冀东油田钻井岩芯的磁学研究

论述了利用古地磁、磁组构综合研究进行钻井岩芯定向和确定沉积组构（沉积层面在现代地理坐标系下的）方向的方法．通过对冀东油田100块钻井岩芯实测结果的系统分析，指出该方法在岩芯磁组构方向确定和沉积剩磁成分能够分离出来的情况下，可用于地层产状未知和井孔近似直立情况下的钻井岩芯定向，并能给出沉积组构方向．对岩芯样品中的磁性矿物成分、成因进行了研究，分析了岩芯磁性特征与烃类富集的关系，指出磁参数分布特征，能为油气勘探开发、指示油气富集部位提供参考．     

鹤庆深钻岩芯揭示的构造-沉积旋回及其西南季风区2．78Ma以来的气候环境演化

通过对云南鹤庆湖泊深钻岩芯（737．72m）多环境代用指标的综合分析,重建了该地区2．78Ma以来构造和气候环境演化序列．岩芯磁性地层研究表明,鹤庆湖盆形成于约2.78,2．65Ma以后湖盆积水成湖,并接受连续的湖相沉积。岩芯沉积特征、粒度、孢粉、碳酸盐含量和烧失量指标共同指示了2．78Ma以来盆地的构造．沉积旋回以及西南季风的演化．     

华北地块早古生代古地磁结果的大地构造意义

对采自鄂尔多斯盆地边缘早古生代地层的１００６块（１５３采点）定向古地磁岩芯标本的研究表明，大多数地层单元的岩石剩磁组分可分离出Ａ、Ｂ两个主要分量．根据其稳定性检验结果，Ａ分量（北西方向，低负倾角及其对方向）为岩石形成时期的特征剩磁分量，而Ｂ分量（北西方向，中至低正倾角及其对方向）则可能是晚古生代的重磁化分量．华北地块早古生代的古地磁参考极均位于大西洋；与此相应，华北地块位于南纬１５°左右．     

岩石声学参数的实验测量及研究

通过对天然岩芯及人工岩芯的测量，研究２４０ｋＨｚ-１．ＳＭＨｚ频段内的声频散、温度对岩石声速的影响、岩石含水饱和度对岩石声速和声衰减的影响，给出岩石中声衰减与声波频率间关系的最佳拟合，并讨论了裂缝对岩石中声波传播的影响。     

根据波速-压力关系评价岩石岩性、物性的实验研究

本文在实验室里对老爷庙油田馆陶组（Ng）油气贮层砂岩岩芯的孔隙度φ、空气渗透率κ、骨架密度ρ_ma、岩石密度ρ_b和不同有效覆盖压力△P下岩芯的声波时差△t,做了精确测量,用回归分析拟合了φ-K、φ-ρ_b、φ-△t和V-△p（△t-△p）的经验关系式;保持原始孔隙结构不变的前提下,在岩芯饱和各种矿化度的孔隙流体时测定了声波时差△t与孔隙度φ的关系.研究结果表明,当贮层的φ-K、φ-ρ_b和φ-△t相关时,可用声波时差△t或波速V解释贮层的岩性,并可反演求出贮层的φ、K和ρ_b;地层有效覆盖压力对贮层的孔隙度和波速具有明显的影响.根据V-△p曲线的变化规律,可以评价贮层的岩性和埋藏地质体的油、气储集能力.这些结果对油田地震勘探和石油测井资料的解释具有重要的参考价值,并为预测储油有利地区和评价贮层提供了一种新的途径.     

综合岩石物性分析在物探工作中的应用 —以新疆库布苏北地区为例

岩石是构成地球的最重要材料,地球的结构和动力学性质必然与岩石的各种物理性质密切相关,所以岩石物性数据也是地球物理勘查的基础性数据。地球物理勘探中重力、磁测、电法测量工作常用到密度、磁化率、电阻率以及极化率参数的综合分析,可辅助解释地球物理异常成因,进而对相关成矿地质问题有更为深刻的认识。本次工作通过采集测量库布苏北地区地表及深部钻孔岩芯的多种岩矿石,对各类物性参数进行统计处理及综合分析,结合以往成矿特征,大致明确该区域内弱磁异常成因,进而推断深部地层界面,初步明确深部成矿潜力,为指导下一步工作提供依据。     

