基于虚内键模型的三维均质岩石本构关系模拟

基于虚内键模型,推导出三维条件下虚内键演化函数的四阶弹性张量,对虚内键密度演化函数中的两个参数进行研究,建立单轴压缩下岩石数值模型,得出两参数对岩石应力-应变全过程曲线影响的一般性规律,实现对均质大理岩试样应力-应变全过程曲线的数值模拟。数值结果表明,基于虚内键模型的均质岩石应力-应变全过程曲线与力学试验结果较为吻合。从而证明了用虚内键模型探讨岩石材料本构关系的适用性与可行性,为研究岩石本构关系提供了一个新思路。     

岩石弹脆性分维损伤本构模型

本文定义岩石构元中破裂面的分维值为各向同性损伤变量,而各个方向上裂纹面的累加量定义为各向异性损伤变量,并根据裂纹发育特征提出了损伤变量演化方程,从而建立起岩石脆性变形破坏过程的分维损伤本构模型。最后,利用该模型对大理岩单轴压缩应力应变曲线进行了模拟,结果说明本文提出的模型是较为合理的。     

基于VMIB的岩石围压破坏二维多尺度数值模拟

VMIB (Virtual Multi-dimensional Internal Bonds)模型是在VIB(Virtual Internal Bond) 模型基础上发展起来的一种多尺度力学模型。VIB认为,固体材料在微观上是由随机分布的质量微粒（Material particle）构成,微粒与微粒之间由一虚内键（virtual internal bond）连结,材料的宏观本构方程则直接由微粒之间的连结法则（Cohesive law）导出。而在VMIB中,微粒之间引入了切向效应,材料的宏观本构方程由虚内键刚度系数导出。由于考虑了微粒之间的切向效应,VMIB能够再现材料不同泊松比。依据VMIB,材料的宏观力学行为决定于微观虚内键的演化。岩石材料在围压条件下强度显著增强,破坏模式一般表现为剪切破坏,其微观机制在于虚内键的演化决定于自身的法向和切向变形,并且演化速度决定于连续层次上材料微元的应力状态。为描述这种微观虚内键的演化机制,提出了一种虚内键演化方程。通过该演化方程,可以宏观再现岩石材料在围压条件下的断裂破坏行为。作为初步应用,没有考虑材料的塑性变形机制,因此,还有待于进一步的理论完善。     

单轴压缩下绿砂岩长期强度的尺寸效应研究

岩石的蠕变特性是影响岩体工程稳定性的重要因素,而岩石的长期强度是确定岩体工程长期稳定的一个重要指标。由于岩石材料的非均质性,其长期强度具有明显的尺寸效应。为了研究岩石长期强度的尺寸效应,首先,在幂函数模型基础上,基于损伤力学理论,建立了能够描述岩石蠕变全过程的非线性蠕变损伤模型;然后,把运用该模型计算得到的单轴压缩蠕变数值模拟结果与室内单轴压缩蠕变试验结果进行对比,验证了模型的正确性;最后,采用所提出的模型对7个不同尺寸的岩样进行了单轴压缩蠕变数值模拟,并对岩石长期强度尺寸效应进行了分析。数值模拟结果表明：随着试样尺寸的逐渐增大,岩石长期强度值逐渐减小,当试样尺寸增大到一定程度时,岩石长期强度稳定在一个特定值附近。     

考虑弹性模量变化的岩石统计损伤本构模型

为建立更为完善的岩石统计损伤本构模型,针对现有模型难以反映某些岩石在三轴试验条件下弹性模量随围压变化而改变的特性,从不同类型空隙对岩石变形性质的影响入手,深入分析了岩石弹性模量变化的机理,并在此基础上,依据弹性参数与岩石中未闭合裂隙数的关系建立了岩石弹性模量变化的分析方法。之后,引入统计损伤理论,考虑损伤阈值的影响和残余强度变形特征,建立了可模拟岩石变形全过程的统计损伤本构模型,并给出了基于三轴压缩试验曲线的模型参数确定方法。本文模型可反映岩石弹性模量随围压变化而改变的特性,且具备现有模型的优点,对岩石变形全过程模拟效果良好。最后,通过试验曲线与本文及同类模型理论曲线的对比分析,表明了本文模型的合理性与优越性。     

