中国海洋综合管控的蓝“色天网”——国家海域动态监视监测管理系统

我国面临的自然海区包括渤海、黄海、东海、南海及台湾以东海域,跨越温带、亚热带和热带。大陆海岸线北起鸭绿江口,南至北仑河口,长达1.8万多千米,岛屿岸线长达1.4万多千米。海岸类型多样,大于10平方千米的海湾160多个,大中河口10多个,自然深水岸线400多千米。     

大连海洋经济管理研究述评与建议

从文献的基本论述及其统计分析看,大连海洋经济管理研究取得了一定的进展和成果。但是,现有的文献普遍存在着应用研究多而理论研究少、宏观研究多而微观研究少、定性分析多而定量分析少、文献分析多而调研分析少、对策研究多而战略研究少等研究现象。因此,大连海洋经济管理研究在其广度、深度及高度上均需拓展。     

多波束探测分辨率估计模型研究

多波束探测分辨率是衡量多波束探测能力的重要指标,针对如何确定多波束探测分辨率这一问题,通过原理分析,阐述了多波束探测分辨率的含义,在几何空间上推导了纵向、横向和垂向分辨率估计模型,提出了多波束目标探测分辨率模型,并以Reson 8101多波束测深仪为例进行了计算。计算结果表明,该模型能较直接地估计多波束探测分辨率,可作为多波束测量技术设计的重要依据,同时发现多波束探测横向分辨率是多波束目标探测分辨率的主要决定因素。     

台湾海峡多管水母属——新种及基于线粒体COI序列分析鉴定多管水母

报道了中国台湾海峡多管水母属一新种——台湾多管水母(Aequorea taiwanensis n.sp.),详细描述其形态特征,并基于线粒体COI基因片段序列,比较、分析了该新种和乳突多管水母、锥状多管水母的序列差异及遗传距离。形态学和分子学数据都支持台湾多管水母为多管水母属有效种。3种多管水母mtCOI基因片断序列在种间存在明显的多态性,3种多管水母的种间序列差异为9.10%~11.9%,种间遗传距离为0.097~0.130,说明该基因片段适用于多管水母属种、种以下阶元及地理种群甄别和种间系统进化学分析。结合其他学者研究结果,认为mtCOI序列差异10%~20%可以作为多管水母属及其他水螅水母纲动物同属种间差异的标准。     

九龙江口红树林区底栖动物体内的多环芳烃

2001年8月和11月在九龙江口红树林区采集了6种底栖动物,测定了它们体内16种多环芳烃的含量.紫游螺(Neritina [Dostia] violacea)、黑口滨螺(Littoraria melanostoma)、可口革囊星虫(Phascolosoma esculenta)、弹涂鱼(Periophthalmus cantonensis)、查加拟蟹守螺(Cerithideadj adjariensis)、孔虾虎鱼(Trypauchen vagina)对沉积物中多环芳烃的富集系数均小于1.弹涂鱼和黑口滨螺体内多环芳烃的含量有随沉积物中多环芳烃含量的增加而增加的趋势,但它们的富集系数却有随沉积物中多环芳烃含量增加而减少的趋势.弹涂鱼、黑口滨螺、查加拟蟹守螺和可口革囊星虫体内多环芳烃主要由二环多环芳烃组成,紫游螺和孔虾虎鱼体内分别是四环和五环多环芳烃比例最高.     

2022年夏季胶州湾致灾物种多棘海盘车的分子解析

多棘海盘车(Asterias amurensis)是海星纲的一个致灾物种,广泛分布于包括我国黄海、渤海海域、韩国、日本和俄罗斯海域在内的北太平洋海域,并作为入侵种分布于澳大利亚的塔斯马尼亚海域。多棘海盘车在多个海域发生过暴发性增殖导致的高密度、大规模聚集,对海洋生态系统和水产养殖造成严重的负面影响。自2006年以来在我国山东青岛海域多次发生大规模多棘海盘车聚集,对贝类养殖造成重大经济损失。日本、俄罗斯、澳大利亚等海域的多棘海盘车遗传多样性研究取得了显著进展,然而,迄今为止鲜有针对我国海域致灾物种多棘海盘车的分子生物学分析,阻碍了我国海域种群与全球种群间遗传进化关系的比较分析。研究重点分析了于2022年7月在胶州湾发生多棘海盘车暴发时采集的12个样本,系统组装了其线粒体基因组、核糖体基因簇以及多种通用分子标记。基于线粒体基因组和核糖体基因簇的系统发育分析表明多棘海盘车具有较高的种内遗传多样性。基于线粒体基因组的蛋白编码基因进行分化时间估算,多棘海盘车的种内遗传分化可能发生在1.7～4.2 Ma,表明多棘海盘车的扩布可能较早发生。与线粒体基因组相比,多棘海盘车核糖体基因簇序列在种内极为保守...     

