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1.
Considering a GPS satellite and two terrestrial stations, two types of equations are derived relating the heights of the
two stations to the measured data (frequency ratio or clock rate differences) and the coordinates and velocity components
of all three participating objects. The potential possibilities of using such relations for the determination of heights (in
terms of geopotential numbers or orthometric heights) are discussed.
Received: 6 December 2000 / Accepted: 9 July 2001 相似文献
2.
The rigorous determination of orthometric heights 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
The main problem of the rigorous definition of the orthometric height is the evaluation of the mean value of the Earth’s gravity acceleration along the plumbline within the topography. To find the exact relation between rigorous orthometric and Molodensky’s normal heights, the mean gravity is decomposed into: the mean normal gravity, the mean values of gravity generated by topographical and atmospheric masses, and the mean gravity disturbance generated by the masses contained within geoid. The mean normal gravity is evaluated according to Somigliana–Pizzetti’s theory of the normal gravity field generated by the ellipsoid of revolution. Using the Bruns formula, the mean values of gravity along the plumbline generated by topographical and atmospheric masses can be computed as the integral mean between the Earth’s surface and geoid. Since the disturbing gravity potential generated by masses inside the geoid is harmonic above the geoid, the mean value of the gravity disturbance generated by the geoid is defined by applying the Poisson integral equation to the integral mean. Numerical results for a test area in the Canadian Rocky Mountains show that the difference between the rigorously defined orthometric height and the Molodensky normal height reaches ∼0.5 m. 相似文献
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D. Zhong 《Journal of Geodesy》1997,71(9):552-561
The polynomial interpolation of least squares and interpolation moving least squares based on control stations with known
GPS (global positioning system) ellipsoidal heights and levelling orthometric heights are the most often used methods for
the interpolation of the geoid heights. But in their applications there occur two problems: one lies in selecting the suitable
polynomial parameters; the other in reducing the influences of some possibly abnormal data points. To solve both of the problems,
without emphasizing a sound theoretical basis, a heuristic solution with the help of robust estimation technique and optimization
criteria for the regression equation is presented. Through two actual numerical examples it is shown that the new solution
concept is efficient and can be realized easily on computers.
Received: 23 May 1996 / Accepted: 27 March 1997 相似文献
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A constrained LAMBDA method for GPS attitude determination 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
An improved method to obtain fixed integer ambiguity in GPS attitude determination is presented. Known conditions are utilized
as constraints to acquire attitude information when the float solution and its variance–covariance matrix are not accurate
enough. The searching ellipsoidal region is first expanded to compensate for errors caused by the inaccurate float solution.
Then the constraints are used to shrink the region to a proper size, which maintains the true integer ambiguity. Experimental
results demonstrate that this scheme gives a fast search time and a higher success rate in determining the fixed integer ambiguity
than the unconstrained method. The accuracy of attitude angles is also improved.
相似文献
Bo WangEmail: |
7.
High precision geodetic applications of the Global Positioning System (GPS) require highly precise ephemerides of the GPS satellites. An accurate model for the non-gravitational forces on the GPS satellites is a key to high quality GPS orbit determination, especially in long arcs. In this paper the effect of the satellite solar panel orientation error is investigated. These effects are approximated by empirical functions to model the satellite attitude variation in long arc orbit fit. Experiments show that major part of the long arc GPS orbit errors can be accommodated by introducing a periodic variation of the satellite solar panel orientation with respect to the satellite-Sun direction, the desired direction for solar panel normal vector, with an amplitude of about 1 degree and with a frequency of once per orbit revolution. 相似文献
8.
Precise GRACE baseline determination using GPS 总被引:13,自引:1,他引:13
Precision relative navigation is an essential aspect of spacecraft formation flying missions, both from an operational and a scientific point of view. When using GPS as a relative distance sensor, dual-frequency receivers are required for high accuracy at large inter-satellite separations. This allows for a correction of the relative ionospheric path delay and enables double difference integer ambiguity resolution. Although kinematic relative positioning techniques demonstrate promising results for hardware-in-the-loop simulations, they were found to lack an adequate robustness in real-world applications. To overcome this limitation, an extended Kalman Filter modeling the relative spacecraft dynamics has been developed. The filter processes single difference GPS pseudorange and carrier phase observations to estimate the relative position and velocity along with empirical accelerations and carrier phase ambiguities. In parallel, double difference carrier phase ambiguities are resolved on both frequencies using the least square ambiguity decorrelation adjustment (LAMBDA) method in order to fully exploit the inherent measurement accuracy. The combination of reduced dynamic filtering with the LAMBDA method results in smooth relative position estimates as well as fast and reliable ambiguity resolution. The proposed method has been validated with data from the gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) mission. For an 11-day data arc, the resulting solution matches the GRACE K-Band Ranging System measurements with an accuracy of 1 mm, whereby 83% of the double difference ambiguities are resolved. 相似文献
9.
