组织研磨器细胞破碎法提取霞水母（Cyanea sp.）毒素的初步研究

采用Mini-Beadbeater组织研磨器破碎的方法进行了提取霞水母刺丝囊细胞毒素的研究。首先制备霞水母刺丝囊细胞,然后研究破碎频率、破碎时间对提取霞水母刺丝囊细胞毒素浓度的影响。结果表明,组织研磨器能够在2—3min内破碎约90%的霞水母刺丝囊细胞,从而提高水母毒素的提取效率。SDS-PAGE结果显示,提取的水母毒...     

辽东湾北部近海大型水母数量分布和温度盐度特征

通过2009-2011年5月下旬-7月下旬辽东湾北部近海10m等深线内的大型水母调查数据,分析了辽东湾北部近海近三年中大型水母资源状况,并探讨了辽东湾大型水母的生态类型。结果显示:辽东湾北部近海大型水母种类主要有海蜇(Rhopilema esculentum)、沙蜇(Nemopilema nomurai)、白色霞水母(Cyanea nozakii)、海月水母(Aurelia sp.1),海蜇和沙蜇是优势种。海蜇幼水母阶段主要集中分布在5m等深线以内的近岸河口水域,随着个体增大有略向深水或密度较小的水域扩散的趋势,仍主要分布在5m等深线两侧水域,属于高温低盐种类。6月份调查海区中发现大量的沙蜇幼水母,随着沙蜇个体增大,7月份调查海区中沙蜇数量大幅度减少。辽东湾海月水母在南部海域出现较多,2010、2011年在北部近海部分海域出现。白色霞水母近几年来辽东湾出现较少,栖息在盐度较高的水域。辽东湾各种大型水母中,沙蜇的生长速度最快。辽东湾海蜇幼水母、沙蜇幼水母的海区出现时间要晚于黄、东海。     

中国北部海域灾害水母沙蜇(Nemopilema nomurai)及其它钵水母繁殖生物学特征与形态比较

为查清沙蜇大量暴发的原因,采用黄海北部的沙蜇亲体进行自然受精获得了数百万的螅状体,除海月水母和发形霞水母在消化腔和雌体的性腺中完成受精外,上述其余种类均为体外受精,霞水母属的2个种类的浮浪幼虫在形成螅状体前先形成一个具角质的浮浪体囊,沙蜇、海蜇、黄斑海蜇和Stomolophus meleagris螅状体繁殖新螅状体的唯一无性繁殖方式是足囊繁殖,霞水母可通过足囊和由匍匐茎形成囊胞两种方式繁殖新螅状体,海月水母(A.aurita)螅状体繁殖新螅状体的的无性繁殖方式包括足囊繁殖、出芽生殖、匍匐茎生殖、纵向分裂、内繁殖体和外繁殖体生殖,同时有直接发育现象,Rhizostoma pulmo的无性繁殖方式有足囊,出芽生殖,匍匐茎,浮浪体芽。     

白色霞水母蛋白抗氧化活性的初步研究

通过羟自由基清除作用、超氧自由基清除作用、还原能力和金属螯合能力等抗氧化活性实验,测定了白色霞水母蛋白的抗氧化活性。实验结果表明：白色霞水母蛋白具有较高的清除羟自由基的能力,蛋白质量浓度为41μg／mL时,清除率可达到85％;白色霞水母蛋白对超氧阴离子的清除作用较弱,蛋白质量浓度为77．7μg／mL时,清除率〈50％;白色霞水母蛋白有较强的还原能力,但没有螯合能力;白色霞水母蛋白的抗氧化活性受温度影响不大,且巯基含量不是影响抗氧化活性的主要因素。     

