The Bhuj, India, earthquake: lessons learned for earthquake safety of dams on alluvium

The Bhuj, India, earthquake of 26 January 2001, M_s 7.9, caused dams built on alluvium to sustain damage ranging from cosmetic to severe. Major damage was caused almost entirely by soil liquefaction in the alluvium. The critical factor was the level of earthquake ground motion.

The Bhuj earthquake showed that peak horizontal accelerations (PHAs)≤0.2 g were generally safe. PHAs>0.2 g were hazardous, when unconsolidated granular foundation soils were water saturated. N values of <20 are indicative of susceptibility to soil liquefaction. The Bhuj experience showed that alluvial foundation soils, subject to a PHA>0.2 g, must be evaluated over the full area beneath a new dam and all soils deemed susceptible to liquefaction must be either removed or treated. For remediating an old dam, reliable options are removal and replacement of liquefiable alluvium beneath upstream and downstream portions of the dam, combined with building berms designed to provide stability for the dam should there be a strength loss in soils beneath the dam.     

沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝三维地震反应分析

基于沥青混凝土的动力三轴试验资料,建立了相应的动力计算模型。采用三维有效应力动力分析方法,结合即将开工的某沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝,利用TSDA程序计算分析了坝体的加速度、动应力反应和大坝的地震永久变形,并对坝基细砂层在地震过程中的液化问题进行了研究,认为沥青混凝土心墙具有良好的抗震性能,大坝在地震过程中是安全的;坝基砂Ⅲ层可能发生液化,需要进行加固处理,分析结论可供同类工程建设参考。     

深覆盖层上面板堆石坝的圆弧型防渗墙

覆盖层的防渗设施大都采用混凝土防渗墙。防渗墙在靠近两岸部位及靠近顶部常存在较大的拉应力,易导致混凝土开裂并产生渗漏,影响大坝的安全。采用平面上防渗墙轴线呈圆弧型的防渗墙来改善防渗墙的应力性状,并用三维有限元法数值分析对圆弧型防渗墙与直线型防渗墙的应力变形性状进行分析比较,论证了以圆弧型防渗墙替代直线型防渗墙的技术合理性,建议面板堆石坝坝基防渗采用圆弧型防渗墙更为有利。     

堆石料湿化对混凝土面板堆石坝应力变形特性影响研究

心墙堆石坝的湿化变形已经为人们认识和重视,面板堆石坝由于上游有混凝土面板挡水,其湿化变形很少引起重视,但由湿化变形比较明显的堆石料填筑的坝体,在降雨过程中往往产生较大湿化变形,影响混凝土面板的工作性状。本文研究提出了大气降水引起堆石体达到一定饱和度情况下湿化变形的计算方法。进行了滩坑水电站混凝土面板堆石坝堆石料湿化变形试验,采用弹塑性平面有限单元法,分析研究了堆石料浸水湿化对坝体应力变形以及混凝土面板应力变形性状的影响。     

1989～2011期间8次强地震中抗液化地基处理成功案例的回顾与启示

回顾了1989年美国Mw6.9级Loma Prieta地震、1993年日本Ms7.8级Kushiro-Oki地震、1994年日本Mw8.2级Hokkaido Toho-Oki地震、1995年日本Ms7.2级阪神地震、1999年台湾集集地震、1999年土耳其Mw7.4级Kocaeli地震、2001年美国Mw6.8级Nisqually地震以及2011年Mw9.0级东日本地震中场地抗液化工程措施的成功案例,初步分析了各种抗液化工程措施的有效性与优劣性,可以给出如下工程场地抗液化处理的经验：（1）对于易液化的沿海及填海造陆场地,采用适宜的抗液化工程措施应成为地基处理不可缺少的环节;（2）应基于场地条件、经济条件及环境要求,综合考虑场地抗液化地基处理措施的选择;（3）挤密砂桩法和碎石桩法运用广泛、技术成熟且比较经济,宜优先选择作为抗震设防烈度Ⅷ度及以下地区的场地抗液化地基处理措施;（4）强夯法使用机具简单、费用低廉,适宜选择作为抗震设防烈度Ⅷ度及以下地区大面积场地的抗液化地基处理措施;（5）注浆法、深层搅拌法、旋喷法作为抗震设防烈度Ⅸ度及以下地区的场地抗液化地基处理措施是有效的;（6）多种抗液化地基处理措施联合使用的处理效果往往优于单一措施单独使用的处理效果,在条件许可的情况下,宜选择多种抗液化地基处理措施联合使用,以期达到更好的处理效果。     