储层渗透性与地层因素关系的实验研究与分析

本文对渤海湾盆地不同孔隙结构样品的孔、渗、核磁、岩电、压汞、X衍射及铸体薄片等配套岩石物理实验数据进行了综合分析,通过逐一考察同一套岩芯样品的地层因素与渗透率、压汞喉径均值、储层品质指数之间的实验关系,并分别与地层因素-孔隙度交绘图进行对比分析,发现储层渗透性与地层因素之间并非简单的单调函数关系,孔隙度相近但孔隙结构类型不同、渗透率差异明显的岩芯可以具有相近的地层因素,导电能力接近.在实验数据分析的基础上通过理论分析证明了这一实验关系的合理性,并指出孔隙度及导电能力相近的岩芯,其渗透率差异与喉径均值的平方比、孔隙曲折度及几何形态相关.     

基于微CT技术的砂岩数字岩石物理实验

数字岩石物理技术可弥补传统岩石物理实验的诸多不足,为岩石物理学研究提供一个新平台.本文以常规砂岩为研究对象,利用微CT扫描结合先进的图像处理技术建立了具有真实孔隙结构特征的三维数字岩芯模型;应用Avizo软件内含的多种形态学算法进行数字岩芯孔隙结构量化及表征研究,统计获取了孔隙度、孔隙体积分布及孔径分布特征,建立了等价孔隙网络模型;将Avizo与多场耦合有限元软件Comsol完美对接,实现了孔隙尺度的渗流模拟并计算获得绝对渗透率,对于考虑固相充填孔隙的情况,模拟计算了岩石有效弹性参数,并与近似Gassmann方程良好验证.本文所提出的将Avizo与Comsol结合使用的方法丰富了现有的数字岩石物理研究手段,为其大规模发展提供了一条新途径.     

华北地块早古生代地层单元的岩石磁学特征研究

通过对采自华北地块西部鄂尔多斯盆地边缘早古生代地层单元中的４４块定向岩芯样品的岩石磁学实验（饱和等温剩磁及剩磁矫顽力的测量，三轴磁化的饱和等温剩磁的系统热退磁和低温实验）研究，揭示出华北地块早古生代地层单元的各类岩石中，主要载磁矿物的构成具有磁铁矿或赤铁矿与中等居里温度的磁黄铁矿、磁赤铁矿等共存的特征；个别地层单元的岩石中以极低居里点的针铁矿为主要载磁矿物．     

Montcornet钻孔岩芯的古地磁研究

Montcornet非定向钻孔岩芯的古地磁研究表明,利用岩石不同时期形成的磁性组分,可以对钻孔岩芯的定向提供一种可靠的、快速简捷的方法．通过岩石磁性组构的研究,不仅能验证岩芯的定向,而且对于沉积相中古水流方向,沉积相的划分、分布研究提供重要的基础资料．在盆地分析和油气探测中有可能开发出更广泛的、潜在的应用前景．     

Present situation of the research and application of engineering multiwave seismic prospecting in China

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Effect of sub‐core scale heterogeneities on acoustic and electrical properties of a reservoir rock: a CO2 flooding experiment of brine saturated sandstone in a computed tomography scanner

The effect of sub‐core scale heterogeneity on fluid distribution pattern, and the electrical and acoustic properties of a typical reservoir rock was studied by performing drainage and imbibition flooding tests with CO₂ and brine in a laboratory. Moderately layered Rothbach sandstone was used as a test specimen. Two core samples were drilled; one perpendicular and the other parallel to the layering to allow injection of fluids along and normal to the bedding plane. During the test 3D images of fluid distribution and saturation levels were mapped by an industrial X‐ray CT‐scanner together with simultaneous measurement of electrical resistivity, ultrasonic velocities as well as amplitudes. The results showed how the layering and the flooding direction influenced the fluid distribution pattern and the saturation level of the fluids. For a given fluid saturation level, the measured changes in the acoustic and electrical parameters were affected by both the fluid distribution pattern and the layering orientation relative to the measurement direction. The P‐wave amplitude and the electrical resistivity were more sensitive to small changes in the fluid distribution patterns than the P‐wave velocity. The change in amplitude was the most affected by the orientation of the layering and the resulting fluid distribution patterns. In some instances the change due to the fluid distribution pattern was higher than the variation caused by the change in CO₂ saturation. As a result the Gassmann relation based on ‘uniform' or ‘patchy' saturation pattern was not suitable to predict the P‐wave velocity variation. Overall, the results demonstrate the importance of core‐imaging to improve our understanding of fluid distribution patterns and the associated effects on measured rock‐physics properties.     

