The numerical simulation of storm surges along the Bangladesh coast

Using a set of basic hydrodynamic equations governing the motion in a sea, a vertically-integrated coastal zone numerical model has been developed for the simulation of storm surges generated by the tropical stroms striking the Bangladesh coast. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a conditionally stable semi-explicit finite difference scheme for solving the relevant equations. In this model the analysis area extends from 87°E to 93°E along the south coast of Bangladesh and there are three open-sea boundaries situated along 87°E, 93°E and 19°N. With this analysis area it is possible to record, on average, 24 h of the surge generating capacity of most of the severe cyclones before landfall at the Bangladesh coast.Numerical experiments are performed with the help of this model to simulate the surges generated by several severe cyclonic storms which struck the Bangladesh coast durin the past 25 y. To compare the model predicted surges with the observed sea-surface elevations, three cyclonic storms have been chosen for which reliable observations regarding storm characteristics and the associated surges were available. The predicted peak sea-surface elevations compare well with the observed values at Chittagong port.     

台风“利奇马”影响期间浙江沿海海浪特征分析

利用浮标资料,对“利奇马”影响期间浙江沿海风和海浪特征及其关系进行分析,并对欧洲中心模式预报与实况进行对比,基于模式预报分析海浪的空间结构。结果发现:(1)随着台风靠近、登陆和远离,海浪波型经历了混合浪—风浪—混合浪的变化,且最大波高越大周期越长,浙江南部沿海海浪较北部沿海更具风浪特点;(2)浪高受风速影响大,北部沿海更为明显,持续风向对浪高增大有明显作用,当风向由向岸转为与海岸线平行、或由与海岸线平行转为离岸时,浪高迅速减小,反之浪高迅速增大;(3)台风靠近和影响浙江时,有效波高与风速的等值线平行,7、8、10级风分别与巨浪、狂浪、狂涛区有很好的对应,有效波高越高,风速对波高的决定作用越明显。     

台风眼的数值模拟试验

本文用一个二维轴对称的原始方程模式模拟了台风中的眼区,并讨论了在台风发展过程中眼区的变化规律,得到了当台风发展时台风眼变小这个与观测事实相一致的结论.我们发现积云对流对动量的输送作用以及台风中心地区对流凝结加热相对较小对台风眼的形成和维持起着相当重要的作用.     

非绝热加热对江淮气旋影响的数值模拟

本文采用数值模拟方法考察了潜热、感热和水汽蒸发等诸因素对江淮气旋的影响。对各种试验进行了涡度平衡与能量平衡的诊断分析,结果表明:江淮气旋初生时,扰动从基本气流中获得能量,正压不稳定起着重要作用;在江淮气旋发展后期,斜压性比较明显。潜热释放有意义地修正了系统的相速,一定程度上加强了系统的强度。海上感热和水汽蒸发促进了深对流发展,加大降水,同时加强了有效位能的释放,从而加强了系统发展,但它们的作用是有阶段性的。     

超强台风“Saomai”的数值模拟及诊断分析

利用美国NCEP/NCAR全球预报系统的GFS资料以及中尺度非静力模式WRF,针对超强台风“Saomai”进行高分辨率数值模拟及诊断分析,模拟区域采用单层网格,分辨率为5km。研究结果表明,高分辨率数值模拟较好地再现了台风“Saomai”的发展演变过程及登陆情况。模拟的台风路径与实况较为吻合,变化趋势也基本一致;同时,模式对台风“Saomai”的环流场结构和台风登陆期间的累积降水分布特征也取得了较好的模拟效果。进一步通过850hPa涡度、相对螺旋度、水汽通量等对台风“Saomai”发展演变及登陆期间引起的暴雨开展模拟诊断,结果表明:在模拟时间段内,涡度和相对螺旋度的强中心与暴雨区中心有较好对应,水汽通量对降水趋势有较好的指示,上述诊断物理量的演变与降水的时空变化较为一致,在一定程度上具有指示意义。     

台湾地形对海棠台风影响的数值模拟研究

应用美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)研发的WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)气象模式,研究海棠台风(2005)接近并登陆台湾岛的过程中的强度、结构的演变,以及地形强迫作用对台风的影响.对模拟结果的评估表明,在整个海棠台风(2005)模拟实验期间,WRF模式很好地抓住了台风海棠强风,低中心气压的高强度特征.对引起台风降水的中尺度系统的分析表明,一方面台风环流与中央山脉地形共同作用激发出垂直次级环流在降水区域产生强烈的上升运动;另一方面,水平风场源源不断给该地区输送暖湿空气,为对流发展提供充足的水汽.分析结果表明中央山脉地形与台风环流场之间的配置形势对台风降水有着重要的影响.     