In this paper a MATLAB toolbox for determining the attitude of a rigid platform by means of multiple non-dedicated antennas
using global positioning system is presented. The programs embedded in this toolbox cover the RINEX data analysis, single
point positioning, differential positioning, coordinate conversion, attitude determination, and other auxiliary functions.
After forming the baselines through double-differenced (carrier phase smoothed) code observables, the attitude parameters
are obtained by applying the direct attitude computation and the least squares attitude estimation. The theoretical background
is summarized, and some hints regarding the software implementation are given in the paper. Moreover, improvements yielding
an expanded functionality are proposed.
相似文献
Zhen DaiEmail: |
10.
Geoffrey Blewitt William C. Hammond Corné Kreemer Hans-Peter Plag Seth Stein Emile Okal 《Journal of Geodesy》2009,83(3-4):335-343
We identify the key design aspects of a GPS-based system (and in the future, GNSS-based systems) that could contribute to real-time earthquake source determination and tsunami warning systems. Our approach is based on models of both transient and permanent displacement of GPS stations caused by large earthquakes, while considering the effect of GPS errors on inverted earthquake source parameters. Our main conclusions are that (1) the spatial pattern, magnitude, and timing of permanent displacement of GPS stations can be inverted for the earthquake source and so predict the 3D displacement field of the ocean bottom, thus providing the initial conditions for tsunami models, and (2) there are no inherently limiting factors arising from real-time orbit and positioning errors, provided sufficient near-field GPS stations are deployed. This signal could be readily exploited by GPS networks currently in place, and will be facilitated by the IGS Real-Time Project as it comes to fruition. 相似文献
11.
Zhigui Kang Byron Tapley Srinivas Bettadpur John Ries Peter Nagel Rick Pastor 《Journal of Geodesy》2006,80(6):322-331
The GRACE (gravity recovery and climate experiment) satellites, launched in March 2002, are each equipped with a BlackJack GPS onboard receiver for precise orbit determination and gravity field recovery. Since launch, there have been significant improvements in the background force models used for satellite orbit determination, most notably the model for the geopotential. This has resulted in significant improvements to orbit accuracy for very low altitude satellites. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how well the orbits of the GRACE satellites (about 470 km in altitude) can currently be determined using only GPS data and based on the current models and methods. The orbit accuracy is assessed using a number of tests, which include analysis of orbit fits, orbit overlaps, orbit connecting points, satellite Laser ranging residuals and K-band ranging (KBR) residuals. We show that 1-cm radial orbit accuracy for the GRACE satellites has probably been achieved. These precise GRACE orbits can be used for such purposes as improving gravity recovery from the GRACE KBR data and for atmospheric profiling, and they demonstrate the quality of the background force models being used. 相似文献
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This paper describes a low earth orbiter micro-satellite attitude determination algorithm using GPS phase and pseudorange
data as the only observables. It is designed to run in real-time, at a rate of 10 Hz, on-board the spacecraft, using minimal
chip and memory resources. The spacecraft design includes four GPS antennas deployed on boom arms to improve the antenna separations.
The boom arms feature smart sensors, from which time-varying deformation data are used to calculate changes in the body-fixed
system (BFS) co-ordinates of the attitude antennas. These data are used as input to the attitude algorithm to improve the
accuracy of the output.
The conventional double-difference phase observation equations have been re-arranged so that the only unknown parameters in
the functions (once the ambiguities have been determined) are the spacecraft Euler angles. This greatly increases the redundancy
in the mathematical model, and is exploited to enhance the algorithm's ability to trap observations contaminated by unmodelled
multipath. This approach has been shown to be successful in identifying phase outliers at the 5–10 mm level. Speed of execution
of the program is improved by utilising numerical differentiation of the model equations in the linearisation process. Furthermore,
as the number of solve-for parameters is reduced to three by the chosen mathematical model, matrix inversion requirements
are minimised. A novel approach to ambiguity resolution and determination of initial estimates of the attitude parameters
has been developed utilising a heuristic technique and the known, and time varying, BFS co-ordinates of the antenna array.
