转型期城市低收入邻里的类型、特征和产生机制:以南京市为例

本文以南京市为例,检查转型期城市贫困人口的空间分布特征,并着重分析贫困人口集中的低收入邻里的类型、特征及其产生机制。研究表明,转型期我国城市贫困人口的空间分布表现为在邻里或社区层面上的集中。城市贫困人口在邻里层次上的集聚,导致三种类型低收入邻里的产生,包括老城衰退邻里、退化的工人新村和农民工集聚区(城中村)。分析表明,这些低收入邻里的产生源于国家导向的城市发展政策和国家福利住房供应制度,并在住房市场化和房地产导向的城市发展过程中得以强化。基于南京市的实证分析和实地调查,城市贫困人口的空间分布状况和低收入邻里的特征被检查,低收入邻里的产生机制得以验证。     

Dilemmas of State-Led Environmental Conservation in China: Environmental Target Enforcement and Public Participation in Minqin County

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the acute socioecological crisis in the Minqin region of China’s Gansu province beginning in the 1980s and the multilevel, governmental response to that crisis in the first two decades of the 21st century. Drawing on extensive field research and interviews in the area, supplemented by analysis of available data, the paper presents a detailed case study of the development and implementation of the Shiyang River Watershed Restoration Plan in the period 2007–15. The case illustrates how conflicting policy objectives of the central state-led conservation project shaped patterns of interaction between local government officials, cadres, and farmers in Minqin County as well as ensuing outcomes and challenges in policy implementation. The study finds that top-level declaration of ecological and social issues in the watershed as a national security issue incentivized local government officials and cadres to overlook the Plan’s provision for local consultation, in favor of meeting binding ecological and economic targets. It contributes to scholarship on environmental authoritarianism, illuminating structural factors and institutional constraints that shape local government officials’ and cadres’ behavior in a centrally administered environmental policy context.     

Knowing Your Place: an Australasian perspective on catchment-framed approaches to river repair

Australia and New Zealand have been at the forefront of many advances in river management through policy and legislative initiatives and the introduction of participatory frameworks. In part this leadership role is a response to the pervasive extent and impact of post-colonial societies on Australasian environments. Core geographical concepts have contributed significantly to the increased recognition of a ‘sense of place’ in management practice. Grounded and authentic applications recognise explicitly the complexity of interactions across an array of biophysical and social scales. The contribution of geography to river management is particularly significant in the implementation of catchment-framed programmes, the development of generic scientific tools that can be used on a catchment-by-catchment basis, and the application of adaptive management principles that are operationalised within participatory frameworks. Failing to acknowledge geographical concepts can lead to a placeless universalism in river management that is unsustainable and unacceptable in biophysical and social terms.     

Guiding rural landscape change: Current policy approaches and potentials of landscape strategy making as a policy integrating approach

Public policy interventions concerning rural landscapes have grown significantly in recent decades in many developed countries and internationally, in response to a range of imperatives. These include concern for declining biodiversity, heritage and social wellbeing in the face of urbanisation, and structural change in rural economies involving both agricultural intensification and extensification. The public policy response has been a fragmented array of measures, both horizontally (across policy sectors) and vertically (across political-administrative-organisational levels). Against this background, rural landscape policy approaches are analysed in respect to their instrumentality and spatial logic, informed by Hägerstrand's concepts of territorial and spatial competence. A framework for local policy making and policy integration inspired by landscape strategy making approaches is presented and illustrated through four Danish experiments in rural landscapes of various scale and with different policy issues. Results suggest that landscape strategy making represents a promising way to improve policy integration in rural contexts but research is needed to find suitable ways to engage large scale intensive farming with the community based process.     

Recent Trends in Geography Education in Louisiana

Geography at elementary and middle schools in Louisiana, USA., remains a social studies strand along with civics, economics, and history, with no state-required geography course at any level. But because schools may require more geography than the state standard, this research examines the extent to which K–12 students are exposed to geography in Louisiana, using an electronic survey and an interview with state department of education officials. Results suggest that geography remains underemphasized, but the 2011 implementation of new social studies standards, the Advanced Placement Human Geography course, and other initiatives offer promise for more geographically literate Louisiana citizens.     

