济南泉域排泄区岩溶地下水水化学特征

文章通过分析研究济南泉域排泄区地下水水化学成分特征及形成过程,结合岩溶地下水的补径排条件,揭示了不同位置、不同深度循环的水质存在差异的原因。为保护泉水、优化泉域内地下水的开采方案提供了依据。     

百泉泉域岩溶地下水水化学演化特征及成因

百泉泉域岩溶地下水是河北邢台市生产和生活的主要供水水源。近年来受到自然条件变化和人类活动的影响,泉域地下水流场明显改变,水化学场演变机制有待查明。本研究在水文地质调查和样品采集测试的基础上,采用统计学方法（描述性统计、Person相关系数）、饱和指数计算和水化学方法（Piper图、Stiff图、Gibbs图、离子比例系数）对泉域岩溶水化学特征展开了系统分析。结果表明：泉域岩溶水为弱碱性淡水,Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO3-、SO42- 是地下水中的主要离子,主要来源于方解石、白云石和石膏的风化溶解,Na+和Cl-主要来源于少量岩盐的溶解。沿着径流方向方解石相对于地下水由溶解状态转变为平衡状态,而白云石、石膏和岩盐一直处于溶解状态。补给区和北部径流区基本为HCO3-Ca·Mg型水,七里河、沙河附近和南部煤铁矿区岩溶水除HCO3-Ca·Mg型外,还多出现HCO3·SO4-Ca型、CO3·Cl-Ca·Mg型和HCO3·SO4-Ca·Mg型水,煤铁矿区附近岩溶水中SO42- 的升高是受到了高SO42- 矿坑排水的混合影响。蒸发浓缩作用仅在水位埋深浅且地下水流动相对滞缓的排泄区较为明显,排泄点——百泉泉水为HCO3·SO4·Cl-Ca·Mg型。此外,人类工农业活动改变了地下水的径流条件和水质,使局部岩溶水中NO3-、Cl-、Fe、总硬度含量升高甚至超标。     

Comparative application of four methods of groundwater vulnerability mapping in a Slovene karst catchment

Four methods of groundwater vulnerability mapping have been applied in a Slovene karst catchment and validated by tracer tests. The test site is characterised by high water table fluctuations, manifested in intermittent lakes and variable drainage divides. A first multi-tracer test (two injections) allowed subdivision of the catchment into zones of different degrees of contribution (‘inner zone’ and ‘outer zone’). For vulnerability mapping, only methods that consider the specific nature of karst aquifers such as heterogeneity and duality of infiltration processes, were selected: EPIK, PI, the ‘Simplified Method’ and the ‘Slovene Approach’. For validation, a second multi-tracer test (four injections) was carried out. The time of first detection and the normalised recovery were used as validation criteria. The results suggest that EPIK and the Simplified Method sometimes overestimate vulnerability, while PI and the Slovene Approach tend to deliver more realistic results, at least during low-flow conditions. The Slovene Approach gives the clearest guidance on how to deal with hydrologic variability, for example by assigning lower vulnerability to occasionally active sinking surface waters than to permanent ones. As a conclusion, commonly accepted validation techniques are needed and should be applied by default to evaluate different vulnerability mapping methods and the resulting maps.     

Test of a distributed modelling approach to predict flood flows in the karst Suoimuoi catchment in Vietnam

The major obstacles for modelling flood processes in karst areas are a lack of understanding and model representations of the distinctive features and processes associated with runoff generation and often a paucity of field data. In this study, a distributed flood-modelling approach, WetSpa, is modified and applied to simulate the hydrological features and processes in the karst Suoimuoi catchment in northwest Vietnam. With input of topography, land use and soil types in a GIS format, the model is calibrated based on 15 months of hourly meteorological and hydrological data, and is used to simulate both fast surface and conduit flows, and groundwater discharges from karst and non-karst aquifers. Considerable variability in the simulation accuracy is found among storm events and within the catchment. The simulation results show that the model is able to represent reasonably well the stormflows generated by rainfall events in the study catchment.     