Algorithm testing is based on a simulation of the micro-satellite trajectory combined with variations in attitude derived
from spin-stabilisation and periodic roll and pitch parameters. The trajectory of the spacecraft centre of mass was calculated
by numerical integration of a force model using Earth gravity field parameters, third body effects due to the Sun and the
Moon, dynamic Earth tide effects (solar and lunar), and a solar radiation pressure model. Frame transformations between J2000
and ITRF97 used the IERS conventions. A similar approach was used to calculate the trajectories of all available GPS satellites
during the same period, using initial conditions of position and velocity from IGS precise orbits. RMS differences between
the published precise orbit and the integrated satellite positions were at the 5-mm level. Phase observables are derived from
these trajectories, biased by simulation of receiver and satellite clock errors, cycle slips, random or systematic noise and
initial integer ambiguities. In the actual simulation of the attitude determination process in orbit, GPS satellite positions
are calculated using broadcast ephemerides.
The results show that the aim of 0.05° (two sigma) attitude precision can be met provided that the phase noise can be reduced
to the level of 1–2 mm. Attitude precision was found to vary strongly with constellation geometry, which can change quite
rapidly depending on the variations in spacecraft attitude. The redundancy in the mathematical model was found to be very
effective in trapping and isolating cycle slips to the double difference observations that are contaminated. This allows for
the possibility of correcting for cycle slips without full recourse to the ambiguity resolution algorithm.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
15.
Precise orbit determination based on raw GPS measurements 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
16.
Ellipsoidal heights have been determined for a test network in Lower Saxony withGPS. TheGPS results, with a relative precision of a few centimeters, have been used to compute quasigeoid heights by substracting leveling
heights. This data set is compared to mainly gravimetrically determined quasigeoid heights using least squares collocation
techniques. The discrepancies between the two data sets amount to about ±2cm, the maximum interstation distance is about50 km. This agreement shows, thatGPS can be used in combination with gravity information to obtain normal heights withcm-precision. 相似文献
17.
利用GPS速度场求解构造块体的运动参数 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
文章推导了利用GPS观测速度计算构造块体转动参数和变形参数的统一模型,并基于此模型,利用GPS速度场资料,计算了中国大陆六个一级块体的转动参数和变形参数。 相似文献
18.
分析了地球重力场、海洋潮汐、行星摄动、地极潮汐、相对论加速度等对GPS轨道拟合及轨道外推造成的影响,认为在GPS定轨中除了顾及地球重力场及海洋潮汐对卫星轨道影响之外,还应注意地球重力场模型及海洋潮汐模型的选用问题;此外,在短弧定轨可以不考虑行星摄动、地极潮汐以及相对论加速度的影响,但长弧定轨中需考虑它们的影响。 相似文献
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Cheinway Hwang Tzu-Pang Tseng Tingjung Lin Dražen Švehla Bill Schreiner 《Journal of Geodesy》2009,83(5):477-489
The joint Taiwan–US mission FORMOSAT-3/ COSMIC (COSMIC) was launched on April 17, 2006. Each of the six satellites is equipped
with two POD antennas. The orbits of the six satellites are determined from GPS data using zero-difference carrier-phase measurements
by the reduced dynamic and kinematic methods. The effects of satellite center of mass (COM) variation, satellite attitude,
GPS antenna phase center variation (PCV), and cable delay difference on the COSMIC orbit determination are studied. Nominal
attitudes estimated from satellite state vectors deliver a better orbit accuracy when compared to observed attitude. Numerical
tests show that the COSMIC COM must be precisely calibrated in order not to corrupt orbit determination. Based on the analyses
of the 5 and 6-h orbit overlaps of two 30-h arcs, orbit accuracies from the reduced dynamic and kinematic solutions are nearly
identical and are at the 2–3 cm level. The mean RMS difference between the orbits from this paper and those from UCAR (near
real-time) and WHU (post-processed) is about 10 cm, which is largely due to different uses of GPS ephemerides, high-rate GPS
clocks and force models. The kinematic orbits of COSMIC are expected to be used for recovery of temporal variations in the
gravity field. 相似文献