Petrography and temporal changes in petrofacies of deep-marine Ainsa–Jaca basin sandstone systems, Early and Middle Eocene, Spanish Pyrenees

A petrographic study of 157 samples from the Early to Middle Eocene deep-marine sandy systems, Ainsa–Jaca basin, Spanish Pyrenees, shows that each system has a characteristic petrofacies. Three main petrofacies are recognized. Petrofacies 1 sandstones comprise mainly siliciclastic grains (≥80%), subordinate terrigenous carbonate grains and negligible intrabasinal grains. Petrofacies 2 hybrid arenites are characterized by significant amounts (≥10%) of intrabasinal carbonate grains. Petrofacies 3 calcilithites contain relatively abundant (≥10%) extrabasinal carbonate grains. On the basis of these petrofacies, a revised correlation of the sandy systems is proposed between the more proximal Ainsa basin, and the more distal Jaca basin sediments, now separated by the Boltaña anticline, across which it is impossible to actually trace out individual beds or sandstone packages between both basins. The arenite composition in the Ainsa and Jaca basins is interpreted as being controlled mainly by synsedimentary tectonic processes that led to changes in sediment sources during basin evolution.     

贵州独山泥盆系－石炭系界线附近的遗迹化石

独山地区的革老河组和汤粑沟组中含有丰富的遗迹化石，可分为：Ｓｋｏｌｉｔｈｏｓ－Ｄｉｐｌｏｃｒａｔｅｒｉｏｎ，Ｒｈｉｚｏｃｏｒａｌｌｉｕｍ－Ｔｈａｌａｓｓｉｎｏｉｄｅｓ，Ｃｈｏｎｄｒｉｔｅｓ－Ｐａｌａｅｏｐｈｙｃｕｓ，Ｔｅｉｃｈｉｃｈｎｕｓ－Ｐｌａｎｏｌｉｔｅｓ，Ｐｌａｎｏｌｉｔｅｓ－Ｃｏｃｈｌｉｃｈｎｕｓ等５个反映不同沉积环境的遗迹组合，并在剖面上展现出较好的海平面变化。通过对遗迹组合所反映环境的研究，独山地区泥盆系－石炭系界线附近的沉积环境受脉动式海平面升降的影响和控制，界线可能在汤粑沟组底部钙泥质条带灰岩明显海退事件之上的第一次海进层附近。     

贵州独山泥盆系－石炭系界线附近的遗迹化石

独山地区的革老河组和汤粑沟组中含有丰富的遗迹化石，可分为：Ｓｋｏｌｉｔｈｏｓ－Ｄｉｐｌｏｃｒａｔｅｒｉｏｎ，Ｒｈｉｚｏｃｏｒａｌｌｉｕｍ－Ｔｈａｌａｓｓｉｎｏｉｄｅｓ，Ｃｈｏｎｄｒｉｔｅｓ－Ｐａｌａｅｏｐｈｙｃｕｓ，Ｔｅｉｃｈｉｃｈｎｕｓ－Ｐｌａｎｏｌｉｔｅｓ，Ｐｌａｎｏｌｉｔｅｓ－Ｃｏｃｈｌｉｃｈｎｕｓ等５个反映不同沉积环境的遗迹组合，并在剖面上展现出较好的海平面变化。通过对遗迹组合所反映环境的研究，独山地区泥盆系－石炭系界线附近的沉积环境受脉动式海平面升降的影响和控制，界线可能在汤粑沟组底部钙泥质条带灰岩明显海退事件之上的第一次海进层附近。     

Ichnofabric characterization of a deep‐marine clastic system: a subsurface study of the Middle Eocene Ainsa System,Spanish Pyrenees

This paper documents a subsurface trace fossil and ichnofabric study of the proximal parts of a structurally confined and channelized sand‐rich, lower slope and proximal basin‐floor deep‐marine system in the Middle Eocene Ainsa basin, Spanish Pyrenees. Five depositional environments are recognized based on sedimentary facies associations, depositional architecture and stratigraphic context (channel axis, channel off‐axis, channel margin, leveé‐overbank and interfan), as well as a channel abandonment phase. Each environment is characterized by distinct and recurring ichnofabrics. Ichnological measurements and observations were recorded from six cores recovered from six wells drilled at a spacing of between 400 m and 500 m at outcrop, and totalling 1213 m in length. From channel axis to levée‐overbank environments, there is a trend of increasing bioturbation intensity and ichnodiversity. Ichnofabrics in channel axis and channel off‐axis environments are characterized by low bioturbation intensity and low ichnodiversity. Thalassinoides‐dominated firmground ichnofabrics associated with erosive sediment gravity flows are common in these environments. In contrast, channel margin and levée‐overbank environments are characterized by ichnofabrics associated with high bioturbation intensity and ichnodiversity. Sediments of the interfan are characterized by the highest bioturbation intensity, associated with burrow mottling and an absence of primary sedimentary structures. This paper demonstrates that in core‐based studies, ichnofabric analysis is an important and valuable tool in discriminating between different environments in channelized deep‐marine siliciclastic systems. The results of this study should find wide applicability in reservoir characterization studies in the petroleum industry, in field‐based analogue ichnofabric studies and other core‐based studies in deep‐water siliciclastic systems worldwide such as the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program.     