Numerical simulation of a South China Sea typhoon Leo (1999)

Summary ?A South China Sea typhoon, Leo (1999), was simulated using the Penn State/NCAR mesoscale model MM5 with the Betts-Miller convective parameterization scheme (BMEX). The simulation had two nested domains with resolutions at 54 and 18 km, and the forecast duration was 36 hours. The model was quite successful in predicting the track, the rapid deepening, the central pressure, and the maximum wind speed of typhoon Leo as verified with reports from the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO). The structure of the eye, the eye wall, and the spiral convective cloud band simulated in the model are found to be comparable to corresponding features identified in satellite images for the storm, and also with those reported by other authors. A trajectory analysis was performed. Three kinds of trajectory were found: (1) spirally rising trajectories near the eye wall; (2) spirally rising/descending trajectories in the convective/cloud free belt; (3) straight and fast rising trajectories in a heavy convection zone along one of the cloud bands on the periphery of the tropical cyclone. Both the HKO and the U.S. Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) reported the rapid deepening of Leo started around 00 UTC 29 April. In the model, the eye was first formed in the lower troposphere, and it extended to the upper troposphere within a few hours. We speculate that the spin-up of cyclonic rotation in the low-level eye enhanced the positive vorticity along the low-level eye wall. The positive vorticity was then transported to the upper troposphere by convection, leading to an extension and growth of the eye into the upper troposphere. To examine the impact of convective parameterization scheme (CPS) on the simulation, the Grell scheme (GLEX) was also tested. The GLEX predicted a weaker typhoon with a wilder eye that extended not as high up in the upper troposphere as BMEX. The different structures of the eye between the BMEX and GLEX suggest that the mesoscale features of the eye are dependent on the convection. In other words, the vertical and horizontal distribution of convective heating is essential to the development and structure of the eye. Received December 18, 2001; accepted May 7, 2002 Published online: March 20, 2003     

Numerical simulation of storm waves near the northeastern coast of the Black Sea

The results ofnumerical simulation of storm waves near the northeastern coast ofthe Black Sea using different wind forcing (CFSR reanalysis, GFS forecast, and WRF reanalysis and forecast) are presented. The wave modeling is based on the SWAN spectral wave model and the high-resolution unstructured grid for the Tsemes Bay. The quality estimates of wave simulation results for various wind forcing are provided by comparing the model results with the instrumental data on wind waves in the Tsemes Bay. It is shown that the forecast of the maximum wave height for some storms using the WRF wind forcing is more accurate than that based on the GFS forcing.     

中国沿海风能分布特征及其影响因子的数值模拟

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心0.75°×0.75°再分析资料,对中国海岸线两侧相邻区域内的风能、风速进行研究,讨论不同季节、不同区域风能、风速的分布特征;利用WRF(Weather Research Forecast)模式模拟海表面温度上升和城市化发展对中国东部沿海风能的影响。结果表明:1)中国沿海风能的时空分布不均一,季节变化明显。春季渤海湾区域风能明显大于其他三区(华东沿海、东南沿海和南海北部沿海区域)。夏季渤海湾区域风能显著小于其他三区,而华东沿海区域风能稍大。秋季东南沿海和南海北部沿海区域风能较大。冬季沿海四区风能大小接近。一般而言,秋冬季风能较大、春夏季风能较小,夏季风能显著小于冬季。2)不同区域、不同季节风速的年际变化存在明显差异。除冬季东南沿海区域风速有增大趋势外,其他区域各季节风速都呈缓慢减小趋势,但减小幅度很小。3)海表温度升高在不同季节对风速的影响不同。春季渤海湾和山东半岛、北部湾沿海及杭州湾风速随海温升高而增强。夏季海温升高幅度不同,则风速显著变化区域不同,但大部分沿海区域风速随海温升高而增强。秋冬季风速随海表温度升高而增强,影响区域较稳定:秋季东南沿海和华东沿海区域风速增强,冬季渤海湾和南海北部沿海区域风速增强。4)城市化发展增大了地表摩擦力,使得夏秋季登陆我国的热带气旋迅速减弱,沿海风速随之减小。     

