发生突发失稳破坏;相空间的控制参数a随着采空区中环境湿度的增加,其代数值是逐渐增大的（绝对值减小,由负值向0变化）,而控制参数b逐渐增大,系统突发失稳控制参数（a,b）的变化路径为向东北方向变化,该路径是系统较为容易发生突发失稳的路径。     

Effects of moisture on strata control in coal mines

Moisture has been known to influence strata failures in coal mines for a long time. However, it is only in the last decade that researchers have attempted to quantify this effect. In the laboratory, attempts have been made to study the effects of moisture on the strength of coal-bearing rocks, moisture gain in shales as a function of time and pressures generated due to swelling, slaking and swelling indices and their possible correlation to strata control problems, and effect of humidity variations on anchor creep and bearing plate performance in conjunction with conventional bolts. In the field, researchers have attempted to correlate humidity variations with the incidence and frequency of roof falls and roof convergence, and effects of air tempering on reducing humidity variations in the mine.

A concise review of what is known about effects of moisture on strata control with emphasis on the Illinois basin coal mines is presented in this paper. Some approaches to mitigate the effects of moisture—leaving coal in the roof, guniting and shotcreting, application of sealants—are then briefly discussed.     

Simulation of roof shear failure in coal mine roadways using an innovative UDEC Trigon approach

Shear failure is a common failure mechanism in underground coal mine roadways. This paper presents an innovative numerical approach to simulate shear failure of a coal mine roadway roof. The distinct element code, UDEC, incorporating a proposed Trigon logic is employed for the study. Using this approach, shear failure in the mine roof characterized by fractured initiation and propagation is successfully captured. The results suggest that shear failure of the roadway roof initiates at the roadway corners and then progressively propagates deeper into the roof, finally forming a large scale roof failure. The numerical results confirmed the time sequence of marked microseismic activity, significant stress changes and accelerated displacement during the process of a roof fall. The effect of rock bolting in the control of roof shear failure in a roadway is evaluated using the UDEC Trigon approach. It is found that the installation of rock bolts constrains rock dilation, reduces failure of rock bridges and maintains rock strength thereby leading to a significant decrease in roof sag.     

贵州福泉骆子田勘查区水文地质特征及充水因素浅析

贵州是全国煤矿水文地质类型复杂和极复杂矿井数量最多的省份之一,以贵州福泉骆子田勘查区为研究对象,通过该勘查区水文地质特征以及充水因素浅析,得出该勘查区水文地质类型,为今后水文地质工作重点勘查奠定了基础,同时为处周边水文地质相似矿井充水防治起到指导作用。     

缓倾斜地层顶板离层水对综采工作面的危害及防治探讨

以重庆松藻矿区在打通的一综采工作面缓倾斜地层中掘进时发生的两次顶板水灾为例,对其顶板突水原因进行了探讨。通过分析该矿区的矿井地质及水文地质条件,认为矿井充水水源为上覆地层的离层水。该矿井的M7-3煤层开采后,导水裂隙切穿了上覆地层长兴组灰岩,贯通了玉龙山一段灰岩隔水层,进入玉龙岩二段岩溶裂隙含水层。由于含水层的上覆岩层在采掘过程中,因岩性差异发生不均衡沉降,形成了大量的离层空间。离层空间吸收、储存的大量地表降雨在采掘工作面推进到一定位置时,就会发生突水。据估算,S1821工作面上覆岩体离层、裂隙储水空间按三分之一计算为2.064×105m^2,与该工作面抢险救灾期间排出的涌水量基本吻合。根据该矿离层水的赋存特点,提出了保证排水系统畅通,加强采煤设备管理,提高采面设计水平的防治水对策。     

矿井瞬变电磁法探测井下工作面顶、底板的含水构造

将地面瞬变电磁法应用于煤矿井下，探测矿井下采煤工作面顶、底板的含水构造。对矿井瞬变电磁法的基础理论进行了分析，对矿井瞬变电磁法探测工作面顶、底板的含水构造应用技术进行了系统研究。     

Calculation of periodic roof weighting interval in longwall mining using finite element method

The state of periodic loading and the interval of periodic roof weighting have an important role in geomechanical stability and, hence, in the continuity of longwall mining operations. In this paper, the mechanism of roof caving in longwall mining—together with the effect of engineering and geomechanical properties of surrounding rock masses on the magnitude and timing of periodic loading—is studied. For this purpose, a longwall mine is first modeled using Phase2 software, and then, by simulating the roof caving process, the periodic roof weighting intervals is calculated. Based on the numerical modeling, the first roof weighting interval and the periodic roof weighting interval are calculated as 27.2 and 12.1 m, respectively. Sensitivity analysis is then applied to determine the effect of changes in the mechanical properties of the rock mass, especially in the main roof and immediate roof. The results of the analysis show that as GSI and quality of the immediate roof increases, the periodic roof weighting interval also increases. Hence, the applied algorithm in this research study can effectively be utilized to calculate the periodic roof weighting interval in the longwall mining method.     