Fuzzy inference system for identification of geological stratigraphy off Prydz Bay, East Antarctica

The analysis of well logging data plays key role in the exploration and development of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Various well log parameters such as porosity, gamma ray, density, transit time and resistivity, help in classification of strata and estimation of the physical, electrical and acoustical properties of the subsurface lithology. Strong and conspicuous changes in some of the log parameters associated with any particular geological stratigraphy formation are function of its composition, physical properties that help in classification. However some substrata show moderate values in respective log parameters and make difficult to identify the kind of strata, if we go by the standard variability ranges of any log parameters and visual inspection. The complexity increases further with more number of sensors involved. An attempt is made to identify the kinds of stratigraphy from well logs over Prydz bay basin, East Antarctica using fuzzy inference system. A model is built based on few data sets of known stratigraphy and further the network model is used as test model to infer the lithology of a borehole from their geophysical logs, not used in simulation. Initially the fuzzy based algorithm is trained, validated and tested on well log data and finally identifies the formation lithology of a hydrocarbon reservoir system of study area. The effectiveness of this technique is demonstrated by the analysis of the results for actual lithologs and coring data of ODP Leg 188. The fuzzy results show that the training performance equals to 82.95% while the prediction ability is 87.69%. The fuzzy results are very encouraging and the model is able to decipher even thin layer seams and other strata from geophysical logs. The result provides the significant sand formation of depth range 316.0- 341.0 m, where core recovery is incomplete.     

岩石电学性质实验研究方向展望

分析了岩心电性实验的内涵,介绍了油藏条件下岩石电学性质的研究现状以及对岩心电性实验方法的冲击.结合目前对不同地层特性岩石的电学性质的认识,就复杂储层评价的岩心电性实验方法、岩心电性实验技术装备、岩心电性实验技术规范化、岩心数值实验方法等方面对岩心电性实验的研究方向做了展望,认为：①岩心电性实验方法应立足于储层岩石的岩性、物性、孔隙结构、非均质性等地层特性;②系统地模拟和控制储层的温度、压力、润湿性条件、毛管与电性平衡等油藏条件,并使各种相关技术规范化,是其发展的必然趋势;③岩心数值实验方法可能作为实验室岩心电性实验的辅助手段之一在储层含油性评价中发挥作用.     

DETERMINATION OF ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE GROUND AT SHALLOW DEPTH WITH AN ELECTROSTATIC QUADRUPOLE: FIELD TRIALS ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES1

Knowledge of both the electrical resistivity ρ and the dielectric permittivity ? of the ground is important for the determination of characteristics such as granularity, porosity, moisture and salt content. Whereas the measurement of ρ is very common and can be achieved using either the d.c. resistivity method or a wide variety of EM devices, ? remains practically unknown in the low-frequency domain between the IP domain and the high-frequency domain. Following the principle of the quadrupole technique used in d.c. prospecting and of the quadrupolar probe for measuring the complex permittivity of the ionosphere, we propose a new approach which does not require any galvanic contact between the poles and the ground. The transfer impedance can be evaluated using the quasi-static approximation for low frequency or the full EM theory for higher frequencies. The conditions under which both calculations apply are discussed. At low frequencies and for low resistivity ground, the electrostatic quadrupole measures ρ exactly as with the d.c. technique; for higher resistivities or frequencies the simultaneous measurement of both properties becomes possible. Examples in archaeological prospecting are presented and checked against independent d.c. resistivity measurements or excavation analyses.     