End-signature of deep-marine basin-fill, as a structurally confined low-gradient clastic system: the Middle Eocene Guaso system, South-central Spanish Pyrenees

The ca 300 m thick Guaso system is the youngest part of the ca 4 km thick deep-marine fill of the Middle Eocene Ainsa basin, Spanish Pyrenees. It is overlain by 150 to 200 m of fine-grained slope, prodelta and deltaic sediments. The ca 25 discrete deep-marine sandbodies within the Ainsa basin accumulated over ca 10 Myr, making eustasy the most likely control for coarse sand deposition (probably the ca 400 kyr Milankovitch mode). The first-order control on basin-scale accommodation, however, was tectonically-driven subsidence. Previously, the Guaso sandbodies were interpreted as linked to deep erosional, canyon-like features, but here it is argued that they are laterally extensive sandbodies, built by lateral-switching of 3 to 10 m deep erosional channels, and confined only by basin structure during deposition. The Guaso system represents the end of deep-marine deposition in a structurally-confined, delta-fed, low-gradient clastic system. The critical end-signature of deep-marine deposition was a phase of differential tectonic uplift above the underlying (Boltaña) thrust creating a narrower and shallower basin morphology, thus allowing sedimentation to create a low-gradient clastic system. Then, the next eustatic sea-level fall was insufficient to permit the cutting of canyons or deeply-incised slope channels, as had been the case earlier when the topographic relief between shelf and basin was at least several hundred metres greater. Such low-gradient clastic systems may characterize the end-signature for the infill of other shallowing-up deep-marine basins where a tectonic driver on subsidence is removed and/or differential uplift/subsidence leads to reduced sea floor gradients, leaving eustasy and sediment flux as the principal control on sediment supply.     

内蒙古西乌珠穆沁旗地区下二叠统寿山沟组 遗迹化石的发现及意义

内蒙古西乌旗地区寿山沟组化石稀少,沉积环境不明.在内蒙古西乌旗塔宾庙林场剖面识别出了一套海相碎屑岩沉积,发育有泥岩与砂岩韵律性互层,在该剖面的16～18层暗色粉砂岩、粉砂质板岩及泥灰岩透镜体中发育有大量的遗迹化石.这些主要遗迹属有Zoophycos,Sc olic ia,Planolites,Taenidium,Chondrites,Helminthoida,Helminthopsis.分析其形态、习性,将其划分为Zoophycos和Helminthopsis 2个遗迹化石组合,这2个组合均属Zoophycos遗迹相,反映了半深海环境的大陆斜坡沉积,为西乌旗地区沉积环境的研究提供了新的依据.     

华南泥盆纪遗迹化石及遗迹相

通过对华南泥盆系6条剖面(四川北川甘溪、广西横县六景、广西桂林杨堤、贵州独山大河口—白虎坡、贵州贵阳乌当、四川广元后高坪)的遗迹沉积学系统研究,鉴定和描述遗迹化石15属24种,包括Arenicolites carbonaria,Arenicolites isp.,Chondrites cf.intricatus,Cho...     

Trace fossils from Talchir carbonate concretions,Giridih basin,Jharkhand

The carbonate concretions occurring at the bottom of Talchir fissile shale facies preserved signatures of various trace fossils along with a cast of doubtful organisms and cyanobacterial mat structures. The host shale deposited under glacial melt water fed lacustrine condition. The concretions, formed in poorly oxygenated conditions, are either of syndepositional origin and/or deposited a little below the sediment water interface and were later exhumed to the depositional surface due to erosion of soft mud overlying them. The trace fossils are both megascopic and microscopic in nature. The megascopic trace fossils are identified on the basis of their morphology as Monocraterion and Rhizocorallium. Some of the megascopic structures described remain problematic at present. The microscopic trace fossils are formed due to the activity of marine meiofauna (possibly by nematodes), which, although produced morphologically show similar traces of known larger ichnogeneras but much smaller than them. The discovery of these trace fossils apparently indicate the influx of saline water into a lacustrine domain during the Talchir sedimentation at Giridih basin. Moreover, presence of the above two megascopic trace fossils in the marine lacustrine carbonate concretions may lead researchers to consider their much wider environmental significance than hitherto believed.     