A study of the ground control effects of mining longwall faces into open or backfilled entries

Unusual circumstances may require that a longwall retreat into or through a previously driven room. The operation can be completed successfully, but there have been a number of spectacular failures. To help determine what factors contribute to such failures, a comprehensive international database of 131 case histories has been compiled. The cases include six failures where major rock falls occurred in front of the shields, and seven even more serious failures involving major overburden weighting. The case studies suggest two types of room failure mechanism. The first is a roof fall type failure caused by loading of the immediate roof at the face as the fender or remnant longwall panel narrows. The second is an overburden weighting type failure caused by the inability of the roof to bridge the recovery room and face area, and affecting rock well above the immediate roof. The data indicate that the roof fall type of failure is less likely when intensive roof reinforcement (bolts, cables and trusses) is employed together with higher-capacity shields. The overburden weighting failures, in contrast, occurred when the roof was weak and little standing support was used. Weighting failures were not greatly affected by the density of roof reinforcement. In one of the overburden weighting cases, in a Pittsburgh coalbed mine, stress cell, convergence, bolt load and extensometer data have been used to analyze the failure in detail.     

Particulate matter dispersion and haze occurrence potential studies at a local palm oil mill

The emissions from palm oil industry through incineration and open burning are the major sources of air pollutions contribution in Malaysia. The consequence of increasing the particulate concentration, the particulate matter dissolves with vapour and grows into droplets when the humidity exceeds approximately 70% and causing opaque situation known as haze. This work focuses on the dispersion particulate matter from palm oil mill. Gaussian Plume Model from a point source, subject to various atmospheric conditions is used to calculate particulate matter concentration then display the distribution of plume dispersion using geographic information system. Atmospheric Stability, mixing height, wind direction, wind speed, natural and artificial features play an important role in dispersion process. Study on the dispersion of particulate matters and the haze potential are presented as a case study in this paper. The data obtained will be served as the purpose of modeling the transport of particulate matter for obtaining permits and prevention of significant deterioration to the environment.     

Ground penetrating radar-based experimental simulation and signal interpretation on roadway roof separation detection

Roof separation is one of the major indications for coal mine roadway roof accidents. Therefore, it is important that efforts be made to detect roadway roof separation. Currently, the instrument used for detecting roadway roof separation is the roof-off-the-strata indicator, but its installation and use is complicated and the need is greater than can be managed. This thesis takes ground penetrating radar (GPR) as a means for roof separation detection and analyzes its feasibility for use in detecting roof separation both theoretically and experimentally. First, numerical simulation experiments on roof separation detection are carried out using GprMax2D software. The results show that it is feasible to detect roof separation by using GPR electromagnetic waves. Next, physical simulation experiment on roof separation detection is carried out using MALA GPR (RAMAC/GPR). Lastly,  the traditional image segmentation algorithm of 2D maximum between a cluster variance is improved to interpret the GPR signal. Good results were achieved using the improved algorithm to interpret detection signals of roof separation by GPR in a physical simulation experiment.     

深埋煤层开采顶板泥砂溃涌灾害多源信息评价

深埋煤层采场顶板泥砂溃涌灾害是由于泥岩顶板遇水发生松散崩解,在矿压作用下泥砂集中溃入井下的综合性灾害,其灾害发生受到含水层、矿山压力、地质构造等多因素影响。以黄陇煤田照金煤矿为研究区,在灾害发生机理研究的基础上,讨论了灾害发生的主要影响因子,最终选取洛河组含水层富水性、煤层到洛河组含水层距离、宜君组砾岩厚度、煤层上覆杂色泥岩厚度、煤层到杂色泥岩距离、单位面积断层密度、褶皱构造分布和煤层开采厚度8个主控因素,采用层次分析权重赋值方法,确定影响灾害发生的各主控因素权重,构建煤层顶板泥砂溃涌灾害危险性评价数学模型;绘制主控因素专题图并进行栅格赋值,通过信息融合叠加方法将各因素进行叠加,最终形成多源信息融合的照金煤矿煤层顶板泥砂溃涌灾害综合分区。研究结果表明,照金煤矿ZF202工作面所在区域该类灾害发生的危险性高,与实际开采过程中曾发生的“4·25”重大事故发生区域较为吻合,说明本次危险性评价模型构建合理,分区结果可用于指导矿井的开采布设与泥砂溃涌灾害防治。移动阅读      