2011 年夏季胶州湾三种大型水母的种群动态研究

2011年8月1日-9月30日,对胶州湾三种大型水母沙海蛰(Nemopilema nomurai)、白色霞水母(Cyanea nozakii)、海月水母(Aurelia aurita)的种群数量变动及空间分布情况开展了目测调查,同步获得了气象、水温、盐度、叶绿素a、浮游动物丰度、种类组成等数据,调查频率为每周2次。调查期间,海月水母表现出逐渐降低的趋势,沙海蛰与白色霞水母种群均于8月11日达到数量高峰,8月底及9月中旬之后依次衰落,至9月底,三种水母基本消失。三种水母的种群平均丰度变化范围分别为:沙海蛰0-230.8ind/km2;霞水母0-150.2ind/km2;海月水母0-123.4ind/km2。从分布区域来看,海月水母主要位于近岸区,沙海蜇主要分布于湾口和中部深水区,而白色霞水母则在高峰期和次高峰期分别集中于深水区和近岸区。结合往年资料,作者认为,海月水母种群能够在胶州湾内进行自我补充并完成其生活史,而胶州湾沙海蛰与霞水母的种群补充则可能主要依赖于湾外种群。另外,目测方法的准确性可能受到气象条件的影响。     

红沿河海域常见水母的食物组成分析——基于稳定同位素和脂肪酸标记法

为了探究不同种类水母对浮游食物网的摄食影响,采用碳氮稳定同位素和脂肪酸标记法,研究分析了渤海红沿河海域常见的4种小型水母(伞径直径5 cm:卡玛拉水母Malagazzia carolinae、球形侧腕水母Pleurobrachia globosa、帽铃水母Tiaricodon coeruleus、半球美螅水母Clytia hemisphaerica和3种大型水母(伞径10—200cm:沙海蜇Nemopilema nomurai、海月水母Aurelia aurita)和白色霞水母Cyanea nozakii)的食物组成。结果表明,不同种类水母的食物组成存在差异。其中卡玛拉水母、球形侧腕水母、帽铃水母、半球美螅水母和白色霞水母均偏肉食食性,食物组成中动物性食物所占比例更高,高于海月水母与沙海蜇。在食物粒径谱上,帽铃水母和半球美螅水母较大粒径的食物比例均高于小粒径的悬浮有机物(POM)比例。卡玛拉水母和球形侧腕水母各个粒径食物比例接近。大型水母中,白色霞水母的食物中大粒径的浮游动物的比例高于海月水母,更高于沙海蜇。由此看来,小型水母和大型的白色霞水母的暴发会直接影响大中型浮游动物数量,海月水母的暴发对不同大小的浮游生物均会产生一定的影响。而沙海蜇的暴发会大量摄食1 mm的小型浮游生物和POM,对大中型浮游动物以及更高营养层生物(鱼类等)的影响可能是通过蜇伤以及饵料竞争导致的。因此,不同种类水母暴发对浮游生物的影响存在差异。本研究从摄食角度初步探究了水母对海洋生态系统物质循环和能量流动的影响,为水母暴发的灾害防治提供了数据支持。     

霞水母刺丝囊毒素溶血活性的稳定性研究

从霞水母Cyanea sp.中分离刺丝囊,提取刺丝囊毒素(NV),并研究了温度、pH和几种化学组分对其溶血活性稳定性的影响.实验结果表明,在4～37℃范围内NV的溶血活性与温度变化密切相关,毒素在4℃以下几乎没有发生溶血反应,在37℃以下反应45 min以后,溶血活性达到最大值;毒素的溶血活性对pH敏感,在pH 7.8时.溶血活性最强,溶血率为93.53%.EDTA、NaCl和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)对NV溶血活性都具有稳定作用.通过正交实验发现,GSH对溶血活性的影响最大,当提取液中含有1.0 mmol/L GSH和5.0 mmol/L NaCl时毒素的溶血活性最强.DTT(二硫苏糖醇)明显降低毒素的溶血活性,说明毒素中溶血蛋白的活性很可能与分布在蛋白质表面的二硫键有关.Ca2+虽然能够增强毒素的溶血活性但是对毒素并没有稳定作用,所以Ca2+可能只是毒素溶血活性的活化剂.甘油对毒素的稳定作用不明显.     