面板堆石坝筑坝材料动力特性试验研究

某抽水蓄能电站上水库主坝为沥青混凝土面板堆石坝,坝址区地形地质条件复杂且处于强震区,需研究其坝体和坝基料的动力特性。采用清华大学大型高压多功能静动三轴试验机,对坝基和主要坝体材料进行了动弹性模量与阻尼比试验和动残余变形试验。试验结果表明,与普通堆石料相比,软岩次堆石料和覆盖层料的动弹性模量较低且变形较大,但其动应力应变关系与动变形特性同样可以分别用修正的黏弹性动本构模型和残余变形经验公式进行描述。此外,根据动力试验结果初步论证了利用软岩和直接在覆盖层上筑坝的可行性。     

Three‐dimensional numerical analysis of concrete‐faced rockfill dam using dual‐mortar finite element method with mixed tangential contact constraints

Concrete‐faced rockfill dam (CFRD) is a popular alternative to traditional dam types in the last two decades. The modelling of CFRD involves complex multi‐body contact and strong geometry and material nonlinearities. We present a numerical approach for the modelling of CFRDs in this paper. Based on the dual‐mortar finite element method, the presented approach considers different parts of rockfill and all concrete slabs as independent deformable continuum. The multi‐body contacts are modelled using Lagrange multipliers with a weak form segment‐to‐segment contact strategy. To alleviate instability induced by strong geometry nonlinearity in the slab–slab contact, we propose a mixed type of constraints for the tangential contact. A general transformation scheme is introduced to simplify the implementation of contact constraints. Three‐dimensional analysis of Tianshengqiao‐1 CFRD is performed. The nonlinear and time‐dependent deformation of the rockfill is considered. We study the influence of the rockfill deformation on the reliability of the concrete face. Three major concerns of the face, that is, the axial compression, the slab–slab separation and the face‐rockfill separation, are discussed in detail. The numerical results are compared with data from in‐situ observation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑堆石体流变效应的高面板坝最优施工程序研究

考虑高面板坝堆石体的流变变形效应对堆石体的最优施工碾压进度方案进行了研究。结果表明,堆石体的本身流变变形特性对不同施工碾压进度方案下的面板垫层变形影响较大。堆石坝不同材料分区的特点从客观上决定了高堆石坝必然存在一个较优的施工填筑上升方案。堆石体均匀上升的填筑进度方案的面板垫层法向最大位移较小,且沿面板坡向的分布比较均匀,对面板与垫层间的协调变形有利。从最优填筑方案的角度来看,建议高堆石坝采用均匀上升的碾压施工程序。     

Effect of Construction Material on Dam Type Selection of the Büyük Karaçay Dam (Hatay, Turkey)

This paper covers the investigation of construction materials and selection of the dam type for the Büyük Karaçay Dam, which was planned to be constructed on Büyük Karaçay River 20 km to the SW of Hatay (Southern Turkey). The purposes of the dam are irrigation, domestic water supply, and producing energy. Auxiliary structures locations have been determined during the study of detailed geological maps of the dam axis and reservoir area. Quality, quantity and hauling distance of natural construction materials were effective to select different dam types. For engineering geological studies exploration boreholes were drilled at the dam site; pressuremeter tests were performed in order to determine bearing capacity and elasticity properties of rocks; pressured water tests were also performed to determine permeability of the dam site. Moreover, physical and mechanical properties of rocks were determined by the laboratory test. In the feasibility stage, the dam type was chosen as the central core rock-fill dam, depending on state of natural construction materials. In design stage dam type was changed as faced symmetrical hardfill dam. Finally, the dam type was revised again during the design stage as concrete face rockfill dam.     

