中国近海四分量地震资料解释及应用

莺歌海盆地中浅层存在大量的密度型、低速型和钙质型亮点，只有低速型亮点才是气藏亮点，单纯用纵波地震难以准确预测出亮点类型；莺歌海盆地中深层可能还存在中弱振幅型的气层，用纵波地震预测这种形式的气层也是很困难的。四分量地震可较好地解决上述问题。浅层气层的纵横波振幅比、速度比、泊松比远远低于水层和泥岩层，中深层气层的纵横波速度比和泊松比明显低于其它层。用纵横波地震参数比可较好地预测岩性和气藏。应用不同方向的转换横波的走时差异、准各向异性系数的大小及横向（Y）分量的转换横波的反射能量的强弱来预测地层岩石各向异性的强弱。总结出了一套适合于中国近海四分量地震勘探资料解释和应用的流程。四分量地震技术在改善莺歌海盆地的构造成像、浅层气层检测及岩石各向异性（裂隙预测）方面的效果是很好的。乐东8－1等构造中深层的储层发育，储盖组合和储层物性均较好，中深层的勘探前景是比较好的。     

地层岩性与地震波速度的关系分析

岩性与地震波速度的关系非常密切,岩石的成分、密度,岩石颗粒的分选、磨圆度等均不同程度地影响着地震波速度。作者在调研的基础上,系统介绍了岩性与地震波速的关系,并给出了5类沉积岩波速和密度的平均值、波速与密度的转换公式、地震岩性预测的方法。     

利用归一化层速度预测和研究储层物性的方法

归一化层速度是对任意深度处的层速度进行归一化处理的一种速度形式，归一化处理的目的是把任意深度处的层速度转换为与深度无关的格式，归一化后层速度的横向变化主要取决于地层岩性，孔隙度等物性的变化，利用这一特点可以方便地利用已知钻井资料对其进行标定，比较简单地进行地层岩性，孔隙度等特性的预测。实际应用表明，其预测结果与钻井揭示吻合较好，预测效果令人满意。     

AVO技术在水合物调查评价的应用中应注意的问题

利用AVO技术进行真假BSR识别和水合物储集层预测时应注意的问题是：①是否搞清了水合物沉积层与其上下围岩（层）之间的地球物理特征（尤其是纵、横波速度）差异以及不同的岩性组合带来的AVO效应的差异；②是否搞清了水合物沉积层与其它能引起类似于BSR反射特征的岩石（如火山岩）之间的地球物理特征（尤其是纵、横波速度）差异。只有搞清这些问题，在应用AVO技术进行真假BSR识别和储集层预测时才能有的放矢，辩别真假，避免AVO技术在应用到石油天然气勘探的早期所出现的应用“陷阱”。     

横向差异速度比值分析在油气预测中的应用

横向差异速度比值分析是一种利用地震速度的衍生变量进行油气预测的方法，该方法在压制岩性横向变化的影响、突出因油气而造成速度横向差异方面有独到之处。经我们在多个区块的实际应用，该方法对砂岩及碳酸盐储层的油气预测均取得了较好的效果。     

用地震AVO方法研究含气体水合物沉积物的内部结构

采用岩石物理合成地震模型，我们解释了弗罗里达近海BSR振幅随炮检距变化，现场地震资料的AVO分析和以往得出的速度结果对比显示：BSR将含游离甲烷的沉积物与含水合物沉积物分隔开来，BSR振幅随偏移跨增大呈负增长，这种特性说明BSR之上的P波速度比BSR之下的P波速度要大，BSR之上的S波速比BSR之下的波速度小。由此可见，用AVO和速度结果可帮助推断水合物沉积物内部结构。为了达到这个目的，建立两种微力学模型，对应于孔隙空间内水合物沉积的两种特殊情况：（1）水合物胶结颗粒接触，并增强了沉积物强度；（2）水合物远离颗粒接触部位，并未影响沉积积物骨架的硬度。仅第二种模型能定量化形成所观察到AVO响应。因此，推断含水合物沉积物内部结构意味着：（1）BSR之上的沉积物未胶结，故机械强度关弱；（2）其渗透率低，因为水合物阻塞了孔隙空间孔道。后者解释了为什么游离气圈闭在BSR之下，地震资料也暗示水合物层顶部缺少强反射，这一事实建议恰恰在BSR之上的沉积物内水合物浓度高，随深度减少逐渐降低，这种影响与BSR之上的低渗透水合物沉积物阻止游离甲烷上运移一致。     