2015年5月黄海及东海北部大型水母分布及生物量估算

2015年5月搭载“北斗”渔业调查船、使用渔拖网的采样方式,在整个黄海及东海北部进行系统的走航式大面调查,记录了30°N—39°N海区内的大型水母种类组成、伞径大小及生物量分布,估算和比较了大型水母与其他渔业生物的生物量。结果表明,5月整个调查区,大型水母的总生物量估算值5.9万t,绝大部分由黄海中部的多管水母和洋须水母生物量贡献所致。出现的大型水母种类伞径分布呈单峰型。不同种类的水母分布具有明显地理区域和水文偏好性。其中,洋须水母主要分布于黄海中、北部50m水深以深水域,多管水母主要分布于黄海中部50m水深以浅的西侧以及整个东海北部;沙海蜇多为幼体,分布于黄、东海交汇区31°N—33°N间;霞水母较为集中出现于31°N以南、123°N以西近海。各水母种类的高密区的底层水温按洋须水母、沙海蜇、四叶小舌水母、霞水母呈升高趋势。东海多管水母分布区的底层水温与沙海蜇相近;黄海多管水母分布区的底层水温较洋须水母略高。沙海蜇和四叶小舌水母较其他水母的适温范围宽。霞水母和洋须水母处于相对高盐区域。     

南黄海夏秋季纤毛虫等微小型浮游动物丰度和生物量变动及其与沙海蜇旺发的关系

大型水母沙海蜇旺发已成为黄海夏季的一个常见的生态现象。然而,沙海蜇旺发与微小型浮游动物尤其是纤毛虫的相互作用关系依然不明。本研究基于2013年6月(水母旺发初期)、8月和9月(水母旺发期)三个航次的调查,对黄海水母高发的I(33°N)、G(34°N)、E(35°N)断面的表层微小型浮游动物的丰度及生物量分布变化与水母发生关系进行探讨。微型鞭毛虫丰度6月平均丰度和生物量分别为357ind./m L和3.92μg C/L,至8月降为145ind./m L和2.55μg C/L,9月回升至160ind./m L和2.84μg C/L。共鉴定纤毛虫31属64种,三个月份纤毛虫的种类组成差别不大。纤毛虫6月的平均丰度和生物量分别为2282ind./L和8.93μg C/L,至8月降为933ind./L和3.92μg C/L,9月回升至2319ind./L和6.55μg C/L。与丰度和生物量的较大变化不同,纤毛虫6月的平均生产力为12.74μg C/(L·d),8月降至7.39μg C/(L·d),9月略增至7.79μg C/(L·d)。桡足类无节幼体仅见于6月(10.59ind./L)和8月(8ind./L),在沙海蜇旺发的8月其平均生物量(0.08μg C/L)和生产力(0.032μg C/(L·d))远低于纤毛虫。本研究表明,在南黄海水母发生过程中,纤毛虫在微小型浮游动物的生物量和生产力中占据了主导地位,并受到水母旺发的直接和间接(级联效应)影响。     

光照强度对白色霞水母(Cyanea nozakii Kishinouye)无性繁殖的影响

采用控制光照强度的方法,研究了不同光照强度对白色霞水母无性繁殖的影响。结果表明,400lx组螅状体的相对增长率、特定生长率和螅状体足囊、囊胞繁殖率均显著高于其它各试验组(P<0.05),呈现出400lx>800lx>1200lx>0lx的趋势。在设定的光照强度范围内,螅状体足囊、囊胞繁殖出现的时间随光照强度的减少而延迟。800lx组的足囊萌发率最高,但各试验组足囊萌发率之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。试验期间始终是400lx组螅状体的横裂率最高,试验结束时,0lx组螅状体的横裂率最低。试验结果说明,适当的光照度对白色霞水母螅状体生长、螅状体足囊、囊胞繁殖和横裂生殖均有促进作用,强光条件或完全无光照条件不适宜白色霞水母螅状体的生长并可使横裂生殖延迟或受到抑制。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is