一种岩石统计损伤本构模型的研究

基于岩石的非均质性,假设岩石微元粘聚力服从Weibull分布,微元破坏后其粘聚力降为0,结合统计理论和岩石剪切面上剪力平衡方程,建立了岩石发生剪切破坏时的损伤演化方程。该损伤演化方程考虑了破坏微元的抗压和抗剪能力,能够反映岩石峰后强度逐步丧失过程和残余强度。将该模型编入有限元程序,数值计算了不同围压下岩石应力-应变全过程曲线,与试验曲线比较取得了很好的一致性。     

多尺度内聚颗粒模型破碎过程研究

岩石破碎过程涉及到多个变量（应力、应变和孔隙率等）变化和裂纹的产生、拓展和聚集,是研究岩石破碎机制的重要途径。为了克服现有研究中岩石颗粒模型未考虑岩石内部特征问题,针对岩石内部颗粒非均匀分布、聚集的特点,开展了岩石轴压破碎试验和岩石岩相分析试验,并在此基础上,构建符合真实岩石内部特征的多尺度内聚颗粒模型。根据离散元的颗粒黏结模型（BPM）理论,求解了多尺度内聚颗粒模型不同粒级颗粒间黏结键的力学关系,发现与二级颗粒形成的黏结键断裂判据为 ≥ 2 GPa,三级颗粒之间形成的黏结键断裂判据为 ≥ 6 GPa,并基于该判据建立了用于模拟颗粒模型破碎的演化模型。通过模拟轴压破碎试验,破碎演化模型可以从细观角度得到颗粒模型各颗粒间黏结键承受力的实时变化和岩石破碎过程中黏结键从外而内的断裂顺序;从宏观角度得到岩石内部裂纹呈V形从上表面两端延伸并相交于岩石中部。通过与岩石轴压破碎试验结果对比发现,模拟试验得到的岩石裂纹特征与岩石轴压破碎试验结果相似,验证模型的可靠性,实现了从细观和宏观角度分析岩石破碎过程。     

脆性岩石破裂演化过程的三维细胞自动机模拟

在三维条件下定义了实体细胞自动机的基本组件,综合运用弹塑性理论、细胞自动机自组织演化理论、统计原理以及岩石力学理论等,建立了模拟岩石三维破裂过程的张量型细胞自动机模型,并开发了相应的数值模拟软件EPCA3D。利用EPCA3D对脆性岩石进行单轴压缩破裂过程模拟,通过破裂模式、岩样内部破裂情况、全应力-应变曲线和声发射曲线等的分析,揭示岩石破裂的机制。结果表明,EPCA3D能够较好地模拟非均质岩石在载荷作用下微裂纹的萌生、扩展和贯通的全过程。利用该模拟系统,采用应力-应变线性组合的加载控制方式,研究了不同围压对岩石全应力-应变曲线的影响。研究结果表明：对于脆性非均质岩石,低围压下容易表现为II类行为,且强度较低;高围压下容易表现为I类变形行为,且强度较高。     

孔隙水压力分级加载砂岩蠕变特性研究

采用RLW－2000 M微机控制煤岩流变仪,以细粒砂岩为研究对象,对三轴压缩条件下岩石孔隙水压力分级加载蠕变试验进行了蠕变特性及模型研究,重点分析了孔隙水压力分级加载时蠕变条件下岩石的应变（应变速率）、等效孔隙体积（体积速率）演化曲线,同时对不同孔隙水压力分级加载条件下的岩石蠕变演化曲线进行了模型分析和对比。试验结果表明,逐级加载孔隙水压作用下细粒砂岩的蠕变曲线符合蠕变演化3阶段特征;分级加载水压力的孔隙体积演化规律符合微孔洞的损伤过程的3个阶段规律;利用西原体模型进行理论与试验蠕变曲线对比,蠕变方程曲线与试验曲线的演化规律吻合。     

深部岩石考虑残余强度时三轴试验离散元定量模拟及参数分析

深部岩石在工程中具有高应力、大变形等典型特点,因此,高围压下考虑岩石残余强度的三轴试验对于分析深部岩石力学特性具有重要意义。离散单元法是分析岩石力学特性的重要数值方法,但是长期以来采用离散单元法定量模拟岩石的三轴试验一直存在诸多挑战,即数值模拟与室内试验得到的应力-应变全过程曲线难以定量匹配。采用改进的三维胶结抗弯-扭模型对深部砂岩考虑残余强度时的三轴试验进行了定量模拟,实现了数值模拟与室内试验应力-应变全过程曲线的定量匹配,获得了岩石较大的峰值/残余内摩擦角及非线性强度包线,克服了经典BPM模型存在的3个突出问题。通过参数分析,研究了峰值/残余内摩擦角及黏聚力与离散元微观参数之间的关系,同时这些大量的算例也证明了该模型具有较高的计算效率,可以满足模拟三维室内常规试验的要求。     