海洋内波对多波束测深的影响

分析了内波对多波束测深精度影响的两种机理,并指出测线方向与内波传播方向的夹角不同,多波束测深受到影响的程度也不相同。通过对实测数据的分析,获得了内波的规模、波长、运动方向等基本特征,以及初步了解了内波对多波束测深、调查船航迹线、船速等方面产生的影响。该研究结果可以用于指导野外多波束测量遇到内波时的应对措施,以及利用多波束测深系统对内波进行进一步的研究。     

一种多波束换能器水平旋转控制系统的设计

在多波束换能器一系列指标检测中,需要控制多波束换能器在不同方向进行声波的发射与接收。介绍了一种以单片机为控制核心、以伺服电机为执行机构的多波束换能器水平旋转控制系统。经过实际运行,该系统实现了对多波束换能器在水平面内旋转角度、速度的良好控制和显示,并利用该系统对多波束测深仪进行了声学指标检测。     

多波束测深外业实施研究

主要研究和探讨多波束外业测量的实施,针对多波束实施过程中影响多波束测量成果质量的海况因素、船速控制、布线原则、参数设置和声速改正等因素从理论、规范等方面进行了分析。     

海域天然气水合物地球物理勘探进展

进入21世纪后,海域天然气水合物地球物理勘探取得了较大的进步。主要表现为,在勘探技术上已由单一的地震勘探发展到以地震勘探为主,重力、磁力勘探综合应用的格局;在地震勘探方法上,已由常规的单道、多道地震发展到多频地震、高分辨率二维、三维地震和海底多分量地震;在地震资料的处理上,已由常规处理发展到突出BSR特征的“三高”和叠前时间偏移处理;在天然气水合物的地震识别上,已由速度、振幅结构研究发展到多属性判别、多弹性参数和多物性参数反演。这些新技术、新方法的应用,加快了海域天然气水合物调查进度,提高了天然气水合物地球物理识别的可靠性。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

The Diel Behaviour of Small Demersal Fish on Soft Sediments on the West Coast of Scotland using a Variety of Techniques: with Special Reference to Lesueurigobius friesii (Pisces; Gobiidae)

Abstract. The diel behaviour of communities of small demersal fishes was studied in situ on the west coast of Scotland using trawling, diving, underwater television and underwater time-lapse photography techniques. Lumpenus lampretaeformis and Pomatoschistus norvegicus were shown to have crepuscular behaviour patterns. Lesueurigobius friesii was a day active fish, spending the night close to or within its burrow and feeding through the day. Disruptions to this behaviour pattern occurred at high abundances of gadoids and during the spawning season. The fish community as a whole showed a crepuscular periodicity. The various observational methods are discussed. There did not appear to be any close association between Lesueurigobius friesii and the decapod Nephrops norvegicus.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Anatomical and ultrastructural comparison of the eyes of two species of aquatic,pulmonate gastropods: The bioluminescent Latia neritoides and the non‐luminescent Ancylus fluviatilis

Light‐adapted eyes of two freshwater gastropods with similar habitat preferences (Latia neritoides (Gray 1850) and Ancylus fluviatilis (Müller 1774)) were compared with each other in relation to optics, anatomy, and ultrastructure. Individuals of L. neritoides not only possess significantly larger eyes than similarly sized A. fluviatilis, they also have a more voluminous layer of photorecep‐tive membranes and appear capable of discerning at least some crude shapes. The eye of A. fluviatilis, on the other hand, has a very shallow retina which is so closely apposed to the lens that it can be little more than an indicator of light and darkness. Both types of eye are generously endowed with screening pigment granules and exhibit no signs of light‐induced damage. Although the lenticular F‐values for L. neritoides (1.78) and A. fluviatilis (1.74) alone are hardly indicative of an adaptation to a dark environment, the greater amount of photic vesicles and the substantial development of muscle fibres in the eye of L. neritoides suggest that the latter can adjust its vision more rapidly to changing light levels than that of A. fluviatilis. Since L. neritoides (but not A. fluviatilis) has the ability to secrete a bright green luminescent mucus, a faster accommodation system would serve the species well. There is, however, no proof that in Latia bioluminescence alone has been responsible for the development of a more capable eye. Most of the differences between the eyes of L. neritoides and A. fluviatilis can be explained by the distinctly greater nocturnal activity of L. neritoides in combination with the ability to produce bright light in the latter species.     