地震波形指示反演在EA油田珠江组低渗储层预测中的应用

低渗储层预测是油气勘探开发的难点。阳江凹陷EA油田珠江组油层是典型的低渗储层，这类储层普遍具有砂体横向变化快、连续性差、单砂体规模较小、低孔低渗的特征，传统的地震反演方法对于这类储层的反演精度较低。为了获得高精度反演结果，采用地震波形指示反演方法，以地震波形的横向变化代替变差函数，通过井震结合进行高分辨率储层预测。首先，在确定使用渗透率曲线作为敏感曲线的基础上，通过覆压校正和拟合得到样品的覆压孔隙度和覆压渗透率；然后，根据岩性、填充物的不同建立3个渗透率模型，求得渗透率曲线；最后，利用渗透率曲线进行波形指示反演得到反演结果，计算各主力层砂体厚度。研究结果和盲井检验表明，地震波形指示反演提高了储层横向、纵向的预测精度，能够成功预测砂体边界、砂体厚度，预测结果可为油气勘探的进一步开发提供依据。     

储层预测技术在鄂北TBM地区太2段的应用

针对TBM地区太2段地层厚度较薄、岩性组合复杂、地震常规资料分辨率低的特点,开展寻求更有效的太2段砂体识别方法的技术研究。通过对太2段地球物理特征及电性参数微观和宏观的统计分析表明：应用中子曲线作为岩性反演和解释的敏感参数曲线较伽玛具有明显的优势。由于岩性（中子）反演是基于波阻抗剖面上的一种岩性反演,因此对太2段的中子、波阻抗特征及相互关系做了分析研究,统计并确定了太2段四种岩性的中子值域范围,用于储层的定量解释中。从效果和精度分析来看：采用波阻抗反演基础上的岩性（中子）反演技术在太2段储层预测解释中是可行的,完全可满足勘探开发的精度要求,提高了钻井的成功率。     

卡斯卡迪亚大陆边缘甲烷水合物稳定带地震层折研究

1993年6月，对在ODP第889B孔周围的BSR作了深入的地震研究。在两个航次中采用海底地震仪（OBHs）收集了大量的广角反射资料和单道地震资料。我们对工区内的一条测线的资料进行了新的2D旅行时反演。4个OBHs（广角反射资料）和单道地震资料的联合反演获得了在BSR上方P波的速度特征，结果发现这些速度略高于垂直地震（VSP）获得的速度和889B井声波测到的速度，BSR上方速度大约1．83－1．95km/s。两种不同方法估计的气体水合物含量大约为孔隙空间2％到24％。速度模型提供了该区BSR上方BSR反射强度和水合物含量之间关系。     

四分量地震在琼东南盆地应用的可行性研究

岩心实验室测试结果和全波声波测井结果说明,琼东南盆地含气层的岩石体积模量、纵波速度、纵波波阻抗、纵横波速度比(Vp/Vs)、泊松比均低于非含气层(包括泥岩层).崖13-1 气田的四分量地震结果说明,气层在纵波地震高保真剖面上表现为亮点,并在纵波剖面上可见到平点.而在转换横波地震高保真剖面上,见不到亮点和平点.由四分量地震数据计算出的气层纵横波速度比和泊松比的结果表明,崖13-1 气层段的纵横波速度比和泊松比的异常明显低于其上下地层的速度比和泊松比,也明显低于同层位的含水层段.岩心实验室测试结果、全波声波测井结果和崖13-1 气田实测四分量地震结果均充分说明,四分量地震可以直接预测琼东南盆地的天然气藏,是打开该盆地天然气勘探局面的有效技术.     