南海北部海底沉积物在温度变化下的三种声速类型

研究南海北部海底沉积物温度变化状态下声速性质,得出以下结论:(1) 南海北部海底沉积物具有声速温度正增长(STPIK)、声速温度负增长(STNIK)和声速温度波动(STWK)三种类型,后两种类型在世界其他范围内海域未见报道.(2) 声速温度正增长类型和声速温度负增长类型沉积物的温度变化对声速影响都具有十分显著的线性关系,但是原状样品由于组成不均匀性,增大了声速的非线性变化.(3)南海北部海底沉积物的孔隙度、密度等主要物理参数差异不明显,难以直接解释三类样品的温度-声速性质的不同.(4)对于STPIK类型沉积物,理论分析与实验结果的统一性,可以运用海底沉积物与海水声速比进行校正不同温度状态下的海底沉积物的声速.(5)对于STNIK和STWK类型沉积物,需要深入研究,从理论和实验角度揭开其机理和成因.海底沉积物声速-温度特性研究将为提高南海北部海域天然气水合物声学探测精度和准确度提供声速性质依据.     

地震波衰减机理及能量补偿研究综述

随着中、浅层油气勘探程度的不断提高,深层油气藏的勘探已经成为当今勘探研究的主要对象,而深层油气勘探要获得突破关键是用于综合研究的地震剖面要有较高的信噪比和分辨率,深层与浅层能量均衡.因此,国内外对地震波衰减机理和补偿方法进行了大量研究.本文综述了基于岩石物理和散射理论的地震波的衰减机理,重点概括了地震波衰减的影响因素,指出衰减与孔隙度、频率、温度、压力、岩性等因素有关,最后分类介绍了各种地震波衰减的能量补偿方法.     

Identification of coal seam strata from geophysical logs of borehole using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System

Different parameters obtained through well-logging geophysical sensors such as SP, resistivity, gamma–gamma, neutron, natural gamma and acoustic, help in identification of strata and estimation of the physical, electrical and acoustical properties of the subsurface lithology. Strong and conspicuous changes in some of the log parameters associated with any particular stratigraphy formation, are function of its composition, physical properties and help in classification. However some substrata show moderate values in respective log parameters and make difficult to identify or assess the type of strata, if we go by the standard variability ranges of any log parameters and visual inspection. The complexity increases further with more number of sensors involved.An attempt is made to identify the type of stratigraphy from borehole geophysical log data using a combined approach of neural networks and fuzzy logic, known as Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System. A model is built based on a few data sets (geophysical logs) of known stratigraphy of in coal areas of Kothagudem, Godavari basin and further the network model is used as test model to infer the lithology of a borehole from their geophysical logs, not used in simulation. The results are very encouraging and the model is able to decipher even thin cola seams and other strata from borehole geophysical logs. The model can be further modified to assess the physical properties of the strata, if the corresponding ground truth is made available for simulation.     

基于聚类分析方法的砾岩油藏储层类型划分

砾岩油藏由于近物源、多水系和快速多变的沉积环境导致储层岩性复杂多变以及非均质性严重等特点,储层类型的精细划分成为该类油藏二次调整开发的重点和难点.本文以克拉玛依油田六中区克下组砾岩油藏为研究对象,选取密闭取心井岩心分析的物性参数、压汞驱替参数以及微观孔隙结构参数共计12项作为砾岩油藏储层类型划分的参数组合,对比研究了基于划分、基于层次、基于模型和基于密度的4种聚类算法建立的储层划分标准,结果表明基于划分的k-means算法建立的聚类标准最符合实际油藏的地质特征和储层类型的划分精度,内部度量的紧凑性、有效性和分辨性都优于其他三种算法,并且分析了Ⅴ类储层与岩性的对应关系,发现砾岩油藏储层类型受岩性控制的机制非常复杂,岩性相同的储层类型可能呈现出不同的物性和渗流性,而岩性不同的储层类型又可能表现为相同的物性和渗流性,其根本原因是储层非均质性造成的.储层类型与砾岩岩性的有效结合为该区精细开发方案的设计和水淹层的定量评价提供了技术支持.     

辽河东部凹陷火山岩油藏高效开发研究

辽河东部凹陷火山岩油藏为裂缝-孔隙型双重介质油藏,为此根据测井、地震等资料,运用岩心描述与薄片分析、铸体、压汞及物性测定等多种分析测试手段,系统研究了本区火山岩的分布、岩石类型、储集空间特点及油气成藏特征,深入研究了这种特殊岩性油藏的开发特征及产生这些特征的原因,提出相应有效的解决方案.应用水平井技术对火山岩油藏进行高效开发实践,具体分析了水平井技术在火山岩油藏开发中可以发挥的技术优势及局限性,认为在适合的条件下水平井技术是火山岩油藏高效开发的重要手段.