饱和粉土静态液化性能试验研究

通过固结不排水三轴压缩试验,分析了围压、固结比和干密度等因素对饱和粉土静态液化特性的影响。试验结果表明,在干密度较小时,饱和粉土的偏应力-应变曲线呈现明显的硬变软化型,随轴向应变增大超静孔隙水压力增加、有效应力减小而发生静态液化,当干密度达到1.58 g· cm-3时,饱和粉土的偏应力-应变曲线表现出硬变硬化现象,超静孔隙水压力为负值或接近0,饱和粉土不再发生静态液化,即饱和粉土存在静态液化的干密度临界值;其他条件不变,随着围压、固结比或干密度的增大,偏应力峰值和残余强度均增大,静态液化势降低;根据有效应力路径建立了流滑面以作为饱和粉土稳定区与非稳定区的分界面。     

基于标准贯入试验的土体液化判别准则模型误差分析及土体液化概率预测

基于标准贯入试验的经验判别准则在建立过程中,由于存在较多的不确定性因素,不可避免地具有模型误差。本研究基于1962~1976年间的8场地震中的液化案例数据,采用极大似然理论对《工业与民用建筑抗震设计规范（TJ11-74）》、《建筑抗震设计规范（GB50011-2001）》和《建筑抗震设计规范（GB50011-2010）》中液化判别准则的误差进行了分析。研究表明：3种液化判别准则在分析1974年以前的液化案例时的精度较低,在分析1974年以后的液化案例时的精度较高,这可能与前者的锤击数并非由标准贯入试验直接获得有关;根据贝叶斯信息准则,GB50011-2001具有最高的最优模型概率,与液化案例数据符合程度最高。土体液化判别结果存在不确定性,本文给出了基于液化判别准则的模型误差以及未经修正的饱和土标准贯入锤击数与液化判别标准贯入锤击数临界值的比值计算的土体的液化概率公式。     

减饱和松砂静态液化的水-气两相流耦合分析

减饱和法是一种通过减小饱和砂土地基中的饱和度,提高地基抗液化强度的新方法。基于水-气两相流反应与土体骨架变形的耦合模拟方法,建立了单调加载条件下减饱和砂土静态液化的数值分析模型。开展了减饱和松砂的三轴不排水试验数值模拟研究,与室内试验结果对比,发现两相流模型能够准确描述减饱和砂土加载过程中的应力-应变关系、应力路径及孔隙水压力增长规律,验证了两相流模拟方法的正确性。数值分析结果还表明,加载过程中减饱和松砂中的饱和度会增加,直至达到一个稳定值,当围压一定时,减饱和松砂加载结束时的饱和度与初始饱和度呈线性关系;且砂土中气体会在荷载作用下被压缩,使得减饱和砂土在不排水条件下发生剪缩。计算发现,当砂土饱和度从100%减小到94.5%时,孔隙水压力系数B值会减小约80%,最大孔隙压力值会降低40%~50%,不排水剪切强度提高2.0~2.5倍,残余强度会提升10倍以上,由此可知,此为减饱和法抗液化的主要机制,而基质吸力不是减饱和法提高砂土抗剪强度的主要原因。     

饱和黄土的静态液化特性试验研究

利用GDS三轴测试系统,对原状黄土进行了等压/偏压固结不排水剪（ICU/ACU）、常剪应力排水剪（CQD）试验。ICU和ACU试验表明：土体的应力-应变模式为强烈应变软化型,得到了其稳态线和潜在不稳定区,提出液化发生的必要条件就是土体状态位于或被带到潜在不稳定区域内。CQD试验表明,土体破坏的启动摩擦角远小于稳态摩擦角。当其应力路径试图穿越不稳定区时发生不完全排水剪缩破坏,具有突发性,检验了提出的不稳定区域的有效性。基于潜在不稳定区域的位置和斜坡土体的应力状态,提出了饱和黄土静态液化分析方法。     

