Palynofacies and sea-level changes in the Upper Cretaceous of the Vocontian Basin, southeast France

Upper Cretaceous platform carbonates of the Vocontian Basin (southeastern France) have been investigated in a cross-section from the proximal deposits exposed in the lower Rhône Valley to the distal part of the basin in the Southern Subalpine Ranges north of Nice. The stratigraphic interval studied in detail spans the uppermost Turonian and Coniacian.Palynofacies patterns were used to detect eustatic signals at a third-order scale and are the tool for correlation of proximal and distal platform deposits. The organic constituents observed in the studied samples have been grouped into a continental fraction, including higher plant debris (phytoclasts) and sporomorphs, and a marine fraction with dinoflagellate cysts, acritarchs, prasinophytes, and foraminiferal test linings. The main factors influencing the stratigraphic and spatial distribution of land-derived, allochthonous, and marine, relatively autochthonous, organic particles are the proximity of land, the organic productivity, the degree of biodegradation and the hydrodynamic conditions of the depositional system. Palynofacies parameters used for the sequence stratigraphic interpretation are: (1) the ratio of continental to marine constituents (CONT/MAR ratio); (2) the ratio of opaque to translucent phytoclasts (OP/TR ratio); (3) the phytoclast particle size and shape; and (4) the relative proportion and species diversity of marine plankton. Ternary diagrams illustrating significant proximality changes were used to decipher transgressive-regressive trends within the succession.High amounts of translucent phytoclasts and decreasing values of the CONT/MAR ratio occur during the phase of relative sea-level rise in the upper Turonian. The stratigraphic interval of maximum flooding around the Turonian/Coniacian boundary is marked by the highest abundance and species diversity of dinoflagellate cysts, and by high percentages of opaque, equidimensional particles within the phytoclast group. The OP/TR ratio is still high within the lower Coniacian representing the early highstand deposits, whereas the relative abundance of marine constituents is again decreasing. Sedimentary organic matter of the upper Coniacian is dominated by large, blade-shaped, mainly opaque phytoclasts, which are a characteristic palynofacies signature of late highstand deposits.The present study demonstrates the high potential of palynofacies analysis in high-resolution stratigraphy and correlation of sedimentary series of shallow epeiric seas.     

陕甘宁盆地下奥陶统马家沟组层序沉积有机相特征及其烃源岩分布

沉积有机相是具有相似沉积环境、生物组合、成岩环境、氧化-还原条件以及相近有机质特征的地层单元,其分布受沉积盆地中层序地层格架所控制。因此,层序沉积有机相分析可成为确定和预测烃源岩分布的一种有效工具。本文采用层序地层分析与沉积有机相分析相结合的方法,将陕甘宁盆地下奥陶统马家沟组划分为三个层序,并探讨了每个层序中沉积有机相的分布特征。研究表明,沉积有机相在层序地层格架中的分布呈显出一定的规律性,在盆地西部及南部的较深水层序中,沉积有利相类型主要为开阔台地C相,在垂向上变化不大,有机碳含量为 0.0 8%～ 0.1 8%。在盆地中部浅水层序中,海侵体系域的沉积有机相类型主要为开阔台地C相及局限台地D相,有机碳含量为 0.1 2 %～ 0.2 5 %,而高位体系域的沉积有机相类型主要为局限台地D相和蒸发台地E相,有机碳含量为 0.1 7%～ 0.49%,反映出盆地中部浅水层序中的高位体系域是烃源岩分布的最有利地带。     

海相生烃碎屑岩的沉积环境及有机质的分布

湖相与海相生烃岩的沉积环境不完全相同。文章根据国内外有关海相生烃岩沉积环境的资料，探讨了富含有机质泥岩的沉积模式。古海洋学、地层层系及浮游有孔虫的研究成果表明环北大平洋地区生烃岩出现的层位及沉积时的古气候有相似性。笔者还应用层序地层学及有机地化资料，讨论了有机质的分布及其控制因素。     

Distribution of sedimentary organic matter in a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic platform environment: Oxfordian of the Swiss Jura Mountains