土地利用影响下的岩溶地下水水化学变化特征

为了进一步探讨土地利用方式与地下水水质的关系,在湖南湘西峒河流域采集了包括地下水和地表水的131个样品,在室内进行简分析或全分析,并现场测量了水样的p H、温度和电导率。依据土地利用方式和污染来源将峒河流域的岩溶地下水划分为3种类型: 第一类,不受耕地和居民点影响的岩溶地下水;第二类,受耕地但不受居民点影响的岩溶地下水;第三类,受居民点影响的岩溶地下水。将三类岩溶地下水中K+ 、Na+ 、Cl- 、SO2-4 和NO-3 的浓度从大到小放在一个坐标系中比较,结果显示第三类岩溶地下水的5种离子浓度最大,第二类中等,第一类最低,表明土地利用方式对岩溶地下水水质影响明显。在空间分布上,岩溶地下水离子浓度具有东部和东南、西北较高的特点,表现为一些泉水遭到明显的污染,与这些地方土地利用类型以水田、旱地和农村居民点为主,即与农耕施肥和生活垃圾排放有关。虽然居民点或耕地等土地利用类型目前还没有致使地下水水质超过饮用水标准,但是流域内的饮水安全问题不容忽视。      

Trace elements in groundwater as indicators of anthropogenic impact

The distribution of several minor and trace elements mainly in fresh (dominating TDS 160–400 mg/l) groundwater of Latvia have been investigated by the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique. An evaluation of results of about 700 analyses leads to the conclusion that concentrations of these elements is influenced by: pH–Eh conditions, groundwater residence time and diffuse contamination, whereas the role of water-bearing sediments is of secondary importance. Most trace elements are characterised by low mobility under alkaline and reducing conditions; concentrations in confined aquifers are much smaller than the Maximum Permissible Values for drinking water. The strongest anomalies of REE, Al and P were found in shallow groundwater around the former agrochemical storehouses.     

Optimization and rationalization of karst groundwater resource in Feicheng Basin,China

Feicheng Basin is an important energy base in Shandong Province, China. The Ordovician limestone is the main aquifer for water supply in the basin. As a result of the current practice in which individual water users control the exploitation of the karst water, the regional groundwater level has dropped more than 30 m over the last 20 years. The groundwater is overdrawn in approximately 300 km² because of the poor management from 1981. A numerical model with distributed parameters is developed for the karst aquifer to help properly manage the water resource and sustain its utilization. The responding matrix method is used to couple the prediction model and the management model. The objective of the modeling exercises is to obtain the maximum amount of water while keeping the water level drawdown within an acceptable level. The optimum management scheme is selected among two proposed designs. The recommended measures from this study include (1) improvement of water use efficiency in industries, (2) comprehensive utilization of the water pumped from the mines, and (3) improvement of the irrigation practice. When the domestic water supply and corporates water demand take the top priorities, the numerical modeling provides a useful tool to help with the rational distribution of the karst water resources among different water users.     

Occurrence of selected domestic and hospital emerging micropollutants on a rural surface water basin linked to a groundwater karst catchment

The occurrence of specific micropollutants (MPs), indicators of domestic and hospital wastewater, was investigated in a river connected to a karst spring based on two sampling campaigns under varying flow conditions. The MPs characterized by a high frequency of occurrence (acesulfame-K, ibuprofen, gemfibrozil, nonylphenol, and iohexol) were highly reflective of wastewater discharged in ephemeral streams and tributaries, as well as specific point sources such as farms and hospital effluents. A mixing model based on chloride mass fluxes allows the quantification of the percentage of untreated wastewater effluents in inflowing water from river tributaries, which varied between 0.7–99% and 5.0–10% in low flow and high flow, respectively. The frequency of occurrence of MPs is related to the volume of wastewater input, extent of river dilution, persistence of the MPs, and type of point source contamination on the river. Relationships were established between MPs such as ibuprofen and acesulfame-K (ACE-K), indicating their co-existence in highly consumed generic medicine and their suitability as wastewater co-tracers. Additionally, the number of consumers of gemfibrozil (GEM) and acesulfame-K were estimated based on mass loads in the river tributaries for management purposes. Groundwater contamination is mostly due to diffuse and point sources infiltration occurring on the spring catchment, including the sinking stream that could contribute up to 17% to the mass loads of some micropollutants (e.g., ACE-K and GEM) at the spring. Nevertheless, the increase of MPs use with growing urbanization is expected to have a much significant impact on the groundwater quality in the future.     

