中国地震灾害损失评估模型与实证分析研究

中国是世界上地震灾害多发的国家之一,对强震灾害损失进行准确的评价研究具有重要的经济和社会意义.文章着重对震灾的经济损失方面进行评估,将其分为直接经济损失和间接经济损失2个部分.首先运用K-S检验确定我国年地震损失额的分布函数,并对月地震次数进行拟合,然后运用灰色聚类法和主成分分析法对不同震灾分别进行直接和间接经济损失评级,最后对2006-2009年我国地震所造成的经济损失进行评估,对8次震灾进行综合经济损失评级.     

Temporal fluctuations in weather disasters: 1950–1989

A unique historical data set describing the 142 storms producing losses in excess of $100 million in the United States during the 1950–89 period were analyzed to describe their temporal characteristics. These weather disasters (WDs) caused $66.2 billion in losses, 76% of the nation's insured losses in this period. Disasters were most prevalent in the south, southeast, northeast, and central U.S., with few in and west of the Rockies. The incidence of WDs was high in the 1950s, low in the 1960s-early 1970s, and peaked in the 1980s. Losses due to WDs peaked in the 1950s, again in the late 1960s, and with a lesser peak after 1985. The areal extent of storm losses peaked after 1975 and was least in the 1960s. The temporal variations of the three storm measures (incidence, losses, and extent) had poor agreement, and agreed only when they peaked in the 1950s. Regionally-derived time distributions of WDs showed marked north-south differences with a U-shaped 40-year distribution in the northern half of the nation, whereas southern regions had a relatively flat trend until achieving a peak in the 1980s. The temporal distributions of hurricane-caused disasters differed regionally, with the distributions in the southern, southeastern, and northeastern U.S. each quite different. Temporal distributions of thunderstorm and winter storm-produced disasters were regionally more uniform. The national 5-year WD frequencies correlated moderately well with annual mean temperatures which explained 40% of the variability found in WDs during 1950–89. Weather disasters peaked in the relatively warm-dry 1950s and again in the warm-wet 1980s, and were least in the cool-wet 1960s and 1970s. The distribution of WDs during 1950–89 appears positively related to the temporal fluctuations in cyclonic activity.     

Normalizing economic loss from natural disasters: A global analysis

Climate change is likely to lead to an increase in the frequency and/or intensity of certain types of natural hazards, if not globally, then at least in certain regions. All other things equal, this should lead to an increase in the economic toll from natural disasters over time. Yet, all other things are not equal since affected areas become wealthier over time and rational individuals and governments undertake defensive mitigation measures, which requires normalizing economic losses if one wishes to analyze trends in economic loss from natural disasters for detecting a potential climate change signal. In this article, we argue that the conventional methodology for normalizing economic loss is problematic since it normalizes for changes in wealth over time, but fails to normalize for differences in wealth across space at any given point of time. We introduce an alternative methodology that overcomes this problem in theory, but faces many more problems in its empirical application. Applying, therefore, both methods to the most comprehensive existing global dataset of natural disaster loss, in general we find no significant upward trends in normalized disaster damage over the period 1980-2009 globally, regionally, for specific disasters or for specific disasters in specific regions. Due to our inability to control for defensive mitigation measures, one cannot infer from our analysis that there have definitely not been more frequent and/or more intensive weather-related natural hazards over the study period already. Moreover, it may still be far too early to detect a trend if human-induced climate change has only just started and will gain momentum over time.     

全国雷电灾害分析及雷灾经济损失预测

利用中国气象局雷电防护管理办公室编写的《1998-2008年全国雷电灾害汇编》资料,对1998-2008年全国雷电灾害进行了时间、空间、行业分布,经济损失,人员伤亡等方面的统计分析。结果表明:我国近11 a雷电灾害总体上呈增长趋势,每年的6-8月为雷灾的高发期。我国雷灾在地域上的分布主要集中在华南沿海和华东沿海地区。全国雷灾涉及行业最为严重的是电力业。近年来因雷电导致的建筑物损害、供电故障、火灾爆炸事故次数之间的整体比例为9∶5∶3,建筑物损害的事故发生最多,但火灾爆炸事故的经济损失最大。我国近年来所发生雷灾中因雷电致死致伤的人员比例为1∶1。利用上述统计分析结果,运用灰色关联法,预测2009-2012年间我国雷灾直接经济损失年均40591.53万元。     