湖北省松宜矿区地面塌陷成因类型及形成条件分析

通过对松宜矿区地面塌陷调查研究,按煤层顶板埋深和塌陷成因的不同将其分为浅埋型采空塌陷和深埋型岩溶塌陷,前者系指煤层顶板为栖霞组、茅口组地层区域,在缓坡地带、构造、岩溶发育部位、煤层厚度大的采空区易形成采空塌陷,无序复采、矿柱遭受破坏是主要诱发因素;后者是在矿坑高强度疏排地下水导致地下水位大幅降低,形成以真空吸蚀为主要成因的岩溶塌陷。针对其成因机制,提出了防治建议,对矿区地质环境综合治理具有实际意义。     

矿山采动卸荷岩体力学参数劣化规律研究

矿山开采对采动影响区域内的围岩形成扰动,弱化岩体力学性质,其参数劣化规律是数值模拟与分析计算的主要问题之一。以铜坑矿92#矿体连续采矿顶板诱导崩落试验采场为对象,运用卸荷岩体力学理论,确立了开挖卸荷岩体力学参数计算模拟的计算流程。结合有限元数值模拟方法,建立了岩体卸荷等效模型,进行了6步连续卸荷的计算,得到了地下连续采矿顶板卸荷岩体力学参数的变化规律,并运用多项式实现了卸荷岩体力学参数与卸荷量变化值的函数拟合,获得了采动卸荷岩体力学参数的劣化规律。结果显示,卸荷第6步时,计算不收敛,表明此时顶板已经完全破坏而发生崩落;在卸荷过程中,岩体力学参数均呈逐渐弱化的趋势,其中内摩擦角、凝聚力和弹性模量随开挖卸荷的推进呈逐渐减小的趋势,最终的参数分别相当于初始值的55%、50%和50%,但泊松比呈逐渐增大的趋势,最终值相当于初始值的1.15倍。其结果说明了采动卸荷导致了岩体质量的劣化,卸荷岩体力学参数与卸荷量的函数为采动卸荷力学响应的动态分析提供了理论基础。     

矿井层间滑动构造定量评价——以潘集一矿为例

煤层及其顶底板中滑动现象极为普遍。层滑构造是导致煤层不稳定的主要因素,常常造成煤层厚度的突然变化,甚至形成无煤区,严重影响煤炭生产。为了掌握并了解矿区层滑构造的分布规律及发育强度,采用模糊综合评判法,取煤层层滑断层密度、煤层异常指数、断层密度、断层的强度指数、构造煤的发育强度指数、岩层组合关系量化参数6个评价指标,对矿区层间滑动构造复杂程度进行评价。结果表明:采用模糊综合评判法所得评价结果与矿区揭露结果相似。结合矿区地质条件预测深部未采区层滑构造发育程度取得了良好的效果,这为矿区生产部署提供了参考依据。      

具有线性功能函数的神经元在矿井水质类型识别中的应用

正确识别矿井水质类型对于判断突水水源具有重要的意义。本文以华北某矿井为例,采用具有线性功能函数的神经元（AdaptiveLinearElement）方法对来自煤层顶、底板含水层的两种不同水质类型矿井水进行了有效的识别。实际输入的4个未知水样中,经识别两个为顶板水,两个为底板水。神经元学习训练时,其收敛性、收敛速度与步长参数α的选取密切相关。此外,神经元本身也具有一定的抗噪性,这使得神经元在较小噪声背景下仍能正常工作。      

青龙寺井田水文地质特征分析

青龙寺井田位于陕北侏罗纪煤田神府矿区新民开采区中部,地质构造简单,主要可采煤层为延安组3^-1和5^-2煤层。井田主要含水层为第四系冲积层孔隙潜水、侏罗系延安组裂隙承压水和烧变岩空洞裂隙潜水。含水层主要接受大气降雨的入渗补给,补给量较小,因而富水性较弱。分析认为：未来矿井开采时的主要充水通道为煤层采空区顶板冒落形成的导水裂隙带,充水强度与大气降雨关系密切,在暴雨或持续降雨、渗透条件较好时,充水量大,其余时段和层段的充水量较小;开采5^-2煤层时对顶板砂岩水应以疏放为主。     