Outcrop sections from the Swiss Jura, consisting of carbonate-siliciclastic deposits spanning the Middle-Late Oxfordian boundary, provide a palaeogeographical cross-section ranging from coastal to shallow platform and intra-platform basin environments. Using a sedimentological and a 3rd order sequence stratigraphic framework based on those sections, the distribution of sedimentary organic matter (palynofacies) has been spatially studied in relation to sequence stratigraphy. The main factors influencing the spatial variations of sedimentary organic matter are the proximity of land, organic productivity, level of biodegradation and hydrodynamic conditions of the palaeoenvironment. These factors determine the distribution of the land-derived, relatively allochthonous organic constituents (phytoclasts, pollen and spores), and marine, relatively autochthonous constituents (phytoplankton and foraminifera linings). Five main palynofacies parameters appear as good indicators of proximal-distal trends: the relative proportion of total phytoclasts; the proportion of fresh, translucent fragments among these phytoclasts; the ratio of marine to continental palynomorphs; and the relative amount and species diversity of dinoflagellate cysts. In lowstand deposits, high-energy hydrodynamic conditions may affect these trends on the shallow platform, where storms tend to increase the proportion of the marine organic fraction landwards. These five palynofacies parameters are largely related to water depth. Therefore, when compared with the established 3rd order sequence stratigraphic framework, their stratigraphic variations indicate relative sea-level changes or, alternatively, proximality changes. Parameters indicative of more distal conditions increase in the transgressive and early highstand, and decrease in the late highstand. The opposite occurs for parameters indicative of more proximal conditions. Foraminifera linings seem to be particularly concentrated near the shelf edge and on the slope. Finally, bisaccate pollen may display cyclicity associated with alternating humid and dry periods. This palaeoclimatic signature may be related to orbital cyclicity.     

沉积有机相在陆相层序地层格架中的分布特征--以吐哈盆地台北凹陷及准噶尔盆地南缘中侏罗世煤系为例

综合应用有机岩石学、地球化学及孢粉学的研究方法,对吐哈盆地台北凹陷及准噶尔盆地南缘J2x煤系的沉积有机相在陆相层序的格架中的分布特征进行了探讨。研究表明,一般情况下,各类沉积有机相在层序地层格架纵向上以湖侵体系域为中心对称分布,生烃能力最强的烃源岩出自湖湾-半深湖有机相,其位置一般出现在湖侵体系域中部,向上向下,烃源岩生烃能力依次变差。     

有机地球化学参数在层序划分对比中的应用——以冀中拗陷束鹿凹陷沙三下亚段为例

深水细粒沉积层系的层序地层单元细分和对比,是建立合理的层序地层格架的关键,也是进行深水区岩性油气藏勘探开发的一项重要基础研究工作。但往往由于细粒沉积层系层序地层单元划分标志不明显,其划分对比较为困难,这也是层序地层学研究的难点。依据高分辨率层序地层学原理,从沉积层序的成因及其表现入手,应用表征沉积环境或沉积物特征的有机地球化学参数在纵向上的周期性变化规律,对渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷束鹿凹陷沙三段下亚段半深湖—深湖相泥灰岩沉积进行了层序地层单元划分和对比,较好地识别出了4级旋回与5级旋回,为建立高分辨率层序地层格架奠定了基础。     

尼日尔三角洲高分辨率层序地层及沉积相研究——以尼日利亚M区块为例

本文采用高分辨率层序地层学理论,研究尼日尔三角洲中尼日利亚M区块的层序及沉积特征。选择基准井对全井段的岩屑资料进行细致的观察描述,确定自然伽马、声波等曲线对岩性的响应特征;解释主要钻井的岩性剖面;根据岩性剖面,参照地震剖面中揭示的钻井相对于沉积倾向剖面中所在的位置,选择相应的模型划分不同级别的基准面旋回;通过对钻井基准面旋回的形态、厚度、出现频率等属性特征的分析,进行基准面旋回对比,建立等时的层序格架。研究总结了不同级次旋回界面和旋回类型的识别特征,将研究层段分为9个长期旋回。基于对该区构造、沉积背景、物源供应状况及演化特征,分析了该区三角洲的基本类型、随层序及体系域的时空演化等要素。总结了分流河道、水下分流河道、砂坝等若干骨架沉积微相的旋回组合特征、叠加样式等,为储、盖组合及勘探目标评价提供了的依据。     