河北省雷电灾害事件特征分析

为了解河北省雷电灾害事件的时空分布、行业分布、经济损失及人员伤亡等,对2006—2017年(不包括2013、2016年)河北省雷电灾害事件资料进行统计分析。结果表明:河北省近10 a雷电灾害事件呈逐年波动递减的趋势,主要发生在6—8月,占全年雷电灾害事件总数的81.34%,唐山、保定和石家庄市为雷电灾害事件的高发区。雷电灾害事件最为严重的是电力行业达382起,人员伤亡事故主要发生在乡村。     

影响广东省的热带气旋特征分析及灾害损失研究

本文基于1990~2015年影响广东省的热带气旋（Tropical cyclone,TC）数据,分析了影响广东省TC的时空特征、灾情年际变化以及灾害强度特征等。并利用灾害指标核算出灾害损失的经济价值,改进综合灾情指数模型。主要得出以下结论:26年来登陆广东省的TC共93个（占登陆我国TC总数的29.6%）,其中有67个对广东省造成了人员伤亡或者经济损失;影响广东省TC频次整体随时间变化不大,强度低的TC频次随年际呈现较为明显地减少变化趋势,而强度高的TC频次呈现较为明显的逐年上升趋势;粤西与珠江三角洲地区受TC侵袭频次明显高于粤东和粤北地区;热带气旋各项灾情指标造成的经济损失（以2015年为可比价）均在1997年出现转折,经济损失急速下滑;各项损失相对值与TC强度之间存在较好的指数正相关关系,低强度等级的热带气旋造成的综合灾情指数呈现较为明显的年际减小趋势,而高强度等级的热带气旋变化趋势不显著。     

海南省台风气象服务效益评估研究

考虑到台风气象服务效益影响因子的复杂性,利用2000—2015年海南省台风灾害损失数据和防御台风灾害行为效益评估三级指标体系调查问卷的统计数据,着重考虑防台减灾中政府组织领导、部门联防、公众防御能力、气象服务水平及不可避免损失因子,基于逆推算法构建了海南省台风气象服务效益评估模型,从防台减灾总效益中分离出其中的气象服务效益,实现了海南省台风气象服务效益的客观化定量化评估。结果表明:海南省台风灾害气象服务效益占台风直接经济损失的14%～49%,这与台风灾害过程中不可避免损失因子密切相关;2000—2015年海南台风灾害气象服务效益和台风直接经济损失均处于增长的态势,这表明当地社会经济的快速发展一定程度上使台风直接经济损失增长,同时伴随政府决策、部门联防、公众防御及气象服务能力的不断增强,气象服务效益将得到提升;台风气象服务效益与台风直接经济损失具有极高的相关性,一定程度上表明了当台风灾害影响较重时,气象服务显得尤其重要。     

2006年广西热带气旋灾害评估

2006年6-8月共有6个热带气旋影响广西,热带气旋灾害所造成的直接经济损失达44亿元(占所有气象灾害造成的直接经济损失的71%)。该文对热带气旋灾害性天气及其影响进行了评估,并对主要的灾害现象及所造成的损失进行了分析。     

1984—2014年影响中国热带气旋的经济损失标准化及其变化特征

根据1984—2014年中国热带气旋损失数据和社会经济统计资料,采用居民消费者物价指数方法(consumer price index,CPI)、常规标准化方法(conventional normalization method,CNM)和替代标准化方法(Alternative Normalization Method,ANM)对影响中国的气旋的直接经济损失进行标准化处理,对比研究了原始的和CPI、CNM、ANM等三种标准化的灾害损失时空特征。研究结果表明:(1) 原始损失值有利于与同年其他灾种损失进行对比以及数据的逐年延长更新,而标准化后的损失值有利于长时间序列的时空比较研究,其中,CPI方法计算简单,易于推广,可用于中国灾害损失的数据处理与分析汇总,而在人口和财富快速增长的地区,CNM和ANM方法有利于体现人口和财富对损失的影响,在长时间序列的时空比较研究方面更具优势;(2) 1984—2014年,共有243个影响气旋影响中国大陆的22个省(区、市),气旋频数多年来没有显著变化趋势,但未登陆的影响气旋和台风(TY)强度及以上等级的影响气旋频数多年来皆呈明显增加趋势;(3) 1984—2014年影响气旋所造成的直接经济损失在原始的和经CPI标准化后的序列中均呈显著增加趋势,而经CNM和ANM标准化后的序列则无明显趋势,原始序列中最高损失年是2013年,CPI、CNM和ANM标准化后损失序列在1996年达到最高值后经历了由高到低的突变,原始的以及三种标准化后的损失序列均存在2~3年的周期振荡,浙江、广东和福建省始终是直接经济损失最高的三个省份;(4) 在对中国大陆造成最高直接经济损失的十个影响气旋中,1996年的“赫伯”(Herb)始终位居首位,而其他影响气旋的排序位次因标准化与否以及标准化方法的不同而有明显差异。      

