西准噶尔南部晚古生代侵入岩特征和构造背景

西准噶尔地区南部达拉布特断裂两侧广泛发育晚古生代花岗岩类,其锆石U-Pb年龄范围为337~276 Ma,属早石炭世-早二叠世.基于前人相关研究资料和成果,总结区内花岗岩类的岩石学、地球化学特征,认为：①岩石类型从早到晚由中性的闪长岩向酸性的花岗岩及碱长花岗岩转变.相应地,成因类型由埃达克岩质花岗岩→岛弧I型花岗岩→A型花岗岩.②岩石系列从早到晚由钙碱性向高钾钙碱性及后期钾玄岩系列转变.相应地,Na2O/K2O比值亦由大于1向小于1转变.③从早到晚区内花岗岩类的∑REE、δEu、L/H及Sr、Yb含量均呈规律性变化.并且相对富集LILE,亏损HFSE和不同程度亏损Nb、Ta.④均具有高正εNd（t）、低（87Sr/86Sr）i值和Nd模式年龄较小的特征.⑤在构造环境判别图解上,区内花岗岩从早到晚显示出由碰撞挤压向后碰撞伸展体制转换的趋势.上述几点说明区内花岗岩可能主要产出于后碰撞挤压-伸展转换和伸展拉张的构造背景,并且早阶段的岩浆活动可能与俯冲-碰撞背景下的俯冲板片断离密切相关.     

西准噶尔色尔登花岗岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

本文在野外实地调查的基础上,分析研究了新疆西准噶尔色尔登花岗岩岩体的岩石组合类型和岩石地球化学特征。研究结果表明,色尔登岩体为晚石炭世后I型花岗岩,形成于后碰撞伸展背景下,物源为下地壳中基性物质的部分熔融,但形成时的地壳厚度较薄,部分熔融的热力来源为软流圈玄武质岩浆底侵作用。本文通过探讨西准噶尔晚石炭世花岗岩类形成时的构造环境、成因机制及构造意义,为西准噶尔地区晚石炭世地壳内部物质重新分配的过程研究提供了新的依据。     

西准噶尔A型花岗岩地球化学特征及找矿意义

西准噶尔地区广泛发育晚古生代后碰撞花岗岩,年龄多集中于300Ma左右,在时代上属于晚石炭世,A型花岗岩具有具有高硅、低铝、富碱、准铝质-弱过铝质、贫钙、低镁,10000×Ga/Al比值较大,强烈富集高场强元素(HFSE)及Zr、Y、Ga等元素,Sr、Ba强烈亏损,稀土配分模式图呈现典型的右倾“海鸥型”等,并且在A1—A2型花岗岩判别图解显示具有典型的铝质A型的A2型花岗岩特征,表明A型花岗岩可能是年轻地壳(洋壳和岛弧)部分熔融形成的美云闪长-花岗闪长岩质岩浆经进一步分离结晶作用的产物,具备规模成矿的条件.     

西准噶尔A型花岗岩地球化学特征及构造意义

西准噶尔地区广泛发育晚古生代后碰撞花岗岩,年龄多集中于300Ma左右,在时代上属于晚石炭世,A型花岗岩具有高硅、低铝、富碱、准铝质—弱过铝质、贫钙、低镁,10 000×Ga/Al比值较大,强烈富集高场强元素（HFSE）及Zr、Y、Ga等元素,Sr、Ba强烈亏损,稀土配分模式图呈现典型的右倾＂海鸥型＂等,并且在A1-A2...     