新疆柯坪地区志留系依木干他乌组的遗迹化石

通过对塔里木盆地柯坪露头志留系依木干他乌组中遗迹化石的研究,鉴别出6 属7 种。化石分子有Chondrites isp.,Gordia.isp., Helminthopsis aff. abeli, Ophiomorpha nodosa, Planolites beverleyensis, Planolites montanus, Thalassinoides isp.。这些遗迹化石具有较高的分异度和较低的丰度。按古生态或造迹生物的行为习性分类,可分为3 种生态类型：①居住迹（Domichnia）,Ophiomorpha nodosa, Thalassinoides isp.;② 进食迹（Fodinichnia）,Planolites beverleyensis, Planolites montanus, Chondritesisp.;③觅食迹（Repichnia）,Gordia isp.,Helminthopsis aff. abeli。根据遗迹化石的古生态特征、沉积序列上的分布特点及围岩和沉积构造特征,依木干他乌组的遗迹化石可归为Planolites -Chondrites 遗迹组合,属于Cruziana 遗迹相,形成于泥坪沉积环境。     

松辽盆地上白垩统陆相遗迹化石及其沉积环境

松辽盆地上白垩统中含有丰富的遗迹化石,通过对该盆地20余口取心井岩心的详细观察,发现了6大类动物遗迹化石15属20种。根据这些遗迹化石的分布规律,在松辽盆地上白垩统中划分出5种遗迹化石组合：（1）Scoyenia遗迹组合,主要成分有Scoyenia gracilis、Skolithos和Planolites,偶见停息迹化石,反映的是遭受周期性暴露的极浅水环境;（2）Skolithos遗迹组合,主要以Skolithos和Cylindricum十分发育为特征,分异度小,丰度高,反映的是高能动水环境。（3）Arenicolites遗迹组合,主要以Arenicolites和Polykladichnus大量发育为特征,还见有Skolithos、Planolites、Thalassinoides和逃逸迹等化石,分异度较高,反映了水流能量较低的浅水环境;（4）Planolites遗迹组合,以密集分布的Planolites十分发育为特征,分异度小,丰度高,见有少量指示缺氧环境的Chondrites化石,反映了水体较平静的还原环境;（5）Fuersichnus遗迹组合,主要由Fuersichnus、Glockeria、Gordia、Megagrapton和Planolites等遗迹分子构成,反映了相对平静的深水环境。     

贵阳花溪地区下三叠统大冶组遗迹化石及沉积环境分析

贵阳花溪下三叠统大冶组中富产遗迹化石,产出18个遗迹属:Beaconichnus,Circulichnis,Cosmorhaphe,Dendrohaphe,Glockerichnus,Gyrochorte,Gordia,Maeandropolydora,Micatuba,Mammillichnis,Megagrapton,Planolites,Palaeophycus,Phycodes,Phycosiphon,Rhizocorallium,Thalassinoides和Undichna。自下而上可识别出三个遗迹组构,分别为Phycodes、Phycosiphon Mammillichnis和Thalassinoidess遗迹组构。根据遗迹化石各属种分布,大冶组自下而上出现四个遗迹相:Cruziana遗迹相、Zoophycoss遗迹相、Nereites遗迹相和Cruziana遗迹相。结合遗迹组构,对大冶组的沉积环境进行了讨论,Phycodes组构属于Cruziana相,指示浅水环境;Phycosiphon Mammillichnis组构属于Zoophycos遗迹相—Nereites遗迹相,代表台缘下斜坡半深海低能环境;Thalassinoides组构属于Cruziana相,指示早三叠世印度期末的浅水高能环境。     

天山南侧第三系遗迹化石新发现

遗迹化石研究具有多方面的意义,而对沉积环境的解释是其中重要的方面。在天山南侧的诸多新生界剖面上首次发现了大量遗迹化石,为地层界面的认识和进一步分析当时的生物面貌、沉积环境提供了重要的证据。发现了3个遗迹化石相,即Scoyenia(斯柯茵迹)遗迹相、Skolithos(石针迹)遗迹相和Glossifungites(舌菌迹)遗迹相,共计有10余个遗迹化石属,这在以陆相为主的地层中是不多见的。另外,在一些剖面上还发现了大量哺乳类足迹化石,对确定当时生物群的面貌和生态环境具积极意义。     