论盆地的地层格架

盆地的地层格架(stratigraphic framework)是盆地分析最基本、最重要的参数之一(李思田等,1983),它是指沉积盆地的外部和内部几何形态以及组成盆地的层的堆积性质。概括地说,地层格架不仅指盆地的固体几何形态和盆地所包含的地层单元或单元序列的固体几何形态,而且涉及到单个地层单元的性质,最终体现了沉积环境(Conybeare,1979)。衡量地层格架这一参数应从以下几方面来考虑: 1.盆地的外部几何形态盆地的外部几何形态应该为其真实的固体空间形态所反映,应该包括盆地的平面几何     

Structure,gravity models and stratigraphy of an early Proterozoic volcanic—sedimentary belt in northeastern Ghana

The structure of an early Proterozoic volcanic—sedimentary belt in northeastern Ghana is inferred from the distribution of lithologic units and interpretation of Bouguer gravity anomaly associated with the belt. It is shown from gravity modelling that the vertical thickness (depth) of the volcanic—sedimentary succession is ca. 3 km and that the structure of the western part of the belt is an overturned anticline, an interpretation consistent with facing data. This structure provides the basis from which the stratigraphic order of the mapped lithic units is deduced: (1) fine-grained epiclastic sediments interbedded with minor felsic tuffs, followed by (2) tholeiitic basaltic lavas, which are overlain by (3) calc-alkaline andesitic and dacitic lavas and tuffs; the youngest volcanic unit belonging to the sequence is a calc-alkaline mafic tuff (4). A manganese-rich chemical sediment is preserved at the boundary between the tholeiitic mafic lava and calc-alkaline intermediate volcanic rock units. The early Proterozoic sequence, which is unconformably overlain by coarse fluviatile sediments, is estimated to be ca. 8500 m thick. The stratigraphic sequence in the study area contrasts strongly with the conceptual stratigraphic schemes which are currently held to be valid for similar lithologic associations of early Proterozoic age (Birimian) in the West African shield.     

基于地震沉积学方法的沉积相研究--以涠西南凹陷涠洲组三段为例

探讨地震沉积学方法在陆相薄互层的沉积相研究思路。地震沉积学主要是利用三维高精度地震资料来研究沉积岩及其形成过程,提高分辨率处理和分频解释有利于建立高频层序地层格架,等时地层切片可以用来约束划分最小等时地层单元。90°相位转换使地震同相轴具有岩性意义,可以用来刻画薄层砂体的形态及分布特征。优选能反映砂体形态的属性与反射波形特征,并结合物源方向、沉积体系类型来编制精细的沉积相分布图。以涠西南凹陷古近系涠洲组三段地层为例,开展地震沉积学方法的沉积相研究。识别并确立了研究区内7砂组最小等时地层单元,利用东西方向物源特征及砂体形态、90度相位转换地震振幅属性、波形特征,准确的勾画出7砂组以东、西两侧向湖盆推进的辫状河三角洲为规律的沉积相图。     

基准面旋回与A/S比值的函数关系及地质意义

应用高分辨率层序地层学中的基准面旋回原理,对基准面变化进行了详细地分析。由于基准面的升降变化引起了可容纳空间与沉积物供给量的相对变化,相对应的可容纳空间变化率和沉积物供给率同时也发生变化,因而导致了在不同时期同一地区的地层在相序、保存程度和叠加样式上的差异,以及在同一时期内不同地区在相域上的差别。结合Cross提出的地层基准面原理以及沉积物供给量、可容纳空间变化率、沉积物供给率和沉积通量的物理属性,建立了相应的函数模型,推导说明了其函数关系式,阐述了它们之间的相互关系,总结了各自的变化规律和所代表的地质意义。本文的研究成果有助于进一步加深理解高分辨率地层层序的形成和演化,并且对于高分辨率地层层序的划分与对比,也有一定的借鉴意义。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘三叠系层序地层与隐蔽油气藏勘探