新疆西准噶尔塔尔根一带花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其地质意义

新疆西准噶尔达尔布特构造-岩浆带分布大量的中酸性侵入体,其成因类型和侵位期次对于认识区域岩浆演化具有重要意义。通过对玛依勒山北段塔尔根一带的岩体进行野外地质调查,并结合LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学及岩石地球化学分析,确定其形成时代、岩石成因及形成的构造环境。塔尔根一带岩体主要由正长花岗岩和二长花岗岩组成,正长花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为296.6±2.0Ma(n=27,MSWD=0.33),属早二叠世早期。岩石地球化学研究表明,其具有高硅、富碱、低钛和铝、贫钙镁,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、K及高场强元素Zr、Hf,强烈亏损Sr、Eu、P、Ti,中等亏损Ba、Nb、Ta等元素,104Ga/Al值及Zr+Nb+Ce+Y含量较高的特征,属碱性准铝质-弱过铝质A型花岗岩,为低压高温条件下长英质地壳物质部分熔融的产物。综合区域构造演化并结合前人认识可知,西准噶尔地区在晚石炭世—早二叠世仍处于俯冲体系,很可能与晚石炭世洋脊俯冲作用有关。     

西准噶尔成矿带晚古生代花岗岩类岩浆活动及其构造意义

中亚造山带是晚古生代地壳显著生长与大规模成矿的重要地区。本文采集了中亚造山带西部的西准噶尔成矿带哈图-别鲁阿嘎希及其附近地区11个岩体共33件花岗岩类样品,对其开展了岩石地球化学与同位素示踪等研究,厘定了该地区晚古生代岩浆活动的特点与大地构造环境,并与哈萨克斯坦境内的巴尔喀什成矿带晚古生代岩浆活动进行了对比。研究表明,哈图地区晚石炭世花岗岩类主要为后碰撞伸展构造环境的A型花岗岩类,别鲁阿嘎希等地区存在洋内俯冲与岛弧环境的埃达克岩,显示了西准噶尔晚古生代构造环境时空变化的复杂性。该地区花岗岩类εNd(t)值较高(+4.62~+7.53)、εSr(t)值为(-57.61~+18.21),具有中亚造山带花岗岩类的共同特征,为古生代增生的新生陆壳,其源区与亏损地幔组分具有亲缘关系,这与巴尔喀什成矿带东段的花岗岩类具有一致性。花岗岩的~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb比值范围分别为18.2776~19.1677、15.5260~15.5796和38.2080~39.0821,为造山带花岗岩类。     

西准噶尔地区晚古生代沉积环境分析

出露于新疆西准噶尔托里老风口地区的晚古生代地层,岩性主要为火山碎屑岩,并含有丰富的腕足类、海百合茎等浅海相的生物化石。通过对其火山碎屑岩类岩石学特征、粒度分析数据和古生物化石的研究,表明新疆西准噶尔地区在晚志留世—早泥盆世到早石炭世期间沉积环境为滨海—浅海环境,同时为西准噶尔洋闭合时代的研究提供了沉积学依据。     

新疆西昆仑早古生代侵入岩地球化学特征及地质意义

南华纪-早古生代是昆仑山地区洋-陆转换阶段,区域上沿柯岗-库地-其曼于特一带扩张形成古昆仑洋盆。大规模的俯冲消减发生在奥陶纪（481~440 Ma,俯冲型侵入岩发育）,志留纪的造山作用结束了洋的演化历程。通过对西昆仑阿喀孜一带侵入岩岩石地球化学特征、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年的研究,重塑了本区构造演化过程,将该区早古生代侵入岩细分为晚寒武世壳幔混源序列、晚奥陶世壳幔混源序列和晚志留世壳幔混源序列,从晚寒武世—晚志留世侵入岩显示以下特征：岩石铝饱和指数（A/CNK）值介于（0.86~1.23）,具有由偏基性向偏酸性演化趋势;球粒标准化REE配分曲线成近平行曲线簇,稀土总量∑REE（228.96→379.39）显著增高,而δEu（0.79→0.16）降低,表明岩浆分异增大,Eu负异常明显加深,地壳成熟度提高;微量元素显示出富集大离子亲石元素（LILE）,亏损高场强元素（HFSE）。结合侵入岩形成的大地构造环境,该期早古生代侵入岩形成于西昆仑地块北缘古昆仑洋盆的俯冲-消减-闭合,塔里木陆块与西昆仑地块陆-陆碰撞造山阶段,为研究该区古昆仑洋消减-消亡构造演化提供了最新的地质资料。     