陕北侏罗纪煤田三角洲平原沉积环境及其岩石力学特征

三角洲平原沉积环境是陕北侏罗纪煤田煤炭资源的主要形成环境之一,为获得不同环境煤层顶板岩石力学参数特征,进一步探究沉积环境与岩石力学特征之间的关系,首先从区域沉积环境分析入手,然后运用岩心精细描述、沉积构造分析、地球物理测井分析等技术,识别微相、划分顶板沉积微相类型及其组合特征;之后对不同沉积环境中不同位置、不同岩性的岩石进行系统地分层采样和测试分析;最后综合分析煤层顶板各沉积微相的岩石力学特征。结果表明,煤层直接顶板以泥岩、粉砂质泥岩为主,形成于三角洲平原亚相中的沼泽、湖泊沉积微相,局部见粉砂岩、细粒砂岩形成于分流河道和天然堤微相;基本顶主要以中-细粒砂岩为主,形成于分流河道沉积微相;沉积环境不仅控制煤层顶板岩性分布而且控制岩石力学参数及其含水层富水性的分布,其中,湖泊、沼泽相泥岩顶板区是顶板支护的重点部位,多期分流河道砂岩叠置顶板区是未来矿井防治水以及探放水的重点区域。      

孟加拉国巴拉普库利亚煤矿含水层水力联系研究

为进一步查明孟加拉国巴拉普库利亚煤矿水文地质特征及含水层间水力联系,为矿井水害防治提供理论依据,以19组水质化验数据为基础,结合含水层及隔水层空间展布特征、井田构造特征、水位历时曲线、水化学类型、氢氧同位素特征等,综合分析新近系UDT含水层、Ⅵ煤顶板含水层、Ⅵ煤含水层之间的水力联系。结果表明,井田北部LDT隔水层局部缺失,为UDT含水层水向含煤地层补给提供了条件;井田北翼煤层顶板含水层与UDT含水层水位变化规律密切相关,且水位相近,初步证明两者存在水力联系;各含水层水均为HCO₃-Ca·Na·Mg型,均为低矿化度水,进一步证明各含水层间存在水力循环;聚类分析结果表明各含水层水质存在一定关联度,推演含水层间水力联系程度;氢(δD)氧(δ18O)同位素特征点分布于全球大气降水线附近,表明大气降水是各含水层共同的补给水源。研究成果可以指导孟加拉国巴拉普库利亚煤矿Ⅵ煤层开采时水害防治方向。      

矿井电阻率法监测系统在采煤工作面水害防治中的应用

煤矿智能化、无人化开采迫切需要水害隐患地质透明化为其保驾护航。矿井电阻率法监测系统针对工作面回采过程中的水害问题,采用伪随机信号发射和全波形数据采集提高设备的抗干扰能力,采用电极接地条件一致性校正和监测数据归一化处理等手段压制假异常,采用时移电阻率成像实现水害隐患电阻率异常响应的识别和提取,通过监测工作面回采过程中顶、底板电阻率变化对水害风险进行判识,实现采动工作面水害隐患的地质透明化。结合矿井电阻率法监测系统近年来的井下现场试验,分别介绍其在顶、底板水害监测中的应用案例。井下试验结果显示,电阻率法监测可以有效捕捉顶、底板出水过程的前兆信息。但在实际应用中,矿井电阻率法监测系统依旧面临强电磁干扰以及采空区监测线缆难以保护等问题,并且采掘扰动对煤岩电阻率的影响机理研究不足,导致对电阻率异常进行分析解释时存在较大争议,还需要进一步开展相关研究工作。      

深井复合顶板条件下沿空留巷充填体水平方向稳定性分析

针对深井沿空留巷充填体常向巷道空间发生移动,分析深井复合顶板条件下充填体水平位移特征,计算顶底板对充填体的摩擦力和基于弹性地基梁理论下的采空区冒落矸石对充填体的水平挤压力。基于淮南矿区顾桥矿1115（1）工作面轨道顺槽典型深井复合顶板条件下沿空留巷工程地质条件,建立充填体力学计算模型,得到深井复合顶板条件下沿空留巷充填体内移表达式。结果表明,（1）由于复合顶板裂隙发育,垮落后具有较好的流动性,在关键块旋转下沉过程中容易对充填体产生水平挤压力,且复合顶板能够较大程度吸收关键块旋转下沉施加的给定变形,底板不易插底,充填体更易发生内移;（2）理论计算充填体位移量为0.38 m,实测位移量为0.5 m,二者能够吻合,验证了研究成果的正确性。根据充填体内移特点,提出抗剪锚杆等措施增加充填体和顶底板摩擦因数和在靠近充填体的采空区侧设置隔离桩的控制技术。