邯郸市饱和粉土地震液化判别与差异分析

采用标准贯入试验法、静力触探法及宏观判别法对邯郸市某工程粉土地基进行了液化判别,并对判别结果进行对比分析。根据判别方法所考虑的因素和特点,结合粉土的区域特征,提出了适合邯郸市饱和粉土的综合判别方法,从而提高了液化判别的可靠性。     

饱和土蠕(滑)动液化的研究

本文在文献[1],[2]的基础上对黄土区饱和土蠕动及滑动液化作了进一步研究。文中首先列举了黄土滑坡现场饱和土液化的一些典型实例及其所造成的宏观危害。从不同的角度提出了饱和土蠕(滑)动液化的定义,在大量现场及室内试验的基础上分析了饱和土蠕(滑)动液化的机理和影响因素,最后给出了液化势的评价方法。     

京沪高速铁路饱和粉土液化特性试验研究

饱和粉土地基在动荷载作用下的液化问题是高速铁路抗震设计中重要的研究内容。为了能够定量地分析京沪高速铁路饱和粉土地基在加固前后的抗液化强度和地震时的变形特性,在室内对加固前后两种不同密度的饱和粉土进行了3组围压条件下一系列振动三轴液化试验。试验研究获得了两种不同密度饱和粉土的抗液化强度曲线、动强度及超静孔隙水压力的增长规律,为进一步分析饱和粉土地基在加固前后的液化变形特性提供了科学数据。     

饱和砂土地震液化判别的可拓聚类预测方法

基于可拓学的物元模型和聚类分析原理,提出了饱和砂土地震液化判别的可拓聚类方法。选取地震烈度、震中距、砂层埋置深度、地下水位、标贯击数、平均粒径、不均匀系数和动剪应力比等8个影响因素,作为饱和砂土地震液化的评价因子,构建了经典域物元和节域物元。应用物元理论和可拓集合中的关联函数,建立预测模型,通过聚类分析得到饱和砂土地震液化的判别结果。实例研究表明,该模型能客观地反映砂土的液化规律,可拓聚类预测方法应用于饱和砂土地震液化判别是有效可行的。     

天津地区饱和粉土地震液化的试验研究

地震液化是导致地基失稳和上部结构受损的直接原因之一。通过对天津地区粉土进行原位取土以及现场原位测试分析,研究了粉土土质特点对液化判别的影响,并在动三轴试验基础上阐述了该区域粉土的动力特性和液化机制。结合原位测试方法比较了现有的地震液化判别方法,指出该区域粉土液化判别应考虑粉土成分特征的影响,并提出孔压达到围压的60%～90%,双幅应变达到4%可作为液化的判别标准。     

饱和砂土的剪切波速与其抗液化强度关系研究

根据饱和砂土剪切波速与其抗液化强度的相关性原理,利用剪切波速与振动三轴联合实验装置,进行了控制饱和砂土初始剪切波速的振动液化实验,依据实验结果建立了剪切波速与抗液化强度的定量关系。最后用现场勘查数据对此定量关系进行验证,结果表明：该关系式对实际 66 个未液化地点的判别准确率达到 81.2 %;对 108 个实际液化地点的判别准确率达到 62.8 %;平均判别准确率达到 69.5 %。     

Predicting the initiation of static liquefaction of cross‐anisotropic sands under multiaxial stress conditions

Experimental evidence has shown that the liquefaction instability of sands can be affected by its material density, stress state, and inherent anisotropy. In order to predict the initiation of the static liquefaction of inherent cross‐anisotropic sands under multidimensional stress conditions, a rational constitutive model is needed. An elastoplasticity model able to capture the influences of intermediate principal stress ratio (b  = (σ ₂ ? σ ₃)/(σ ₁ ? σ ₃)) and loading direction on stress–strain relationships and volumetric properties was proposed. The yield function was formulated to be controlled by Lode angle, loading direction, and material state; the stress–dilatancy was a material state‐dependent function. After using the existing drained hollow cylinder tests to validate the proposed model, this model was used to simulate the existing undrained hollow cylinder tests. During this simulation, the second‐order work criterion was used to determine the initiation of static liquefaction. The results showed that an increase in both the intermediate principal stress ratio and the loading angle induces a decrease in the second‐order work. Static liquefaction is initiated more easily at a stress state with a large intermediate principal stress ratio and a large loading angle, and the mobilized friction angle at the instability points decreases with the intermediate principal stress ratio and the loading angle. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A possible continuum theory for densification and liquefaction of saturated sand