新疆西准噶尔红山岩体地质地球化学特征及对下地壳性质的启示

准噶尔盆地基底性质历年来一直存在争议, 而花岗岩地球化学特征对下地壳性质具有指示意义.研究发现, 红山岩体的岩石类型主要为碱长花岗岩, 具有高SiO₂、低Al₂O₃、偏碱性、准铝质、轻重稀土分馏相对明显且富集轻稀土、明显的Eu异常、富集Rb、Th、K等大离子亲石元素及Zr、Hf等高场强元素而强烈亏损Sr、Ba、P、Ti等元素的A型花岗岩特征, 形成于后碰撞的张性环境中.SIMS和LA-ICP-MS测试获得的岩体侵位年龄分别为315.7±2.4Ma(MSWD=0.82)和317.8±3.8Ma(MSWD=2.8), 指示该岩体为晚石炭世早期的产物, 与西准噶尔后碰撞岩浆活动的时限一致.红山碱长花岗岩的结晶温度为680~860℃, Lu-Hf、Sr-Nd同位素特征共同表明西准噶尔的基底是由亏损地幔演化而来的年轻地壳物质组成.      

西准噶尔晚古生代岩浆活动和构造背景

西准噶尔作为中亚造山带的一部分,吸引了大量学者的关注。蛇绿混杂岩带、花岗岩、中基性岩墙在本地区广泛出现,表明西准噶尔晚古生代构造演化极为复杂。但是在许多方面仍存在很多争议,例如西准噶尔蛇绿混杂岩带的形成时代、岩石组合和岩石成因;I型和A型花岗岩的岩石成因,构造背景和热机制;中基性-酸性岩墙群的年代学、岩石成因、构造背景和古应力场;西准噶尔晚古生代年代学格架和构造背景;西准噶尔显生宙地壳增生;西准噶尔基底特征和西准噶尔晚古生代构造演化等。笔者通过搜集前人的资料和数据,对西准噶尔区域发育的蛇绿混杂岩带、地层、古地理环境、花岗岩体和中基性岩墙群的总结,结合项目组野外与室内数据的研究,得到以下认识:(1)达尔布特和克拉玛依蛇绿混杂岩的形成环境为与俯冲相关的弧后盆地,源区来自含尖晶石二辉橄榄岩高程度部分熔融作用;(2)早石炭世花岗岩形成于俯冲环境,晚石炭世-早二叠世花岗岩形成于后碰撞环境,中二叠世花岗岩形成于板内环境;(3)I型花岗岩的成因与俯冲密切相关,而A型花岗岩和中基性岩墙产于后碰撞环境下;(4)A型花岗岩是下地壳受地幔底侵发生部分熔融并高度分离结晶的产物,中基性岩墙群普遍具有埃达克质岩的地球化学特点,可能产于受流体(或熔体)交代的残余洋壳板片的部分熔融;(5)中基性岩墙群稍晚于寄主岩体而形成,但两者均形成于后碰撞构造背景。在晚石炭世-早二叠世,西准噶尔处于近南北向的拉张应力体系;(6)西准噶尔在泥盆纪为洋盆体系;早石炭世,俯冲-碰撞过程结束;晚石炭世-早二叠世属于后碰撞环境;中晚二叠世处于板内环境。     

Late Paleozoic peperites in West Junggar,China, and how they constrain regional tectonic and palaeoenvironmental setting

Late Paleozoic peperites have been identified for the first time at the bottom of Tailegula Formation in West Junggar, China. This finding is significant for the reconstruction of Late Paleozoic evolution in the Junggar region. The peperites form successions up to 500 m thick interbedded with basaltic lava and sedimentary rocks. Four types of peperites are described and interpreted as resulting from basaltic lava bulldozed into wet, unconsolidated sediments at their basal contacts. Zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of a tuff lens enclosed by lava showed that the peperites formed in the Late Devonian (ca. 364 Ma). The peperite-bearing units probably formed at a water depth of less than 3 km and are generally undeformed, occurring in continuous stratigraphic sections distributed regionally over a distance of 100 km on either side of the Darbut and Baijiantan ophiolitic belts, in contrast to the highly deformed slices of ophiolite. They demonstrate that the Darbut and Baijiantan ophiolitic belts should not be interpreted as significant plate boundaries and represent the underlying ocean crust uplifted along tectonic lineaments within a continuous shallow remnant ocean basin. The peperites formed during the spreading phase of the remnant ocean basin and represent the final stages of creation of oceanic crust.     