不可逆性和不确定性对湿地环境政策实施时机选择的影响

湿地环境政策是与湿地保护有关的环境公共政策的简称。考虑了湿地环境政策的两类不可逆性,一是旨在降低湿地破坏的环境政策对社会施加了沉没成本(suck cost);二是湿地环境的破坏可能部分或完全不可逆。将P indyck构建的不确定条件下环境政策实施时机模型,结合湿地系统特点,经修正后引入到湿地环境政策分析中,并以红树林湿地环境政策为例,探讨了不确定性和不可逆性之间的相互作用以及它们对湿地环境政策设计和政策实施时机的影响,求出了湿地环境政策被采用时的临界点。结果表明,考虑了不可逆性和不确定性的湿地环境政策,可避免传统湿地环境政策的缺陷和局限,保障其有效实施和运行,因而对近年来国家或地区层面湿地环境政策的制订有理论和实践指导意义。     

Fiddling while Madagascar burns. Deforestation discourses and highland history

Madagascar has been highlighted as a hotspot for biodiversity because of its unique natural history and a high level of endemism. This heritage of biodiversity is believed to be at serious risk, due to deforestation caused by local people. This paper concerns the landscape of the Madagascar highlands, and how interpretations of them have changed the past century. A social constructivist approach reveals two opposing views about the vegetation cover and seeks to unfold which specific scientific paradigms, narratives or received wisdom they are based on. Most important are changing paradigms in ecology, from classic equilibrium ecology to non‐equilibrium ecology, and changes in social sciences from a structural to an interactionist approach. Another important aspect addressed in the paper is the impact of the re‐interpretations on environmental policy and management. The Ambohitantely Special Reserve is used as a case to illustrate how interpretations of forest history are influenced by the hegemonic discourse.     

区域政策项目评价的基本问题与分析框架

区域政策评价是区域政策程序中的一个重要环节,但目前对有关的基本问题尚缺乏统一的认识,区域政策项目评价十分不规范。文章将分析区域政策评价的内涵、特点与作用,从区域政策干预逻辑的角度讨论区域政策效应评价的重要基本概念以及这些概念之间的关系,并在此基础上进一步讨论反映区域政策效应与效益的指标。作者认为,科学地确定区域政策评价的范围与内容,是统筹区域发展的必然要求。是完善中国区域政策的一个不可或缺的重要内容之一。     

Circulating planning ideas from the metropole to the colonies: understanding South Africa's segregated cities through policy mobilities

In the early part of the twentieth century, South African cities were segregated in accordance with British city planning concepts that embodied the belief that social order can be manipulated through the urban form. This paper surveys the history of South African planning practices to understand the spread of segregation policies and practices. Whereas scholars tend to agree that the apartheid city (post?1948) is a more highly organized and structured version of the colonial city (pre?1910), the literature lacks consensus on the development of the segregated city (1910?1948) within South Africa. How did concepts of segregation circulate and why was it implemented with such consistency? Accordingly, this paper employs concepts of policy mobilities to trace historical configurations in South Africa to international influences. The focus on the circuits of knowledge explains how concepts and designs transplanted from elsewhere helped create the form of South African cities today. Understanding the movement of planning ideas through policy mobilities furthers geographical understandings of historical circulation processes, the role of the local actors, and policy mobilities failure. This history of learning also challenges the assumption that South African cities are unique and in so doing opens the doors for knowledge sharing between postcolonial cities.     

Mitigating Risks From Fracking-Related Earthquakes: Assessing State Regulatory Decisions

Public concern about earthquakes linked to wastewater injection from fracking operations is rising. However, few have examined how “induced seismicity” is acted upon by state officials. For some, an incremental response to smaller quakes can be viewed as an acceptable risk policy orientation because of the sizeable economic benefits that accompany drilling activities while others prefer risk mitigation policies (such as the use of “threshold policies”) as a better way to address quake-related problems. To account for state response to induced seismicity impacts, we examine three factors: the emergence of quakes as focusing events, the economic importance of oil and gas to state jobs and revenue, and selected characteristics of earthquakes as a policy issue, i.e., complexity and categorical precedence. Using information drawn from documentary sources, we consider which factors are most helpful in accounting for agency decisions aimed at reducing seismic risks linked to nearby injection wells.     

中国职务犯罪的时空分异、关联网络与防控对策

基于1985—2020年的321个副部级及以上犯案官员信息,综合运用数理统计与空间分析方法,分析职务犯罪者的社会人口学特征、犯罪行为的时空分异与关联网络,探讨犯罪发生的原因机制并提出防控对策。结果表明：1）职务犯罪者男性远多于女性,初犯者以中青年为主,落马时多为中老年,犯罪类型以贪污、受贿为主,主要涉及能源行业与国企、事业单位。2）在时间上,初次违纪违法年份集中于1988—2008年,呈现“高位波动,集中三峰”特征;“落马”人数呈现“四峰两组,先小后大”态势,2011年后呈陡崖式上升,与社会经济变化和反贪腐力度有关。3）在空间上,职务犯罪者籍贯地多分布在华北、华东、华中,且于山东、江苏、上海、天津、北京和河南、吉林、黑龙江部分地区出现热点;任职地集中分布在华北和华东华中的部分地区,在京津冀、山西出现热点与大量集聚,在河南、四川、重庆、广东存在部分集聚;任职地变化的犯罪者多为迁移至北京直至落马,也有36.57%的犯罪者落马时在其籍贯地工作;职务犯罪者犯罪行为的辐射效应呈现地缘关联和“熟亲信”纽带,形成具有个体生命轨迹特点的“移动犯罪网络”。4）职务犯罪的发生可用公共选择等理论进行解析,是...     