混凝土面板堆石坝三维仿真分析

根据混凝土面板堆石坝的特点,提出了一种计算机数值和图形模拟方法,可以对混凝土面板堆石坝的整个施工过程和运行期进行三维非线性仿真计算分析和计算机图形模拟。     

双泵大流量振孔高压旋喷防渗墙在粉细砂坝中的应用

振孔高喷是近几年发展的钻喷一体化、一次成墙较为先进的高喷防渗墙施工工艺,是利用高压喷射流对地层产生冲切、掺搅、升扬、置换、充填挤压、渗透固结等作用,形成所需性状的防渗固结体。本工程是首次将水力冲填粉细砂坝应用到水利枢纽大坝工程中,采用高喷防渗墙进行防渗更是初次在这样的条件中使用。大流量振孔高压旋喷施工工艺既能保证施工质量,又能提高施工工效,是高压旋喷工艺的又一次革新。     

Stability analysis of Llerin Rockfill Dam: An in situ direct shear test

This paper analyzes the stability of the Llerin rockfill dam using Barton–Kjaernsli's shear criterion. To fit the parameters of this criterion, a direct shear test was designed that allows in situ calculation, using large-size samples of the shear stress at which failure is produced for different normal loads. These experimental values are then used to obtain more reliable values for the friction angle and the equivalent roughness of the rockfill material.The rockfill of Llerin dam is formed by a suitably ground gonfolite limestone rockfill that serves as a contention dam for a lagoon of mine tailings. The experimental results obtained in in situ tests were compared with those predicted by the shear criterion, subsequently determining the safety coefficient of the rockfill dam using the SLOPE computer program. We conclude that the values estimated via in situ testing permit the behaviour of the containment dam to be predicted more accurately.     

冲积层中劈裂注浆现场模型试验

河流堤坝多位于深厚冲积层上, 而冲积层含砂石量大等特点对堤坝防渗、稳定性是不利的, 对堤坝进行注浆加固是必要的, 而研究浆液在冲积层中的分布扩散规律是首要任务.基于传统注浆理论, 通过现场注浆模型试验, 得出浆液在冲积层中的分布扩散规律、浆液劈裂机理、土的加固特性以及注浆加固过程中应注意的问题.指出浆液在冲积层中一般先沿土石分界面进行充填、劈裂, 并以水平向劈裂为主.在注浆过程中宜采用多次重复注浆方式以达到提高加固效果的目的.对冲积层中堤坝注浆加固有一定的参考与指导作用.      

高混凝土面板堆石坝流变的三维有限元数值模拟

采用一种新的能模拟高围压条件的堆石料幂函数流变本构模型,对水布垭面板堆石坝进行了考虑堆石料流变特性的应力-应变仿真分析。结果表明,考虑堆石料流变特性后的坝体变形有明显的增加,坝体应力有所松弛。堆石体的流变特性使得面板的挠度有所增加,面板顺坡向和坝轴向拉应力极值有所增大。对于分期浇筑面板、分期蓄水的高混凝土面板堆石坝,选用合适的流变本构模型正确地模拟堆石体的流变特性,其结果可以为大坝填筑进度及面板分期浇筑时间的确定提供参考,对于正确地预测大坝的应力变形也具有重要意义。     

Numerical simulation of the seismic response of the Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam during the Wenchuan earthquake based on a generalized plasticity model

The strong ground motion of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China caused considerable damage to the Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam (CFRD). The maximum crest settlement was approximately 1.0 m, and compressive failure and joint dislocations were observed in the face slabs. This damage has made it necessary to understand the damage pattern and safety of high CFRDs subjected to strong earthquake shaking, and the response of the Zipingpu CFRD during the Wenchuan earthquake can be used as a benchmark for this purpose. In this study, a 3D dynamic procedure was employed to simulate the dynamic responses of the Zipingpu CFRD. The rockfill materials were described using a generalized plasticity model, while the interfaces between the face slabs and cushions were modeled using zero-thickness interface elements that follow a perfect elasto-plastic stress–strain model in the tangential direction using Coulomb’s friction law. Dam deformation, face-slab stress, and face joint dislocations were simulated, and the results were compared with the field measurements. Using the generalized plastic model, the residual deformation of the dam during the earthquake could be directly obtained without being complemented by separate, semi-empirical procedures. The rockfill materials shrank to the center of the valley due to the strong shaking, causing crushing damage in the zone of the slabs. The dislocation of construction joints was also duplicated by the numerical procedure. The results of this study indicate that a 3D finite element procedure based on a generalized plasticity model can be used to evaluate the dynamic responses of CFRDs during strong earthquakes.     