阿尔泰造山带南缘和准噶尔板块北缘晚古生代构造演化及多金属成矿作用

研究表明,阿尔泰南缘和准噶尔北缘晚古生代大地构造演化及成矿作用均受古亚洲洋形成与演化的控制。晚古生代该地区经历了3个不同性质的构造演化阶段,同时伴有不同的多金属成矿作用。早泥盆世,由于古亚洲洋板块的俯冲,在阿尔泰南缘形成了一系列陆缘断陷盆地,并伴随以铅、锌、铜、铁多金属为主的矿化;同时,俯冲的古亚洲洋板块发生部分熔融,形成了埃达克岩及与其有关的铜矿床。随着板块俯冲的继续,中泥盆世出现了前弧盆地,并形成了铜-铅-锌多金属矿床。至石炭纪,西伯利亚板块与哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔板块发生碰撞,在额尔齐斯缝合带附近出现了由于挤压作用而形成的金矿床,同时,在缝合带北侧(阿尔泰地区),由于壳型花岗岩的广泛发育,形成了稀有金属矿床。早二叠世,在额尔齐斯缝合带附近又发生了碰撞后的板内拉张作用,从而诱发了一系列与地幔作用有关的岩浆活动,形成了以喀拉通克为代表的铜-镍矿化。因此,阿尔泰南缘和准噶尔北缘晚古生代多金属找矿远景区包括:阿勒泰南缘早泥盆世火山-沉积盆地内铅、锌、铜及铁多金属矿床和准噶尔北缘早泥盆世与埃达克岩有关的铜矿床;中泥盆世前弧盆地内的铜多金属矿床;石炭纪额尔齐斯缝合带内与碰撞有关的金矿床及稀有金属矿床;早二叠世与板内拉张有关的铜-镍多金属矿床。     

Palaeozoic multiphase magmatism at Barleik Mountain,southern West Junggar,Northwest China: implications for tectonic evolution of the West Junggar

The West Junggar lies in the southwest part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) and consists of Palaeozoic ophiolitic mélanges, island arcs, and accretionary complexes. The Barleik ophiolitic mélange comprises several serpentinite-matrix strips along a NE-striking fault at Barleik Mountain in the southern West Junggar. Several small late Cambrian (509–503 Ma) diorite-trondhjemite plutons cross-cut the ophiolitic mélange. These igneous bodies are deformed and display island arc calc-alkaline affinities. Both the mélange and island arc plutons are uncomfortably covered by Devonian shallow-marine and terrestrial volcano-sedimentary rocks and Carboniferous volcano-sedimentary rocks. Detrital zircons (n = 104) from the Devonian sandstone yield a single age population of 452–517 million years, with a peak age of 474 million years. The Devonian–Carboniferous strata are invaded by an early Carboniferous (327 Ma) granodiorite, late Carboniferous (315–311 Ma) granodiorites, and an early Permian (277 Ma) K-feldspar granite. The early Carboniferous pluton is coeval with subduction-related volcano-sedimentary strata in the central West Junggar, whereas the late Carboniferous–early Permian intrusives are contemporary with widespread post-collisional magmatism in the West Junggar and adjacent regions. They are typically undeformed or only slightly deformed.