桌子山中奥陶世公乌素组遗迹化石组合与古地理环境

据遗迹化石新资料 ,将内蒙古桌子山地区中奥陶世公乌素组遗迹化石自下而上划分为 8个组合 :Taenidium组合、Zoophycos组合、Volkichnium组合、H elminthopsis-Paleodictyon组合、Granularia组合、 Circulichnus组合、 Chondrites组合及 H elminthopsis组合。其中 ,H elminthopsis-Paleodictyon与 H elminthopsis两组合属于 N ereites遗迹相 ,并分别出现于陆隆 -深海盆地浊积扇与陆隆浊积扇环境 ;其余 6个组合与 Seilacher( 1 967)的 Zoophycos遗迹相相当 ,代表有机质丰富、平静而贫氧的大陆斜坡环境。遗迹组合序列和遗迹相的递变表明 ,本区在公乌素组沉积期经历了两次由陆棚边缘盆地—大陆斜坡—陆隆 -深海盆地浊积扇 (或陆隆浊积扇 )的环境演变。指出了本组遗迹化石与波兰喀尔巴阡山复理石相遗迹化石在分布上的相似性。认为 Zoophycos相各遗迹组合所赋存的泥灰岩等是很好的生油岩。     

新疆塔里木盆地东北部库鲁克塔格地区寒武─奥陶纪遗迹化石

本文研究的遗迹化石采自新疆塔里木盆地东北部库鲁克塔格山上寒武统和奥陶系．经鉴定计有１６个遗迹属，２１个遗迹种，其中有４个新遗迹种．这个地区丰富的深海Ｎｅｒｅｉｔｅｓ遗迹相遗迹化石在我国首次发现，这些发现对于塔里木盆地的油气勘探，沉积环境分析具有重要的意义．     

贵阳乌当泥盆系马鬃岭组上部地层中的遗迹化石

本文首次描述贵阳乌当泥盆系马鬃岭组上部地层中产出的遗迹化石10属,lO种（其中1个新遗迹种）,并对这些遗迹化石产出层位的沉积环境作了初步分析,认为主要属于Seilacher（1964,1967）的Skolithos遗迹相,为水动力条件较强的高能滨海沉积环境。     

Ichnology and Depositional Environment of the Cambrian Nagaur Sandstone (Nagaur Group) Along the Dulmera Section,Bikaner-Nagaur Basin,Rajasthan

Abstract: The Lower Cambrian Nagaur Sandstone (Marwar Supergroup) has yielded trace fossils Treptichnus, Cruziana, serially repeated Rusophycus, Diplichnites, Monomorphichnus, Bergaueria, arthropod swimming traces and leap frogging marks of Cruziana ichnofacies. This ichnofossils assemblage is dominantly preserved in fine to medium grained red sandstone beds of the Mohra Member (Nagaur Sandstone). The presence of graded rip-up clasts, current ripples, dune cross-stratification with mud drapes and tidal bundles indicates a subtidal paleoenvironment for the deposition of Nagaur Sandstone Formation, which is corroborated by the Cruziana ichnofacies trace fossil assemblage.     

鄂尔多斯盆地拉什仲组遗迹化石组合与古环境

首次对鄂尔多斯盆地西北缘桌子山地区中奥陶世拉什仲组的遗迹化石进行了系统研究。该组遗迹化石共有6属8种,建立了Paleodictyon遗迹化石组合。此组合以被侵蚀、改造呈斑状分布的遗迹大量存在与Paleodictyon的普遍出现为最显著的特征。遗迹化石的形态、行为习性、保存方式等分类特征、埋藏学特征等表明该组合相当于Nereites遗迹相,代表了深海远源浊流沉积环境;而在本组沉积晚期,水体开始变浅,大致为大陆斜坡－陆隆半深海浊流沉积环境。其沉积层序、沉积构造及岩性等特征说明拉什仲组为典型的浊流相沉积,并以远源相浊流沉积为主,其下部近相浊流沉积较发育。据古流向测定,自中奥陶世拉什仲组至公乌素组沉积期,重力流运动方向的变化大致反映了贺兰拗拉槽张裂的幅度在变小并渐呈收敛隆起的趋势。     

贵州丹寨南皋地区中寒武统甲劳组的遗迹化石

贵州丹寨南皋是中国南方寒武系典型地层剖面的地区之一。描述了产自中寒武统甲劳组的遗迹化石Chondrites ichnosp., Beaconichnus jiaolaoensis （nov. ichnosp.）, Bifungites ichnosp., Diplichnites danzhaiensis （nov. ichnosp.）, Monomor-phichnus taenia （nov. ichnosp.）, Palaeophycus tubularis, Phycodes pedum, Teichichnus rectus, T. palrnatuo 对Beaconichnus Gevoers, 1973和Qipanshanichnus Luo et Tao,1994进行了对比研究。认为这2个遗迹属为同一遗迹的不同部位。为同义名。甲劳组的遗迹化石组合属Seilacher（1964,1967）的Cruziana遗迹相,其沉积环境应为浪基面之下水动能中等的正常浅海环境。