高压喷射灌浆防渗技术在水库大坝基础处理中的应用

高压喷射灌浆防渗技术是国内正在推广的一种新型防渗技术,适用范围较广。阜康市红山水库始建于70年代,当时未对坝基11.5~4.2m厚漂卵砾石层进行防渗处理。本次除险加固对坝基采用了高压喷射灌浆防渗处理,经检测防渗质量满足相关规范要求。高压喷射灌浆技术在漂卵砾石层中的成功应用,对该项技术的推广具有参考价值。     

混凝土面板堆石坝中过渡区的渗流控制作用研究

在面板完好的条件下,面板堆石坝坝体的渗透稳定性很容易满足要求;在面板止水破损和面板失效的不利条件下,过渡区的渗流控制作用对于大坝的渗透稳定性具有关键意义。结合水布垭大坝实例,通过层间系数的分析,认为必须通过试验研究过渡料对垫层料的反滤保护作用。通过反滤试验研究了水布垭全级配过渡料对垫层料的反滤效果和渗透变形规律,结合已发表的研究成果进行综合分析,探讨了过渡区的渗流控制作用机制：过渡料与主堆石区一起,可对坝体起到很好的排水作用;在面板止水破损和面板失效的不利条件下,垫层料内部可能会发生颗粒迁移和内部结构调整,但在过渡料的反滤保护作用下可维持渗透稳定;初次遇到这种工况时,过渡区自身会有少量细粒流失,但其骨架将维持稳定,借助于主堆石区的支撑作用,过渡区将继续发挥其反滤和排水的双重作用。     

深厚覆盖层上高土石坝极限抗震能力分析

针对强震区深厚覆盖层上高土石坝的特点,在三维真非线性有效应力地震反应分析基础上,提出了一套深厚覆盖层上高土石坝极限抗震能力的研究方法。从稳定、变形、防渗体安全等方面,对建在深厚覆盖层上的长河坝高心墙堆石坝的极限抗震能力进行了研究和分析。根据坝坡稳定性、地震残余变形、液化可能性、单元抗震安全性、防渗心墙及坝基防渗墙安全等多角度的评价结果,初步认为,长河坝的极限抗震能力为0.50～0.55g。     

考虑拱效应的高面板堆石坝流变收敛机制研究

采用一种能模拟高围压条件的堆石料幂函数流变本构模型,探讨狭窄河谷条件下堆石体流变变形的发展规律及相应的控制流变变形的工程措施。数值仿真结果表明,在狭窄河谷中的堆石体存在着拱效应。由于拱效应的影响,如果不考虑堆石体流变导致拱效应减弱而增加的附加变形,数值仿真计算得到的大坝变形将小于其真实的变形。受拱效应影响,堆石体初期变形的速率受到抑制,但随着坝体的升高、蓄水后水压力的加大以及堆石体随时间发展等流变变形因素的影响,堆石体中的拱效应逐渐减弱。要减小面板浇筑后由于其下卧的堆石体流变产生的附加变形,可以尽量利用面板过水及堆石体挡水,以加快堆石体流变变形的完成。采取措施,避免大的陡坡突变以及面板浇筑时间滞后其下卧堆石体断面几个月。     

高压喷射注浆防渗加固若干问题探讨

高压喷射注浆作为一种将水力采煤与静压注浆相结合诞生的注浆形式,已成功应用于地质灾害治理、水库大坝及垃圾渗滤液防渗加固等工程中,取得了显著的社会经济效益。从高压喷射流的特性、高压喷射注浆机理、高压喷射注浆形成防渗固结体的影响因素及其防渗性能、高压喷射注浆对地层切割搅拌范围的影响因素、高压喷射注浆对浆材的要求,以及高压喷射注浆常见事故及对策6个方面对高压喷射注浆防渗加固进行了较为全面的探讨,提出了将包括SJP注浆材料、仿生非光滑技术等在内的新技术应用到高喷注浆防渗加固中解决目前存在问题的新思路,是一种有意义的尝试,同时也是切实可行的。