Our data reveal that island arc calc-alkaline magmatism occurred at least from middle Cambrian to Late Ordovician time as constrained by igneous and detrital zircon ages. After accretion to another tectonic unit to the south, the ophiolitic mélange and island arc were exposed, eroded, and uncomfortably overlain by the Devonian shallow-marine and terrestrial volcano-sedimentary strata. The early Carboniferous arc-related magmatism might reflect subduction of the Junggar Ocean in the central Junggar. Before the late Carboniferous, the oceanic basins apparently closed in this area. These different tectonic units were stitched together by widespread post-collisional plutons in the West Junggar during the late Carboniferous–Permian. Our data from the southern West Junggar and those from the central and northern West Junggar and surroundings consistently indicate that the southwest part of the CAOB was finally amalgamated before the Permian.     

Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of the middle Silurian volcanic rocks in northern West Junggar,NW China

Zircon U–Pb geochronological and geochemical analyses are reported for a suite of the middle Silurian volcanic rocks from northern West Junggar (NW China), southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), with the aim to investigate the sources, petrogenesis, and tectonic implications. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb analysis from an andesite yielded a concordant weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 429 ± 3 Ma, indicating the presence of middle Silurian volcanic rocks in northern West Junggar. The andesite is tholeiite series and characterized by minor variations in compositions (SiO₂ = 55.68–59.17 wt.%, Al₂O₃ = 14.56–17.7 wt.%, TiO₂ = 0.55–1.23 wt.%, Na₂O + K₂O = 3.46–7.16 wt.%, and P₂O₅ = 0.15–0.37 wt.%), with wider MgO content (2.18–6.48 wt.%) and Mg# (57.4–77.9). All andesitic rocks are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs; e.g. Rb, Ba, K, and Th) and light rare earth elements (LREEs), but strongly depleted in some high field strength elements (HFSEs; e.g. Nb, Ta and Ti), with slight negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.8–1). These features suggest that the andesitic magmas were derived from 2–8% partial melting of a garnet lherzolite depleted mantle source with subducted sediments metasomatized by slab-derived fluids. Combining the current study with those data in existing literature, we conclude that the middle Silurian volcanic rocks formed in an intra-oceanic subduction setting during consumption of the Irtysh–Zaysan Ocean, and further confirm the eastern extension of the early Palaeozoic Boshchekul–Chingiz volcanic arc of East Kazakhstan in China.     

达拉布特蛇绿岩带的时限和属性以及对西准噶尔晚古生代构造演化的讨论

萨尔托海附近的也格孜卡拉花岗岩侵入到达拉布特蛇绿岩带中,为典型的"钉合岩体",其锆石SHRIMPU-Pb年龄结果为308±3Ma(MSWD=0.83),限定了达拉布特蛇绿岩带侵位时限不晚于308Ma,同时达拉布特蛇绿岩中辉长岩的年龄(Sm-Nd等时线年龄395Ma;LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄391Ma),给出了达拉布特蛇绿岩带的形成年龄。达拉布特蛇绿岩带两侧地层均为下石炭统,为稳定火山-沉积序列,岩石组合特征相同,具有很好的可对比性,表明达拉布特蛇绿岩带不是分隔两侧不同板块的板块缝合带。在综合分析前人板片窗、增生楔等不同构造模型的基础上,提出残余洋盆的被动垮塌充填是西准噶尔地区晚古生代构造演化的主要形式,残余洋盆闭合过程中可能伴随着洋壳俯冲过程,侵入于西准增生杂岩的多个花岗岩体和闪长岩墙,限定了西准晚古生代增生作用不晚于晚石炭世。     

Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of early Carboniferous alkaline volcanic rocks in Karamay region of West Junggar,Northwest China