超强台风“威马逊”(2014)云微物理特征的模拟与对比分析

采用中尺度数值模式WRFv3.5对2014年超强台风“威马逊”进行数值模拟。利用雷达、卫星、自动站逐时降水资料,对比单参数WSM6云方案和双参数WDM6云方案在模拟台风路径、强度、降水分布及水成物含量上的差异,分析雨滴粒子的谱型特征及微物理源、汇项对云中雨水含量的影响。与上海台风研究所的最佳路径数据对比显示,两方案均较好地模拟出了台风“威马逊”的移动路径,WDM6方案的整体路径误差更小;模拟的强度差异则较为显著,WDM6方案的海平面最低气压值偏高,强度偏弱。两方案模拟的累积降雨分布虽与自动站实测资料基本一致,但WDM6方案模拟的强降水概率偏高,弱降水概率偏低。两方案模拟的对流区雪、霰、雨水含量均大于TRMM卫星反演结果,且WDM6方案的对流云较多,总体雨水含量偏高;两方案均模拟出了雷达回波分布的整体特征,但眼区尺度偏大,WDM6方案在融化层以下缺少眼墙之外的弱回波区且大于39 dBz的强回波区偏多,同样显示了雨水含量（或尺度）偏大。由于WDM6方案为暖雨（云、雨水）双参数模式,对云滴活化、云雨转换及云、雨谱型有一定的改进,其能较合理地模拟出雨滴谱随台风发展的演变特征;模拟显示,云、雨滴的收集碰并及固态粒子的融化是雨水的主要源项,WDM6方案增加了云雨水自动转化率及雨水碰并云水率,导致该方案的空中雨水含量偏高,且随高度的降低快速减小;此外,由于WDM6方案使用简单的寇拉公式进行云滴活化,初始云凝结核数的变化即可造成雪、霰、云雨水含量的改变,故建议在具体大气气溶胶条件下,对方案中的云滴生成参数化过程做相应的调整。     

Currents along the pacific coast of Canada

Abstract

A powerful storm passed over the coastal waters of eastern Canada on the 21 and 22 January 2000 causing significant damage to coastal infrastructure. The storm generated a large (>1.4 m) storm surge in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence that unfortunately coincided with a high spring tide. This resulted in record high water levels in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (e.g., the highest level at Charlottetown since records began in 1911) and severe flooding around Prince Edward Island and along the eastern shore of New Brunswick.

During January 2000, a recently developed storm surge forecast system was running in pre‐operational mode at Dalhousie University. The core of the forecast system is a depth‐averaged, non‐linear, barotropic ocean model driven by forecast winds and air pressures produced by the Canadian Meteorological Centre's regional atmospheric forecast model. In this study we assess the forecast skill of the surge model for the 21 January storm by comparing its 24‐hour forecasts with two independent hourly dataseis: (i) sea levels recorded by 12 tide gauges located in eastern Canada and the north‐eastern United States, and (ii) depth‐mean currents recorded by an acoustic Doppler current profiler deployed on the outer Scotian Shelf. Overall, the forecasts of coastal sea level and depth‐mean currents are reasonable and have forecast errors below about 0.1 m and 0.1 m s^?1 respectively.     

盛夏苏北地区一次飑线过程的数值模拟研究

对一次盛夏苏北飑线过程采用区域三重嵌套WRF模式进行了数值模拟和结果分析,给出了飑线径向剖面的概念模型图。结果表明:模拟的飑线与实际飑线非常接近,两者具有相同的性质和特点,利用模拟的线状强降水带及其降水强度来确定模拟飑线的位置和强度是可行的。飑线成熟期,飑线处存在强辐合区、强垂直上升运动区以及假相当位温的高值区,三者均呈柱状向上伸展;飑线前方(飑线移动的方向),低层有位温高值的入流,为飑线带入大量水汽和能量,后方低层有浅薄入流;飑线过境时地面风向发生急剧变化;飑线中层位温值大致不变呈中性层结,这与对流凝结潜热释放有关。该飑线过程可大体看成是假绝热过程,并具有重力波的非平衡性质,其生成演变中存在多尺度的相互作用。     

A NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TYPHOON GENERATION

By using a two-dimensional axisymmetrical PEM in which two physical processes (the Ekman pumping and the vertical transportation of cumulus momentum) are included, the genesis and development of typhoons have been simulated. The results of numerical simulation show that the generation and structure of the typhoon simulated by the model involving both the physical processes are much close to a real one in the atmosphere as compared with that involving either the Ekman pumping or the cumulus momentum transport. Therefore, it can be suggested that the cumulus momentum transport and Ekman pumping together play an important role in the genesis and development of typhoons through the CISK mechanism.     