Simulating fracture propagation in rock and concrete by an augmented virtual internal bond method

This paper develops a practical approach to simulating fracture propagation in rock and concrete based on an augmented virtual internal bond (VIB) method in which the cohesion of solid is modeled as material particles interconnected by a network of randomized virtual micro bonds described by the Xu–Needleman potential. The micro bond potential is used to derive macroscale constitutive relations via the Cauchy–Born rule. By incorporating different energy contributions due to stretch and shearing, as well as different energy levels under tension and compression of each micro bond, the derived macro constitutive laws are particularly useful for modeling quasi‐brittle materials such as rock and concrete which usually have different Poisson ratios and much higher compressive strength than tensile strength. The mesh‐size sensitivity associated with strain‐softening in the present constitutive model is addressed by adjusting material constants near the crack tip so that the biJ‐integral is kept equal to the intrinsic fracture energy of the material. Numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed VIB method is capable of simulating mixed mode fracture propagation in rock and concrete with results in consistency with relevant experimental observations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

巴东组典型红层软岩单轴压缩试验细观组构特征

红色粉砂质泥岩和泥质粉砂岩是巴东组特殊性岩土的代表,具有遇水易崩解特性。根据岩样单轴压缩试验,基于PFC_2D程序,建立中硬岩、软岩单轴压缩试验数值模型;模型选用平行黏结颗粒接触模型。根据应力-应变曲线特征,采用分段定量参数标定法对软岩试样的细观参数进行标定;且通过调整法向和切向黏结强度比值σ_c/τ_c,控制试样单轴压缩破坏模式;分别对不同风化程度的粉砂质泥岩和泥质粉砂岩在饱和、天然状态下单轴压缩试验过程进行模拟;并分析了试验过程中颗粒法向接触力、切向接触力、配位数、孔隙度等细观组构参数的分布特征和演化规律。研究结果表明:该数值方法能够很好地模拟中硬岩、软岩的单轴压缩试验过程,除中风化粉砂质泥岩外,风化程度和浸水条件仅能影响试样颗粒接触力在统计角度范围的大小,不能影响其分布形式;同时,风化程度和浸水条件延长了配位数显著下降的加载时间,配位数随裂缝数量的增加而减小;浸水条件和风化程度对泥质粉砂岩的孔隙度演化影响较大;风化程度对粉砂质泥岩孔隙度演化影响较大,而浸水条件影响较小。      

单轴压缩荷载下非贯通闭合节理岩体损伤本构模型

目前损伤力学已被认为是研究节理岩体力学行为的有效工具,但是在目前的节理岩体损伤变量定义中大多仅考虑节理几何特征而未考虑节理内摩擦角等力学参数,这显然不能很好地反映节理岩体的力学特征。为此,拟推导出一个能够综合考虑节理几何及力学参数的损伤变量（张量）,并由此建立单轴压缩荷载下岩体损伤本构模型。首先,基于断裂力学的由于单个节理存在引起的附加应变能增量与损伤力学的损伤应变能释放量相关联的观点,推导出了含非贯通节理岩体的损伤变量计算公式;其次,根据断裂力学理论对单轴压缩荷载下的单个节理尖端应力强度因子计算方法进行了研究,得出了应力强度因子K_Ⅰ、K_Ⅱ的计算公式;同时考虑多节理间的相互作用给出了单组单排及多排非贯通节理应力强度因子计算公式。最后,利用该模型对含单条非贯通节理的岩体在单轴压缩荷载作用下的峰值强度及损伤变量进行了分析计算。结果表明,当节理倾角小于其内摩擦角时,岩体强度与完整岩石相同,岩体损伤为零,而后随着节理倾角增加,岩体强度、损伤随节理倾角的变化分别呈开口向上及向下的抛物线,当节理倾角约为60°时,岩体损伤最大,强度最低。随着节理长度增加,岩体损伤增加,而随着节理内摩擦角的增加,岩体损伤则减小。      

岩石声速与其损伤及声发射关系研究

首先,建立了单轴压缩过程岩石损伤参量、应变与声速之间的定量关系式,分析了不同均质度对单轴压缩过程岩石声速的影响,结果表明,随着均匀度的增加,单轴压缩过程中声速由平缓变化到急剧变化,这与已有的岩石声发射数值模拟分析结果是一致的;其次,根据建立的声速与应变的关系公式,通过单轴压缩过程岩石声速与应变实测结果的回归分析,得到了具有较高精度的回归方程,从而通过试验验证了所建立的关系式的正确性;最后,从损伤的角度讨论了单轴压缩过程岩石声速与声发射的关系,得出了Kaiser点应位于声速初始下降点附近的结论,为岩石声发射测量地应力试验中Kaiser点的确定提供了新的方法。     