ABSTRACT

Zircon U–Pb geochronological and geochemical analyses are reported for a suite of the early Carboniferous volcanic rocks from West Junggar (Northwest China), southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), with the aim to investigate the sources, petrogenesis, and tectonic implications. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb analysis from an andesite yielded concordant weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 345 ± 3 Ma, indicating the presence of early Carboniferous volcanic rocks in West Junggar. The early Carboniferous volcanic rocks consist of basalt, basaltic andesite, and andesite. Geochemically, all the samples bear the signature of ocean island basalt (OIB), and are characterized by alkaline affinity with minor variations in SiO₂ compositions (45.13–53.05 wt.%), high concentrations of Na₂O + K₂O (5.08–8.89 wt.%) and TiO₂ (1.71–3.35 wt.%), and LREE enrichment and HREE depletion ((La/Yb)_N = 7.1–12.4), with weak Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.9–1.1) and no obvious Nb, Ta, and Ti negative anomalies. These features suggest that the early Carboniferous volcanic rocks were derived from an OIB-related source that consists of oceanic lithosphere with ~1–3% degree partial melting of garnet lherzolite. From these observations, in combination with previous work, we conclude that the early Carboniferous alkaline volcanic rocks in Karamay region formed by upwelling of asthenospheric mantle through a slab window in a forearc setting during consumption of the West Junggar Ocean. Meanwhile, seamounts, which formed in the Late Devonian and were accreted and subducted in Karamay arc, also brought geological effects in the subduction zone.     

Geochemistry and Sr-Nd isotopes of amphibolite dykes of northern Victoria Land, Antarctica

Mafic dykes cutting the gneisses and migmatites in the Deep Freeze Range high-grade metamorphic complex of northern Victoria Land, Antarctica, have undergone strong recrystallization and deformation during amphibolite-facies metamorphism. Metamorphic mobility mostly affected the large-ion lithophile elements (LILE). Rare Earth (RE) and the high field-strength elements (HFSE) were essentially immobile during metamorphism. Together with the major-element geochemistry, this suggests primary characteristics of evolved tholeiitic magmas and mafic cumulates. No precise ages of intrusion are available for the dykes, but geological evidence suggest emplacement during the time interval 800 to 900 Ma. The Rb-Sr isotopic system in some of the dykes were also variably affected by a later thermal event, probably coincident with the time of amphibolite metamorphism, ca. 500–550 Ma ago. This event can be correlated with the Ross Orogeny in the Transantarctic Mountains. Nd isotopes and trace element abundances indicate that the dykes were derived by different degrees of partial melting and fractionation of heterogeneous sub-continental lithospheric mantle. The Nd isotopic compositions range from depleted to enriched signatures (ε^Nd computed back to 850 Ma = +4.5 to −11.61), and are coupled to different trace element normalized patterns characterized by a slight positive Nb anomaly in the former case to a strong negative Mb anomaly for the latter samples. On isotopic and chemical ground the depleted signature of the mantle source resembles that reported for E-type MORB. The nature of the enriched components cannot be uniquely stated; nevertheless, on the basis of isotopic and geochemical data, it could be represented by sediments recycled into the sub-continental mantle or by crustal contamination during underplating of mafic magmas, or a combination of the two processes.     

西准噶尔达拉布特断裂带中段晚古生代构造分析

走滑断裂构造在中亚造山带增生及演化过程的研究中扮演了重要角色,其主要构造单元均被走滑断裂带所分割。西准噶尔造山带是中亚增生型造山带的重要组成部分,达拉布特断裂是西准噶尔造山带中一条重要的走滑断裂,其复杂的构造表现吸引了大量研究者的关注。前人不仅在其构造解释上存在着走滑断层、逆冲断层或压扭性断层等诸多争议,且在其活动时代问题上也有不同的看法。本文依据在达拉布特断裂带中段开展的详细野外构造学工作,结合前人针对该地区石炭纪火山岩、浊积岩和造山后花岗岩侵入体所做的同位素年代学工作成果,对达拉布特断裂的活动性质和活动时代进行了讨论。结果确认在中二叠统沉积之前,达拉布特断裂带存在两期变形事件,分别对应于320Ma左右沿NE-SW的较深层次的左行走滑事件D1和表现为脆-韧性转换域的轴面倾向SE的褶皱作用构造事件D2。前者为主期变形事件,而后者发生在中二叠统沉积之前。本文同时报道了沿达拉布特断裂带出露右行走滑构造形迹,并讨论了其可能的成因。沿达拉布特断裂带的多期构造事件记录了西准噶尔地区造山后大规模走滑构造调整过程,是晚古生代晚期中亚各个陆块拼合后大规模陆内调整在西准噶尔造山带的具体体现。