南海中建南盆地速度资料分析与应用

在大量速度谱解释的基础上,分别计算了南海中建南盆地的层速度、时深转换和砂岩百分含量,并对盆地5套地层的层速度平面图进行了分析。结果表明,中部坳陷的层速度最大,北部坳陷和南部坳陷次之,北部隆起的层速度最小,反映了地层的构造走势;利用砂岩百分含量资料进行岩性分析,发现西北部和西南部的砂岩百分含量大于75%,属于砂岩相沉积,推测盆地的物源主要来自西北和西南方向,为沉积相解释和油气资源评价提供了依据。     

济阳坳陷博兴洼陷西部沙三段层序地层

选取以基准面为参照面的高分辨率层序地层学的理论与分析技术,对博兴洼陷西部沙三段开展层序地层分析工作。在博兴洼陷沙三段识别出5个层序界面和4个较大规模的洪泛面,由此将研究层段划分为4个长期基准面旋回(相当于3级层序),并通过长期旋回内部次级转换面的识别,细分出8个中期旋回(大致相当于4级层序)。通过对比建立了研究区的高分辨率层序地层格架,并分析了各层序的地层发育特征。以层序格架为基础,探讨了研究区各层序的沉积演化特征,建立了辫状三角洲—浊积扇层序发育模式,认为研究区辫状三角洲和浊积扇均具有加积作用特点;斜坡区为辫状三角洲发育区,而洼陷区为浊积扇发育区;中期基准面旋回下降期辫状三角洲发育,上升期浊积扇发育;浊积扇体的发育规模与湖泛规模相关。综合分析认为,浊积扇是形成岩性圈闭的主要储集砂体类型,其发育的有利层位是MSC8、MSC7、MSC6、MSC5旋回的上升半旋回,岩性圈闭发育的有利区是博兴南部斜坡坡折带之下的洼陷区。     

Formation of Equilibrium Beach Profile of the Abandoned Yellow River Delta Coast in North Jiangsu

The abandoned Yellow River Delta coast is a typical erodible silty and muddy coast in China. The paper analyses the marine dynamic characteristics and the mechanism of beach erosion of this area. Analysis and calculation show that in this sea area wave and tidal current action should be considered. Based on the above analysis, an equilibrium beach profile calculation model is developed, in which the wave-current interaction is considered while sediment supply and sediment re-deposition are neglected. The model consists of four parts: (1) calculation of wave parameters, (2) calculation of velocity due to wave-current interaction at different water depth, (3) calculation of friction velocity and shear stress at different water depths, and (4) calculation of the amount of sediment erosion, erosion intensity and variation of beach profile. Calculated results are in good agreement with observed data. Finally, the evolution tendency is discussed and the equilibrium beach profile of this coast is calculated. B     

南海西北部深水区速度及时深转换方法研究

There are rich natural gas resources in the northwestern South China Sea deepwater areas, with poor degree of exploration. Because of the unique tectonic, sedimentary background of the region, velocity...     

Stress and pore pressure histories in complex tectonic settings predicted with coupled geomechanical-fluid flow models

Most of the methods currently used for pore pressure prediction in sedimentary basins assume one-dimensional compaction based on relationships between vertical effective stress and porosity. These methods may be inaccurate in complex tectonic regimes where stress tensors are variable. Modelling approaches for compaction adopted within the geotechnical field account for both the full three-dimensional stress tensor and the stress history. In this paper a coupled geomechanical-fluid flow model is used, along with an advanced version of the Cam-Clay constitutive model, to investigate stress, pore pressure and porosity in a Gulf of Mexico style mini-basin bounded by salt subjected to lateral deformation. The modelled structure consists of two depocentres separated by a salt diapir. 20% of horizontal shortening synchronous to basin sedimentation is imposed. An additional model accounting solely for the overpressure generated due to 1D disequilibrium compaction is also defined. The predicted deformation regime in the two depocentres of the mini-basin is one of tectonic lateral compression, in which the horizontal effective stress is higher than the vertical effective stress. In contrast, sediments above the central salt diapir show lateral extension and tectonic vertical compaction due to the rise of the diapir. Compared to the 1D model, the horizontal shortening in the mini-basin increases the predicted present-day overpressure by 50%, from 20 MPa to 30 MPa. The porosities predicted by the mini-basin models are used to perform 1D, porosity-based pore pressure predictions. The 1D method underestimated overpressure by up to 6 MPa at 3400 m depth (26% of the total overpressure) in the well located at the basin depocentre and up to 3 MPa at 1900 m depth (34% of the total overpressure) in the well located above the salt diapir. The results show how 2D/3D methods are required to accurately predict overpressure in regions in which tectonic stresses are important.     