层序地层学及层序地层原理指导下的地震资料解释为地层、岩性油气藏勘探提供了理论和技术支持。为配合准噶尔盆地西北缘油气勘探从克乌断裂带上盘向下盘、从构造油气藏向地层、岩性等隐蔽油气藏的转变,利用陆相层序地层学理论和地球物理资料,将三叠系划分为1个二级层序、5个三级层序和8个体系域,进而总结出拗陷完整型和拗陷残缺型两种层序类型。结合测井约束地震反演和井间沉积对比,探讨了三叠系砂体结构和湖侵体系域地层超覆、湖退体系域及最大湖泛面附近小规模滑塌浊积体岩性透镜体等5种圈闭发育模式。油气成藏综合条件分析指出有效圈闭和油源断层的识别是制约斜坡带岩性油气藏勘探的关键。     

层序地层格架及其对页岩储层发育特征的影响-以四川盆地龙马溪组页岩为例

为研究海相页岩沉积层序及其对页岩储层发育特征的控制作用,通过露头、岩芯研究及地化测试、有机质测试、矿物组分测试、孔隙发育特征测试等室内分析测试,结合测井小波分析,综合建立四川盆地龙马溪组的层序地层格架,并结合储层发育特征探讨层序与储层发育特征的关系。研究表明:研究区龙马溪组发育有两个三级层序;结合多口钻孔通过测井小波分析构建了研究区的高分辨率层序地层格架,识别出四个中期旋回A~D;对比各旋回内的储层发育特征,旋回A储层岩石学特征与旋回B~D存在显著差异,表现为储层有机质含量更高、水平层理更为发育、脆性矿物含量更高、微观储集空间（微—纳米级孔隙与微裂隙）发育程度更好,显示了层序旋回与储层物质成分、结构、力学脆性、含气性特征的显著相关关系,说明层序旋回是储层物性与含气性等发育特征的重要影响因素。基于前述研究,讨论了层序地层格架对储层发育的控制机理,层序格架下各旋回内沉积环境与沉积条件的差异导致储层沉积构造、物质成分与分布的差异,进而影响储层物性与含气性等特征;沉积盆地内高分辨率层序格架的建立可以为储层对比、评价与资源预测提供时间框架。建立了通过测井小波分析高分辨率层序地层格架进行储层分析对比的新方法,提出了基于储层小层分析建立页岩储层精细评价的新工作流程,有助于减少人为因素干扰,可以为页岩优质储层成因研究及其预测评价提供科学依据与新思路。     

层序地层地球化学及其在油气勘探中的作用

层序地层地球化学主要研究基于层序地层格架下的烃源层空间分布特征和源岩有机质的地球化学性质随层序、体系域的变化规律。以大民屯凹陷为实例的研究结果表明,层序地层地球化学研究在油气勘探中具有4个方面的主要作用:(1)预测未钻井或未取心地区烃源层空间分布特征和源岩有机质地球化学性质;(2)通过细化烃源岩评价单元,提高资源量计算中烃源岩体积估算和有机质性质评价的精度;(3)为基于层序地层格架的油气成藏系统研究提供“油气源”和“资源量”的要素;(4)可以作为盆地沉积充填分析的线索,并对已建立的层序地层格架进行检验和校正。层序地层地球化学研究不仅对中国东部老油田隐蔽油气藏的勘探工作具有重要的意义,对勘探程度低、钻井少、源岩取心少的西部含油气盆地中的烃源岩评价工作更为有效。     

沉积有机相的研究现状及其应用

沉积有机相是近年来国内外广泛运用于油气勘探的一种有效的研究方法。本文介绍了沉积有机相的概念、划分方案，及其在油气勘探、盆地分析和层序地层学中的应用，指出了沉积有机相与层序地层分析相结合对油气资源评价和预测烃源岩有广阔的发展前景。     

Sedimentary environment dynamics and the formation of coal in the Pennsylvanian Variscan foreland in the Ruhr Basin (Germany, Western Europe)