2006年广西热带气旋灾害评估

2006年6～8月共有6个热带气旋影响广西，热带气旋灾害所造成的直接经济损失达44亿元（占所有气象灾害造成的直接经济损失的71％）。该文对热带气旋灾害性天气及其影响进行了评估，并对主要的灾害现象及所造成的损失进行了分析。     

2005年极端天气和气候事件及其他相关事件的概要回顾

极端气候在2005年创下了多项记录:2005年北半球的平均温度达到有历史记录以来的最高值;印度孟买,7月27日的暴雨使降雨量在24 h内达到了944 mm,创下历史最高;10月飓风“文斯”袭击西班牙海岸,成为第一个登陆欧洲大陆的飓风。此外,达到最高强度等级的飓风“卡特里娜”、“丽塔”和“威尔玛”给美国、墨西哥等美洲国家造成重创;我国东南沿海和台湾等地多次遭强台风袭击,华南、东北和渭河流域经历特大洪涝灾害;葡萄牙、西班牙等欧洲国家遭遇了自20世纪40年代后期以来最严重的旱灾。这些都表明2005年是极端天气和气候发生频繁及气象灾害很严重的一年。     

基于信息扩散方法的中国台风灾害年月尺度风险评估

利用1985—2014年中国台风灾情和社会经济资料,对中国年和月尺度的台风直接经济损失的时空变化规律进行分析,并采用信息扩散方法开展损失风险评估,为提高台风灾害风险管理能力提供参考。结果表明:全国年及7—9月各月的直接经济损失均呈增加趋势。直接经济损失的月际变化特征明显,8月致灾台风个数多、损失最严重;与1985—1994年相比,后两个10年年内变化幅度大,且9一10月损失大于6—7月。随着直接经济损失水平的增加,发生中、高风险的地区逐渐减少,年直接经济损失≥50亿、≥100亿元水平下,浙江风险概率为全国最高。在10年、20年、30年一遇三个风险水平下,浙江、广东、福建、广西年直接经济损失一直维持特重灾等级;20年、30年一遇风险水平下,北方地区的山东与辽宁年和8月、河北年台风直接经济损失也达特重等级,防台应对不容忽视。     

试论我国气象灾害防御的应急管理

文章从气象灾害入手,以气象灾害应急管理为核心,着重探讨了气象灾害防御应急管理的重要性,并结合我国应急管理体制的特点和运行机制提出了加强应急管理工作、提升应急管理水平的方法和措施。     

1998年全球重大气候事件概述

１９９８年,世界大部地区继续偏暖,全球平均气温再创历史新纪录。由于受厄尔尼诺事件和拉尼娜现象的影响,许多地区气候发生异常,出现了大范围的暴雨洪水和高温干旱天气,中国、孟加拉国和中美洲诸国遭受世纪性洪涝灾害,全球经济损失超过历史最高纪录。冬季,全球大部地区气候异常暖和;年初,北美大陆遭受暴风雪袭击;春季,墨西哥、印度尼西亚因干旱引发严重的森林大火;入夏之后,热浪天气席卷印度、欧洲各国,美国许多地区受到系列龙卷风的袭击;初秋,欧洲大陆又出现了寒流天气,加勒比海地区秋季连遭强飓风袭击     

雷电灾害数据可视化分析系统研制

随着社会和经济的发展,雷电灾害造成的经济损失和社会影响越来越大.为了研究雷电灾害发生、发展规律和分布特征,实现相关数据可视化分析,通过基于GIS和ActiveX自动化技术的等值线绘制技术、基于数据库的闪电密度图和极性图绘制策略、基于自绘图层的多普勒雷达图快速绘制方法和基于GIS的闪电数据与雷达回波数据叠加等多种技术手段,研制了雷电灾害数据可视化分析系统VASLDD(Visualized Analysis System of Lightning Disaster Data).该系统使用图表、GIS专题图、等值线、密度图等多种方式,实现雷灾调查数据、雷暴日数据、雷达数据、闪电定位数据的可视化分析,为防雷部门业务和科研工作提供有力的技术支撑.     