A previously developed continuum theory of granular media is applied to the problems of densification and liquefaction of saturated sand. An expression for the free energy of saturated sand is developed. The process of densification of sand subjected to cyclic shear stress is studied and several expressions for an increase of the solid volume fraction are obtained and discussed. The problem of the initial liquefaction of saturated sand samples under cyclic shear stress is then considered and several criteria relating the shear stress amplitude, over-burden pressure, time to liquefaction, and physical properties of the sand sample are established. Some semiempirical relations for field applications are also presented.     

细粒含量对饱和砂类土液化强度的影响

为研究细粒含量FC对不同密实状态饱和砂类土液化强度CRR的影响,将不同FC的砂类土试样分为3组：（1）相同的相对密实度 50%;（2）相同的孔隙比 0.90;（3）相同的骨架孔隙比 1.20,对不同FC和密实状态（ 、e和 ）的砂类土进行了一系列不排水循环三轴试验。试验结果显示：e或 相同的砂类土CRR随着FC的增加逐渐降低;具有相同 砂类土的CRR随FC的增加迅速增大,砂类土的CRR与 、e或 都没有较好的相关性。分析表明：不同FC和密实状态砂类土的CRR随等效骨架孔隙比 的增大而降低,两者呈现较好的负幂函数关系,这表明考虑细粒影响程度的 是合理表征不同种类砂类土CRR的一个物理状态指标。通过对比已有的砂类土的试验结果发现：砂类土中的砂粒是影响CRR的重要因素,且随着砂粒的形状从圆状向角状变化,砂类土的总体CRR逐渐增大。     

饱和砂土液化特性的可视化试验研究

针对目前散粒体液化细观机制研究的局限性,对C.K.C型动态三轴仪进行改进,研制了可用于研究散粒体细观组构特征的动三轴可视化试验系统。利用该系统对循环荷载作用下标准砂的颗粒运动规律及细观组构特征进行初步探讨,从颗粒的运动规律、定向性、配位数和孔隙率等细观角度分析了循环荷载作用下饱和砂土发生液化的细观机制,认为液化的发生是土体在循环荷载作用下颗粒不断运动、重新排列的结果,指出颗粒长轴方向、配位数和孔隙率等细观组构参量是反映循环荷载作用下饱和砂土液化宏观响应的重要参量     

Fundamental yet simplified model for liquefaction instability

A fundamental procedure is proposed for the identification of liquefaction in saturated soils based on the instability in the material's microstructure. The disturbed state concept (DSC) provides a unified constitutive model for the characterization of entire stress–strain behaviour under cyclic loading, and the values of disturbance at threshold states in the deforming microstructure provides the basis for the identification of liquefaction. The procedure is verified with respect to laboratory behaviour of two sands, saturated Ottawa and Reid Bedford. A mathematical analysis of the DSC constitutive matrix is also performed. Procedures for the application of the DSC for simplified analysis and design, and in finite element procedures are presented. It is believed that the proposed model can provide a fundamental yet simplified procedure for liquefaction analysis, and as a result, it is considered to be an improvement over the available empirical and energy-based procedures. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis of liquefaction susceptibility of nearly saturated sands

A new constitutive formulation for simulating the behaviour of nearly saturated sands under seismic loads is presented. The formulation is based on combining the Henry's law for dissolution of gas in water, the ideal or perfect gas law and the law of conservation of mass. The effects of transient air dissolution in water on the compressibility of partially saturated soils are also taken into account. The model was calibrated based on numerical simulations of isotropically consolidated cyclic triaxial tests conducted on partially saturated samples of Toyoura sand. A multi‐yield plasticity soil constitutive model implemented in the finite element code DYNAFLOW was used for these numerical simulations. It is shown that the formulation proposed here is able to reasonably predict the soil cyclic undrained behaviour at various degrees of saturation (95% and higher). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.