During the Pennsylvanian, formation of coal was a phenomenon that was spread over many continents. It is the aim of this paper to illustrate factors that led to the formation of coal seams in paralic clastic sedimentary environments in the Ruhr Basin (German Variscan foreland) during the Pennsylvanian in terms of sequence stratigraphy and the structural evolution of the basin. Lithostratigraphic sections from exploration wells in the currently explored zone of the coal basin allowed the generation of volumetric lithofacies models, using geostastical methods. These models support the analysis of sedimentary facies and a sequence stratigraphic interpretation of the successions that are widely correlated throughout the basin. We then evaluate the relation of the sequence stratigraphic elements derived from the facies models with the abundance of coal seams.     

冲绳海槽西部陆坡第四纪沉积地层划分

冲绳海槽西部陆坡是认识深海斜坡沉积的重要区域。通过对高分辨率地震资料的精细解释,结合已有的研究成果,在冲绳海槽西部陆坡海底以下识别出4个主要的地震层序界面,相应地划分出四个主要地震层序,各层序分别对应全新世沉积层(Q4)、晚更新世沉积层(Q3)、中更新世沉积层(Q2)和早更新世沉积层(Q1)。从陆坡上部往下由斜交前积反射结构过渡到杂乱的反射结构,在地震剖面上可识别出杂乱的丘形反射单元,是滑塌体和重力流沉积的典型地震反射特征,反映出一种高能的、极不稳定的沉积环境。海槽轴部以平行-亚平行的地震反射特征为主,显示了稳定的深海-半深海的沉积环境。地震反射结构的多样性反映了冲绳海槽西部陆坡沉积环境的复杂性和沉机作用类型的多样性,沉积地层结构是多种因素共同作用的结果。东海陆架和冲绳海槽发育相同的第四纪地层垂向序列,同时冲绳海槽西部陆坡与东海陆架第四纪沉积层在层序界面、沉积层厚度、变形程度和产状等方面存在着差异,单靠地震资料来进行两个地区的地层对比存在着不确定性。     

环流分解及其在沉积地层旋回分析中的应用

本文应用马尔柯夫链进行地层序列分析。当一个地层序列形成一个具有马尔柯夫性质和极限概率分布的马尔柯夫链时,它的转移概率矩阵可分解为细致平衡部分和环流部分。根据环流矩阵可确定该序列中的主要沉积旋回趋势,为地层序列分析提供重要依据。本文给出了两个研究实例。     

Quantitative simulation on the retrogradational sequence stratigraphic pattern in intra-cratonic basins using physical tank experiment and numerical simulation

A well studied intra-cratonic sedimentary sequence, the Lower Permian Shanxi Formation in the Ordos Basin, northern China, is characterized by a typical back-stepping or source-ward retrogradational stratigraphic stacking pattern and can be used to illustrate the conceptual sequence stratigraphic model developed for intra-cratonic siliciclastic sedimentary basins. Based on the basic geological parameters (initial topography, lake-level curve, and sediment supply) originated from the Lower Permian Shanxi Formation of the Ordos Basin, we simulated quantitatively and validated the source-ward retrogradational sequence stratigraphic pattern of intra-cartonic siliciclastic basin, and demonstrated the use of numerical simulation to replicate and extend a particular flume experiment. In Run 1 (SQ1) the result of numerical simulation was characterized by the fan-shaped distribution, Sequence SQ2 retrograded landwards and overlaid the deposits of Sequence SQ1 after Run 2, and Sequence SQ3 retrograded further landwards and overlaid the deposits of Sequence SQ2 after Run 3. The simulation results indicated that fan-shaped deposits of Sequences SQ1, SQ2, and SQ3 retrograded sequentially landwards. The sediment distribution of three sequences in the numerical simulation is in accordance with the deposits observed in the physical experiment. The simulated sequence stratigraphic pattern of three sequences also matches that from the geological model quite well. The proposed sequence stratigraphic pattern for the intra-cratonic basin should serve as a useful reference for the interpretation of sequence stratigraphic framework and stacking patterns, and the prediction of the distribution of potential reservoir sandbodies within such basins.