2010年6月18日苏北一次强降雹过程及其催化数值模拟

结合实况资料,应用三维对流云模式,对2010年6月18日苏北地区一次持续时间长达5h的强降雹过程进行数值模拟研究.结果表明,模式模拟出了雹云的3次涌升、降雹过程及雷达回波特征.冰雹来自霰的转化,主要靠碰冻过冷云水和雨水增长.催化试验表明,地面降雹刚形成或降雹强度刚增强时,在过冷雨水中心区播撒AgI,减雹效果显著,最大减雹量可达21.1％;催化后,霰的数量增加、尺度减小,导致霰向雹的自动转化减少,且大量小尺度霰成为雹胚后,争食云水,增长受阻.     

江苏地区夏季一次辐射雾的数值模拟及生消机理分析

利用地面观测资料、秒级探空资料结合WRF中尺度数值模式,对2016年6月25—26日江苏南部地区一次影响范围广、持续时间长的罕见辐射雾过程进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明:(1)雾区范围和气象要素数值模拟结果与实况基本一致;(2)低层超薄超强逆温为此次夏季雾的形成、发展和维持提供了稳定条件;(3)成雾前江苏南部地区白天出现的降水是夜间浓雾形成的重要水汽来源;(4)夜间地表辐射冷却作用是浓雾形成的重要因素;地面风速稳定低于2 m·s^-1,有利于浓雾的维持;日出后随着短波辐射增强风速增大、稳定层结破坏促使浓雾减弱消散。     

Numerical case study of an extreme rainfall event during 9–11 December 2004 over the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia

Summary An exceptional rainstorm affected the eastern coast of Peninsular Malaysia during 9–11 December 2004 as a result of a westward propagating tropical disturbance known as the Borneo vortex. Rainfall totals near the storm center exceeded 600 mm and led to flash floods, loss of life and severe damage in the area. This study presents the results of a numerical simulation of this event using the fifth generation of the Penn State – NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5). The model successfully simulated the synoptic circulation and reproduced the episode with comparable spatial patterns and total accumulated amount of precipitation to the observed. Various sensitivity experiments showed that the local topography is decisive in shaping the rainfall distribution during the storm episode. The role of the terrain elevation appears to be to block the westward progression of the system and inhibit excessive rainfall in the inland areas of Peninsular Malaysia. To the north of the storm center where coastal terrain elevation is relatively high, orography plays an important role in the rainfall by providing an additional forcing for moist air lifting. An additional fake dry simulation suggested that latent heat release is crucial for the development of the storm. Without latent heating, the vertical coupling of low-level convergence and upper level divergence is weakened and the vertical motion associated with the storm is suppressed.     

超强台风 “桑美” (2006) 近海急剧增强过程数值模拟试验

应用PSU/NCAR非静力平衡中尺度模式MM5 (V3.5) 设计试验方案, 对超强台风 “桑美” (2006) 在我国近海的急剧增强和减弱过程进行数值模拟研究, 模式较好地再现了台风的路径和强度变化; 通过地形敏感性试验, 着重研究了地形对近海台风强度变化的影响。结果表明: (1) “桑美” 强度变化与南亚高压、 副热带高压的强度变化呈反相变化关系, 当南亚高压和副热带高压减弱时, 台风急剧增强; 台风中心附近对流层高层辐散的增强导致 “桑美” 急剧增强, 对流层中低层辐散的增强以及中层辐合的增大与 “桑美” 的减弱密切相关; 来自海洋的暖湿气流是 “桑美” 发展的关键条件; 低层气旋性涡旋并入台风环流是 “桑美” 近海急剧增强的重要原因。 (2) 凝结加热过程对 “桑美” 的近海维持和发展增强非常重要, 尤其是对流层中上层凝结潜热的突然增强有利于台风在近海的急剧增强。 (3) 小范围地形对 “桑美” 在近海的强度和路径有一定影响, 但作用相对较小, 而且主要表现在台风登陆前后; 大范围地形导致水平风场的非对称分布和台风中心附近垂直运动的异常, 最终影响到台风的强度变化。