Evaluation of karst collapse risks induced by over-pumping and karst groundwater resource protection in Zaozhuang region,China

Based on the comprehensive analysis of factors influencing karst collapse in the Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area, China, this paper establishes a karst collapse risk evaluation model by means of the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Application of the model led to division of the study area into very high risk area, high risk area, average risk area and low risk area; therefore, the karst collapse risk evaluation map of Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area is completed. As preventive measures of karst collapse, the different karst water resource protection areas of Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area are established, and the map for karst water resource protection area of Zaozhuang Shili Spring Area is compiled. The results will be helpful for the strategic planning and decision-making processes associated with exploitation of karst water resources and with prevention and control of karst collapse hazards of this region.     

Elements of groundwater protection in a karst environment

The large spread of karst in Yugoslavia (over one third of the territory) and the importance of its water resources due to the growing pollution of the environment lead to complicated research activities in various scientific fields. A multidisciplinary approach to this research should have the following basic directions: defining sources of pollution; classification of pollutants; defining hydrological, geological, and hydrogeological characteristics of the area studied; study of interaction among pollutants, groundwater, and rocks; and, finally, defining of specific protection measures. The prerequisite for any decision making should already exist in local and regional urban plans. Some basic principles of the listed directions of research are illustrated by examples from practice.     

青木关岩溶槽谷地下水水源地固有脆弱性评价

岩溶地下水脆弱性评价是基于保护岩溶含水层从而有效地管理和利用地下水提出的有效方法和手段。我国西南岩溶区大多数地区缺少应有的地下水保护带,地下水比较容易受到污染。通过采用改进的斯洛文尼亚模式,考虑四个因子:覆盖层(O)、径流特征(C)、降雨条件(P)、岩溶发育程度(K),对重庆市青木关岩溶槽谷地下水水源地的固有脆弱性进行了定量评价。结果表明:流域范围内12.6%为高脆弱性地区;43%为中等脆弱性;44.4%为低脆弱性区域。消水洞及周边100m和消水河及其两边10m,以及岩溶管道发育地区为高脆弱性区。大部分岩溶区为中等脆弱性区。砂岩地区为低脆弱性地区。评价结果与实际吻合。该评价结果为各级决策部门合理规划利用和保护地下水资源提供简单明了的科学依据。该方法对于川东岩溶槽谷地区脆弱性评价有推广价值。     

Investigating the impact of the properties of pilot points on calibration of groundwater models: case study of a karst catchment in Rote Island,Indonesia

A robust configuration of pilot points in the parameterisation step of a model is crucial to accurately obtain a satisfactory model performance. However, the recommendations provided by the majority of recent researchers on pilot-point use are considered somewhat impractical. In this study, a practical approach is proposed for using pilot-point properties (i.e. number, distance and distribution method) in the calibration step of a groundwater model. For the first time, the relative distance–area ratio (d/A) and head-zonation-based (HZB) method are introduced, to assign pilot points into the model domain by incorporating a user-friendly zone ratio. This study provides some insights into the trade-off between maximising and restricting the number of pilot points, and offers a relative basis for selecting the pilot-point properties and distribution method in the development of a physically based groundwater model. The grid-based (GB) method is found to perform comparably better than the HZB method in terms of model performance and computational time. When using the GB method, this study recommends a distance–area ratio of 0.05, a distance–x-grid length ratio (d/X _grid) of 0.10, and a distance–y-grid length ratio (d/Y _grid) of 0.20.     