Prediction models for tidal level including strong meteorologic effects using a neural network

Accurate prediction of tidal level including strong meteorologic effects is very important for human activities in oceanic and coastal areas. The contribution of non-astronomical components to tidal level may be as significant as that of astronomical components under the weather, such as typhoon and storm surge. The traditional harmonic analysis method and other models based on the analysis of astronomical components do not work well in these situations. This paper describes the Back-Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) approach, and proposes a method of iterative multi-step prediction and the concept of periodical analysis. The prediction among stations shows that the BPNN model can predict the tidal level with great precision regardless of different tide types in different regions. Based on the non-stationary characteristic of hourly tidal record including strong meteorologic effects, three Back-Propagation Neural Network models were developed in order to improve the accuracy of prediction and supplement of tidal records: (1) Difference Neural Network model (DNN) for the supplementing of tidal record; (2) Minus-Mean-Value Neural Network model (MMVNN) for the corresponding prediction between tidal gauge stations; (3) Weather-Data-based Neural Networks model (WDNN) for set up and set down.The results show that the above models perform well in the prediction of tidal level or supplement of tidal record including strong meteorologic effects.     

2D modeling of overpressure in a salt withdrawal basin,Gulf of Mexico,USA

This study demonstrates the utilization of 2D basin models to address overpressure development due to compaction disequilibrium in supra-allochthonous salt mini-basins with very high sedimentation rates in the Gulf of Mexico. By properly selecting 2D line sections with moderate stratigraphic resolution, it is possible to predict timing of overpressure development and approximate present-day overpressure distributions in the mini-basin. This study shows that even low resolution models with approximate information on the net-to-gross (sand:shale ratio) can average ±0.4 ppg with a maximum error of 1.0 ppg relative to pressure measurements in sandstones. The models based on age, depth, approximate lithology and an interpretation of complicated salt movement are adequate to evaluate pressure to address issues around trap containment and may be used for preliminary well planning. This study tested the results of overpressure prediction utilizing different stratigraphic resolutions and shows the sensitivity of overpressure modeling to 2D line selection. Also, three models were built to investigate how the permeability of salt welds affects overpressure development in an adjacent salt mini-basin. These results indicate that even a salt weld permeability reduction of 1.5 log mD results in a pressure difference between neighboring mini-basins. Additionally, these models qualitatively reproduced the seismic velocity volume which is supporting evidence that the salt welds in this mini-basin are at least partially sealing.     

鄂尔多斯盆地碳酸盐岩风化壳储层综合评价技术

如何综合利用钻井、地质、测井、地震资料进行碳酸盐岩风化壳储层评价是鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界天然气勘探中亟须解决的问题。利用测井资料采用选代拟合的方法进行岩石物性分析,用正反演模型、合成记录及特征相关法在“三高”和波阻抗反演剖面上进行精细的层位标定;根据对碳酸盐岩风化壳沉积特征分析,提出了求取风化壳泥质含量的方法并应用此结果在BCI剖面上消除了风化壳泥质合量的变化对速度、波阻抗的影响,实现风化壳储层空间展布和厚度的准确预测;采用AVO岩性反演、波形特征分类和人工神经网络模式识别方法进行了储层特征的综合评价,提出了下一步的勘探目标。     

全球大洋潮汐模式在北印度洋潮汐预报准确性的评估

为评估DTU10、TPXO8、GOT00.2和NAO.99b 4个全球大洋潮汐模式对北印度洋潮汐的预报能力,采用英国海洋资料中心提供的海区中部和沿岸站潮汐调和常数资料,检验了这些模式4个主要分潮(M_2、S_2、K_1、O_1)的准确度。它们的各分潮调和常数资料准确度都比较高,振幅绝均差的最大值仅5.61 cm,迟角绝均差的最大值仅9.13°。这些模式的调和常数给出潮波传播特征差别不大。基于这些模式提供的调和常数,分别建立了北印度洋4、8和16分潮潮汐预报模型,将预报结果与中国海事服务网提供的沿岸24个站潮汐表资料进行对比。各模式的8分潮(M_2、S_2、N_2、K_2、K_1、O_1、P_1、Q_1)潮汐预报模型均优于4分潮(M_2、S_2、K_1、O_1)潮汐预报模型,NAO.99b模式可以提供16分潮(M_2、S_2、N_2、K_2、K_1、O_1、P_1、Q_1、MU_2、NU_2、T_2、L_2、2N_2、J_1、M1、OO_1)潮汐预报模型,但是对预报结果改善不明显;在各模式中,GOT00.2模式的8分潮潮汐预报模型对北印度洋沿岸的预报效果最好,平均绝均差为14.97 cm。