Simulation of hydraulic fracture propagation near a natural fracture using virtual multidimensional internal bonds

A virtual multidimensional internal bond (VMIB) model developed to simulate the propagation of hydraulic fractures using the finite‐element method is formulated within the framework of the virtual internal bond theory (VIB) that considers a solid as randomized material particles in the micro scale, and derives the macro constitutive relation from the cohesive law between the material particles with an implicit fracture criterion. Hydraulic pressure is applied using a new scheme that enables simulation of hydraulically driven cracks. When the model is applied to study hydraulic fracture propagation in the presence of a natural fracture, the results show the method to be very effective. It shows that although the in situ stress ratio is the dominant factor governing the propagation direction, a natural fault can also strongly influence the hydraulic fracture behavior. This influence is conditioned by the shear stiffness of the fault and the distance to the original hydraulic fracture. The model results show that when the fault is strong in shear, its impact on hydraulic fracture trajectory is weak and the hydraulic fracture will likely penetrate the fault. For a weak fault, however, the fracture tends to be arrested at the natural fault. The distance between the fault and the hydraulic fracture is also important; the fault influence increases with decreasing distance. The VMIB does not require selection of a fracture criterion and remeshing when the fracture propagates. Therefore, it is advantageous for modeling fracture initiation and propagation in naturally fractured rock. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

单轴压力作用下岩石破坏机理分析与应用

单轴压力作用下,从微观出发,岩石破坏是由体内微裂纹中的拉应力所致,如果出现类似于剪切破坏的情况,可近似地认为是试件端部与实验台之间的摩擦力所致.本文采用宏观方法,应用弹性力学和应力叠加原理相组合,从变形协调角度出发,得出试件内部不存在拉应力;用数值模拟物体的单轴压力状态仍然没有拉应力.由此提出,最大伸长理论也同样能解释在单轴压力作用下岩石的破坏.并且推导出在围压达到临界围压时岩石的破坏转变为剪切破坏.     

Comparison of the characteristics of rock salt exposed to loading and unloading of confining pressures

Rock mechanical behaviors and deformation characteristics are associated with stress history and loading path. Unloading conditions occur during the formation of a salt cavity as a result of washing techniques. Such conditions require an improved understanding of the mechanical and deformation behaviors of rock salt. In our study, rock salt dilatancy behaviors under triaxial unloading confining pressure tests were analyzed and compared with those from conventional uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. The volume deformation of rock salt under unloading was more than under triaxial loading, but less than under uniaxial loading (with the same deviatoric stress). Generally, under the same axial compression, the corresponding dilatancy rate decreased as the confining compression increased, and under the same confining compression, the corresponding dilatancy rate increased as the axial compression increased. The dilatancy boundary of the unloading confining pressure test began with unloading. This is different from the dilatancy of the uniaxial and triaxial compression tests. The accelerated dilatancy point boundary stress value was affected by confining and axial compressions. The specimens entered into a creep state after unloading. The associated creep rate depends on the deviatoric stress and confining compression values at the end of the unloading process. Based on unloading theory and the experimental data, we propose a constitutive model of rock salt damage. Our model reflects the dilatancy progression at constant axial stress and reduced lateral confinement.     

Analysis of Rock Damage Characteristics Based on Particle Discrete Element Model

Rock is a heterogeneous medium that is composed of minerals of various sizes. Under the action of external loads, the generation, propagation and coalescence of microdefects in the rock mass determines the macroscopic deformation and fracture of rock. To understand the damage law of rock and to reveal the evolution of dynamic failure, a uniaxial compression model was established based on particle flow code. Acoustic emission and energy characteristics of rock damage were analyzed, and the damage constitutive models of rock were discussed. During rock uniaxial compression, acoustic-emission events undergo a relatively quiet, sudden increase and sharp decrease for three periods, which corresponds to the compaction and elastic deformation stage, yield stage and post-peak stage in the stress–strain curve. Before the yield stress is reached, the proportion of bond and strain energies is larger. Friction energy accounts for a small proportion of the total energy, and a reciprocal relationship exists between them. The constitutive model that is based on friction energy can better reflect the variation in stress and strain, then the constitutive model based on acoustic-emission parameters.