Hydrochemical indications of human impact on karst groundwater in a subtropical karst area,Chongqing, China

The application of combined isotopic and hydrochemical compositions may be useful for evaluating water quality problems in karst aquifers in which it is difficult to distinguish the sources of solutes from the natural background of those due to human activities. Multiple isotopes (δ¹³C–DIC, δ³⁴S–SO₄ ^2?) and chemical parameters were measured in rainwater, groundwater and sewage in order to elucidate the solute sources and impacts from human activities and natural background in the Laolongdong karst catchment in Chongqing Municipality, SW China. Overall, the dissolution of carbonate rock controls Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and HCO₃ ^? content in rainwater and karst groundwater. SO₄ ^2? originated mainly from gypsum dissolution in karst groundwater. Carbonate rocks in the studied site could be dissolved jointly by H₂CO₃ from the natural CO₂–H₂O reaction and other acids (organic acids and HNO₃) from sewage and soils. Sewage discharge from urban areas and agriculture activities lead to the increase of NO₃ ^?, PO₄ ^3? and Cl^? in karst groundwater. To protect and sustainably utilize the karst aquifer, sewage originating from urban areas must be controlled and treated and the use of fertilizer should be limited.     

硫同位素技术在北方岩溶水资源调查中的应用实例

从地球化学背景方面看,在以奥陶系碳酸盐岩为含水介质的中国北方多数岩溶地下水浅循环系统中,岩溶水的硫酸根有三个主要来源,分别是水对中奥陶统中石膏的溶解、岩溶含水层上覆煤系地层中黄铁矿氧化溶解并补给岩溶水以及与土层密切相关的地表水中硫酸根的加入。上述三类水的δ34S同位素值的差别很大,中奥陶统中石膏硫同位素最重,δ34S值一般在20‰～32‰;煤系地层中黄铁矿的硫同位素最轻,一般在－10‰～10‰,多数低于4‰;而地表水的硫同位素介于上述二者之间,δ34S值较稳定分布在7‰～12‰之间。利用这一具有示踪意义的特点,我们对一些泉域系统的岩溶地下水补、排关系以及一些水化学成分的来源进行了成功的解释,为进一步认识岩溶水文地质条件提供了有力的佐证。      

Holocene climate vs. catchment forcing on a shallow,eutrophic lake in eastern Poland

This paper presents a sedimentary record from Lake ?ukie located in the southeastern part of the Central European Plain, beyond the reach of the maximum extent of the last glaciation. The lake has thermokarstic origin and developed during the last glacial termination due to subsidence of the sub‐Quaternary carbonate basement triggered by permafrost thawing. A sediment core was investigated to reconstruct water trophic state and lake depth changes during the Holocene. We aimed at showing the relationship between ecological and geochemical changes in the lake and regional/supraregional climatic and hydrological trends throughout the Holocene. Results of subfossil Cladocera analysis were combined with data on the geochemistry and stable C and O isotopes in sedimentary carbonates. Isotopic and geochemical proxies helped to detect sources of sedimentary particles in the lake and thus to reconstruct changes in the intensity of atmospheric and catchment processes (e.g. precipitation and surface runoff). The Cladocera analysis results indicated endogenic processes in the lake such as trophic changes. Our data revealed that Lake ?ukie has always been a rather eutrophic water body and the periods of particularly high productivity were in the lower Preboreal and upper Subatlantic. Periods of increased water depth were recorded in the lower Preboreal, lower Boreal and upper Subboreal, whereas low water stands were obtained during the late Preboreal, late Boreal, late Atlantic and Atlantic/Subboreal transition as well as during the lower Subboreal. The sediment succession from Lake ?ukie provides the first full Holocene record of carbon and oxygen stable isotopes in lacustrine carbonates from the eastern part of the Central European Lowland. The record is characterized by uncommonly high δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values of the carbonates resulting from a combination of within‐lake processes and dissolution of the carbonate bedrock of Cretaceous age. The impact of the old carbonates on isotope values was helpful in the reconstruction of the catchment forcing on the lake.     