On the relation between weather-related disaster impacts,vulnerability and climate change

Disasters such as floods, storms, heatwaves and droughts can have enormous implications for health, the environment and economic development. In this article, we address the question of how climate change might have influenced the impact of weather-related disasters. This relation is not straightforward, since disaster burden is not influenced by weather and climate events alone—other drivers are growth in population and wealth, and changes in vulnerability. We normalized disaster impacts, analyzed trends in the data and compared them with trends in extreme weather and climate events and vulnerability, following a 3 by 4 by 3 set-up, with three disaster burden categories, four regions and three extreme weather event categories. The trends in normalized disaster impacts show large differences between regions and weather event categories. Despite these variations, our overall conclusion is that the increasing exposure of people and economic assets is the major cause of increasing trends in disaster impacts. This holds for long-term trends in economic losses as well as the number of people affected. We also found similar, though more qualitative, results for the number of people killed; in all three cases, the role played by climate change cannot be excluded. Furthermore, we found that trends in historic vulnerability tend to be stable over time, despite adaptation measures taken by countries. Based on these findings, we derived disaster impact projections for the coming decades. We argue that projections beyond 2030 are too uncertain, not only due to unknown changes in vulnerability, but also due to increasing non-stationarities in normalization relations.     

我国台风灾害特征及风险防范策略

对登陆我国台风气候特征及灾害发生特点进行了分析,表明台风登陆我国时间集中于每年的7—9月,年均登陆数量广东最多,而最强登陆台风出现在台湾。台风灾害导致的直接经济损失总量呈现缓慢增加趋势,人员死亡数明显下降。但死亡100人以上的特别重大台风灾害平均每年发生一次,且造成的灾情占比很大。台风灾害影响主要是其伴随的大风、暴雨及引起的滑坡、泥石流、风暴潮等次生灾害共同造成的,重大灾害往往由突发性、极端性风雨引起。为了最大限度地降低和减轻台风灾害损失和社会影响,可依靠基于风险区划的防灾能力建设降低风险,依据准确的风险预评估避让风险,依赖保险特别是政策性巨灾保险的开展转移风险。     

区域性极端低温事件的识别及其变化特征

区域性极端低温事件的客观识别方法主要包括4个部分:极端低温阈值的确定、极端低温事件空间区域的识别、空间区域的连续性过程提取和指标体系,结合个例分析验证了该方法在实际低温事件检测中的有效性。从空间分布和时间变化趋势等角度分析了近50年区域性极端低温事件的变化特征:区域性极端低温事件的发生频次较高的纬度带主要位于32°N和42°N附近,区域性极端低温事件的发生频次、强度和最大覆盖面积等存在总体减弱的趋势,在20世纪80年代后期存在显著的转折,90年代后期以来变化逐渐趋于平缓。此外,对各种单一指标与我国冷冻害造成的经济损失和受灾人口之间的相关分析,构建了体现区域性极端低温事件多方面影响的综合指标。     

An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on flood risk in Mumbai

Managing risks from extreme events will be a crucial component of climate change adaptation. In this study, we demonstrate an approach to assess future risks and quantify the benefits of adaptation options at a city-scale, with application to flood risk in Mumbai. In 2005, Mumbai experienced unprecedented flooding, causing direct economic damages estimated at almost two billion USD and 500 fatalities. Our findings suggest that by the 2080s, in a SRES A2 scenario, an ??upper bound?? climate scenario could see the likelihood of a 2005-like event more than double. We estimate that total losses (direct plus indirect) associated with a 1-in-100 year event could triple compared with current situation (to $690?C$1,890 million USD), due to climate change alone. Continued rapid urbanisation could further increase the risk level. The analysis also demonstrates that adaptation could significantly reduce future losses; for example, estimates suggest that by improving the drainage system in Mumbai, losses associated with a 1-in-100 year flood event today could be reduced by as much as 70%.,We show that assessing the indirect costs of extreme events is an important component of an adaptation assessment, both in ensuring the analysis captures the full economic benefits of adaptation and also identifying options that can help to manage indirect risks of disasters. For example, we show that by extending insurance to 100% penetration, the indirect effects of flooding could be almost halved. We conclude that, while this study explores only the upper-bound climate scenario, the risk-assessment core demonstrated in this study could form an important quantitative tool in developing city-scale adaptation strategies. We provide a discussion of sources of uncertainty and risk-based tools could be linked with decision-making approaches to inform adaptation plans that are robust to climate change.