武汉市城市社会空间结构演变过程分析

国外发达国家在城市社会空间结构研究上已经取得了丰富的成果,中国较之有很大的差距。通过对城市社会空间结构的相关概念进行辨析,以武汉市为研究对象,归纳了在不同历史时期武汉城市社会空间的形态、结构以及特征,并探讨了影响武汉社会空间结构演变的机制,揭示了城市社会空间结构演变的规律,希望能对武汉营造新的城市面貌提供一定的启示和借鉴。     

What is the Meaning of ‘Social Mix’? Shifting perspectives in planning and implementing public housing estate redevelopment

This paper unravels a variety of perspectives about the concept of social mix, drawing on a case study of the implementation of a redevelopment project in Melbourne. The first part provides a theoretical overview of two internationally predominant academic debates around policy interpretations of this concept, namely social mix as a means for promotion of social inclusion; and as a state-led form of gentrification. These two arguments are usually presented as one, with social inclusion and reductions of concentrations of disadvantage one side of the ‘social mix policy’ coin, and state-led gentrification the other. This paper contributes to the national and international literature on public housing estate regeneration and social mix policies through exploring the question of whether these two ideas about social mix were shared by different stakeholders as the ‘messy’ process of redevelopment unfurled. Interviews were conducted with public tenants, homeowners and homebuyers, private renters and local service providers at the Carlton Housing Estate to explore the diverse perspectives of various stakeholder groups as estate design and implementation shifted. The study identified that as a result of the global financial crisis and the developers exerting pressure on government there was a gradual move away from perceiving social mix as a policy tool for encouraging social inclusion at Carlton, between public housing tenants and private residents, towards a different form of social mix and inclusion. Contrary to intentions, the revised form of social mix at Carlton was perceived as a means to harness market capital and attract higher income residents to the inner city.     

地理学与区域开发整治的政策研究

区域开发整治中的政策研究主要包括对现行政策进行效果评价和影响分析，并预测其对区域开发整治可能产生的积极和消极作用，从而为现行政策修正以及新政策的制定提供依据，供决策机构参考。区域开发整治政策具有地方性、阶段性和稳定性特征。地理学在区域开发整治中重点研究的应是自然、经济和社会相互联结的综台性政策问题，主要有资源利用政策、环境保护政策、生产布局政策以及城市发展政策等等。     

基于主体功能区视角的县域规划创新研究

县域是我国主体功能区划分和规划落实的基本空间单元。主体功能区理念促进了县域规划思路的转型、创新,实现了县域规划由经济导向型、上级指令型、政府主导型、部门分割型和社会经济发展管治型向多目标综合协调型、刚性与弹性兼容并蓄型、双向互动互求协商型、主体功能定位导向型和空间协调管治型的转变。进而依据主体功能定位不同,从空间模式、产业导向、城镇体系、基础设施、生态支撑和规划考核等方面重构了县域规划内容体系,并以新沂市为例对限制型开发县域规划相关理论进行了进一步论证,最后依据主体功能区的分类特征有针对性地提出了实施县域规划的保障措施。     

GIS技术在暴雨泥石流减灾预报中的运用

运用GIS这一新技术手段于暴雨泥石流区域减灾预报研究是一种尝试．通过该项研究,建立了为孙水河流域泥石流减灾预报提供分析依据和决策支持的地形及各类专题要素的地理信息系统．该系统集数据库、图形库、模型库为一体,具有空间数据采集、属性处理、灾例检索、灾损预估、灾情分析与区域预测和减灾决策支持一体化．     

A Geographic Approach for Teaching about Terrorism

Geography is in a unique position to address the topic of terrorism both inside and outside the classroom and has much to offer in terms of crafting effective measures to counter some of the most pressing threats to international security. As little consideration has been given to teaching about this important subject matter at the university level, this article presents an upper-level special topics case study course offered on terrorism. A capstone project that required students to apply course concepts to a specific terrorist organization is examined and the article concludes with a discussion of the limitations of this pedagogical approach.