Modeling the impact of groundwater harvesting on the hydro-salinity of a saline catchment in southeastern Australia

Recharge to a saline, unconfined shallow-water-table aquifer is normally considered as an irrecoverable loss of water, but such thinking could be reviewed empirically. The use of an appropriate groundwater harvesting system does not only provide an opportunity to recover this lost water, but can also help in catchment salinity management and improvement. Agricultural-based land-drainage systems such as those that use serial biological concentration (SBC) of salts, provide examples of such harvesting methods. The impact of groundwater harvesting has been assessed on the hydro-salinity of a saline catchment in southeastern Australia through modeling. For both the below average rainfall and very wet years, the “do nothing” scenario resulted in increasing salinization in the catchment. However, after introducing a SBC system, groundwater salinity showed a decreasing trend while hydraulic heads tended to stabilize around the depth of subsurface collector wells. However, for a successful groundwater harvesting system, proper understanding of the groundwater flows and salt mobilization associated with a catchment is necessary. The outcomes of this modelling study have the potential to address similar issues (salinization) and/or needs (water harvesting) existing elsewhere in the world, particularly in semi-arid regions.

山西柳林泉域岩溶地下水溶解无机碳特征及控制因素

稳定碳同位素可指示岩溶动力系统无机碳循环过程及流域水文地球化形成演化。为揭示山西柳林泉域岩溶地下水循环演化规律及控制因素。本研究对泉域补给区、径流区、排泄区、深埋区29个岩溶地下水的主要离子组分和碳同位素进行测试分析。研究结果表明,流域内岩溶地下水的δ13CDIC,VPDB(DIC—溶解无机碳)具有较大的变化范围,最大值为-8.19‰,最小值为-13.35‰,平均值为-10.09‰。从补给区、到径流区、到排泄区,到深埋区δ13CDIC,VPDB值呈不断增重的变化规律。补给区来源于土壤CO2的比例最高,范围为46.22%~58.04%,平均值为51.13%,其次是径流区,范围为36.22%~58.37%,平均值为42.05%,排泄区和深埋区最小,范围分别为37.61%~41.52%和35.61%~42.26%,平均值分别为39.38%和38.28%。从补给区到径流区、到排泄区、到深埋区,随着径流途径增大和硫酸参与溶蚀的比例增加,DIC(溶解无机碳)中来源于土壤CO2的比例减小,碳酸盐岩来源的碳的比例增加。     

Gypsum karst intensification as a consequence of sulphur mining activity (Jaziv field,Western Ukraine)

The scope of this study is to evaluate the parameters of the gypsum–anhydrite strata karstification under the influence of the quarry exploitation of Jaziv sulphur field (West Ukraine) accompanying by drainage. The quarry drainage provoked the enormous depression cone forming with 100 km² in area and the corresponding intensification of chemical denudation of the gypsum–anhydrite strata. The gypsum karstification rate for the 29-year period of the quarry drainage was 0.06% with the dissolved rock volume of 1,328,507 m³ that is about 80 times higher than in natural conditions. For the drainage period (29 years) the karst denudation rate was 17,952 m³/km² against the natural background of 231.3 m³/km². The absolute value of artificial denudation for the studied massif area is 1.79 cm for 29 years or 0.062 mm/year while the denudation rate under natural conditions would be 0.231 cm for 29 years or 0.0008 mm/year. The forecasted volumes of the surface-evident collapses are evaluated using the relationship between the calculated amount of dissolved sulphate rocks and volumes of the current surface-evident collapses. According to this evaluation, the current collapses correspond to about 34% only from the dissolved rocks volume calculated for the drainage period.