Development of storm surge which led to flooding in St. Bernard Polder during Hurricane Katrina

Hurricane Katrina caused devastating flooding in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana. Storm surge surrounded the polder that comprises heavily populated sections of the Parish in addition to the Lower 9th Ward section of Orleans Parish. Surge propagated along several pathways to reach levees and walls around the polder's periphery. Extreme water levels led to breaches in the levee/wall system which, along with wave overtopping and steady overflow, led to considerable flood water entering the polder. Generation and evolution of the storm surge as it propagated into the region is examined using results from the SL15 regional application of the ADCIRC storm surge model. Fluxes of water into the region through navigation channels are compared to fluxes which entered through Lake Borgne and over inundated wetlands surrounding the lake. Fluxes through Lake Borgne and adjacent wetlands were found to be the predominant source of water reaching the region. Various sources of flood water along the polder periphery are examined. Flood water primarily entered through the east and west sides of the polder. Different peak surges and hydrograph shapes were experienced along the polder boundaries, and reasons for the spatial variability in surge conditions are discussed.     

Phosphorite from the Continental Margin off Madras, Bay of Bengal

A recent survey reveals that phosphorites occur over an area of 800 km2 between 100 and 500 m depths on the outer continental shelf and upper slope ESE off Madras. Appreciable subsurface continuity of phosphorites is not indicated. They mostly occur over two terraces recorded between the 100 and 200, and 350 and 400m isobaths. Sampled phosphorites may be classified under four types: (1) dense conglomeratic phosphorites in the size range 2 5 cm, (2) dark gray phosphatic nodules in the size range 1 3 cm, (3) creamy white calcareous algal nodules with phosphatic laminations in the size range 0.5 3 cm, and (4) recent gastropod shells with phosphatic studs. Conglomeratic phosphorites confined mostly to the upper terrace were recov ered along with calcareous pelecypod and gastropod fossils belonging to Cretaceous to Oligocene age. Gray phosphatic nodules occur over upper as well as lower terraces. The algal nodules are mostly confined to the upper terrace and are less abundant. Acoustic profiles (3.5 kHz) and the recovery of fossils indicate that the upper terrace is a karstic surface of a carbonate platform, probably of Cretaceous to Oligocene age. Petrographic study of the conglomeratic phosphorite shows skeletal matter set in phosphatic matrix and what appears to be the phosphatized limestone. Selective phosphatization of foraminiferal tests is common. Dark gray phosphatic nodules show brownish-gray laminations containing phosphatized skeletal fragments set in phosphatic matrix. Creamy white calcareous algal nodules exhibit alternate gray phosphatic and white calcitic laminations. All the phosphorite types are composed of carbonate fluorapatite and calcite as major minerals, followed by quartz and aragonite. Phosphorous pentoxide content of conglomeratic type varies from 15% to 20%, dark gray nodules from 16% to 19.98%, and calcareous algal nodules from 8.10% to 17.54%. The significant enrichment of Mo and Pb in phosphorites is attributed to their fixation in organic matter under reduced condition. SEM studies indicate a microbial origin for the gray phosphatic and algal nodules. Studies suggest four episodes of phosphatization with intervening reworking and redoposition, probably commencing from the Eocene period. Phosphatization during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene period also can be ruled out.     

江苏省宜兴西溪、骆驼墩篮蚬与环棱螺研究

江苏宜兴西溪、骆驼墩篮蚬(Corbicula)与环棱螺(Bellamya)计有10种,其中篮蚬8种,环棱螺2种,属种虽然不多,但是个体数量极多。可分成4个组合类群:一是Corbicula fluminea-Corbicula largillierti组合。这个组合类群地质历程长,适应性强,个体数量多,分布广泛;最早发现于青海柴达木盆地第三系,代表古老类群。二是Corbicula obrutschewi-Corbicula takasaga组合,这个组合类群壳体较大,轮廓三角形,壳长略大于壳高;C. obrutschewi产于河北张家口岔道村附近的下更新统;C. takasaga发现于台湾新竹的上新统苗栗组;但在中、上更新统时期未发现本组合代表,可是到全新世时,宜兴的西溪、骆驼墩又出现本组合代表,似乎是返祖现象。三是Corbicula celsusapica-Corbicula yixingensis组合。本类群壳体中等大小,厚而膨凸,轮廓高圆三角形,壳高大于壳长,壳顶宽大而高耸,铰板宽,壳顶腔很深;Corbicula celsusapica发现于浙江湖州上更新统,C. yixingensis到目前仅见于宜兴。本组合为长江下游的宜兴和浙江湖州新生代晚期的特有种。四是Bellamya quadrata-Bellamya viviparoides组合。本组合在上更新统至现在的河流、湖泊均有,其中B. quadrata化石发现于江苏新沂上更新统,B. viviparoides化石发现于江苏句容上更新统下蜀组。     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

Ultrastructure study of the diatom——Ⅱ. Synedra, Cyclophora, Plagiogramma, Opephora, Fragilaria and Pseudostaurosira

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