桂江流域土壤侵蚀估算及其时空特征分析

桂江流域的水土流失现状研究对珠江三角洲的水生态安全有重要的现实意义。采用修正的通用土壤流失方程（RUSLE）估算了桂江流域的土壤侵蚀模数与年侵蚀总量,分析流域内土壤侵蚀的时空分布特征,探讨了影响该区域土壤侵蚀强度的自然与人文因素。结果表明,桂江流域51.8%的地表都在发生不同程度的土壤侵蚀。从全流域平均土壤侵蚀强度来看,属于中度侵蚀。从土壤侵蚀面积来看,约85%的地表处于微度、轻度与中度侵蚀。4-6月的全流域平均土壤侵蚀强度最大,侵蚀总量也是最大的。流域的土壤侵蚀主要发生在高程在30~600m的低山丘陵-高地地貌区内的林地与耕地中。流域内岩溶区的土壤侵蚀强度随着石漠化程度从无到中度逐渐增加,轻、中度石漠化区的土壤侵蚀强度达到强度侵蚀等级。      

喀斯特地区石漠化与土壤类型的空间相关分析——以贵州省为例

以贵州省2010年石漠化程度分布与土壤类型分布图为基础,运用地图代数原理,通过计算二者的转移矩阵,从而得出不同石漠化程度下土壤类型的空间分布情况,并探讨研究区石漠化背景下,土壤类型与石漠化的空间分布规律,分析石漠化的发生、分布与土壤类型的相关关系。其结果表明:喀斯特地区石质土的石漠化发生率最高达到46.41%,其次为黄棕壤的43.32%,综合排序为石质土>黄棕壤>山地草甸土>棕壤>红壤>粗骨土>石灰土>黄壤>紫色土>水稻土>潮土;分等级讨论时以中度石漠化为主导,且石质土的中度石漠化发生率最高,达到了21.68%。石漠化程度的空间分布在不同土壤类型中存在着明显差异,并且二者之间有一定联系,土壤本身的性质差异是重要的因素之一。      

Using the radial basis function network model to assess rocky desertification in northwest Guangxi,China

Karst rocky desertification is a progressive process of land degradation in karst regions in which soil is severely, or completely, eroded. This process may be caused by natural factors, such as geological structure, and population pressure leading to poor ecosystem health and lagging economic development. Karst rocky desertification is therefore a significant obstacle to sustainable development in southwest China. We applied a radial basis function network model to assess the risk of karst rocky desertification in northwest Guangxi, a typical karst region located in southwest China. Factors known to influence karst rocky desertification were evaluated using remote sensing and geographic information systems techniques to classify the 23 counties in the study area from low to extreme risk of karst rocky desertification. Counties with extreme or strong karst rocky desertification risk (43.48%, nearly half of the study area) were clustered in the north, central and southeast portions of the study area. Counties with low karst rocky desertification (30.43%) were located in the west, northeast and southwest of the study area. The spatial distribution of karst rocky desertification was moderately correlated to population density.     

贵州贞丰—关岭花江喀斯特石漠化地区土壤厚度的空间分布特征

土壤厚度与石漠化发展程度有着密切的关系,土壤也是石漠化地区生态恢复以及农业生产的基础。为了研究典型高原峡谷中-强度石漠化地区的土壤厚度空间分布规律,在土壤厚度野外调查的基础上,利用地统计学方法分析了贵州典型石漠化地区——贞丰—关岭花江小流域土壤厚度空间分布特征及主要影响因素。结果表明:（1）研究区土壤平均厚度仅为26 cm,土壤平均厚度表现为坡耕地>荒地>林地;（2）土壤厚度空间变异性以强度为主,荒地的土壤厚度空间分布连续程度优于林地和坡耕地,林地的土壤厚度空间分布有明显突变性,坡耕地的土壤厚度具有点状分布特征,有耕作物附近土壤厚度较大;（3）土壤厚度与海拔、基岩裸露率、坡度之间均有明显负相关关系;（4）自然和人为因素综合影响下的土壤强侵蚀是研究区土壤厚度分布极为不均的主要原因,对该区域石漠化的治理可以采用工程措施与生物措施相结合的方法。研究结果对研究区石漠化因地制宜地防治及其他地区水土流失防治、生态恢复、农业合理生产具有一定的参考价值。     

Erosion-creep-collapse mechanism of underground soil loss for the karst rocky desertification in Chenqi village,Puding county,Guizhou, China

Carbonate rocks distribute widely in China. The total area of the carbonate rocks is about 3,430,000 km², and the exposed area of the carbonate is approximately 13 % of China’s territory. In 2003, soil loss in Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi provinces reached 179,600 km², which is almost 40.1 % of the total area, causing rocky desertification. In this study, the erosion-creep-collapse mechanism of underground soil loss for the karst rocky desertification in Chenqi village, Puding county, Guizhou province is proposed. The mechanism occurs under the following geological environment: slope surface undulation, underlying bedrock surface fluctuation and thin and inhomogeneous soil overlying, overlying soil generation by bedrock weathering, underground karst development, and large groundwater depth and lying water table under the bottom of soils. The erosion-creep-collapse mechanism of underground soil loss in the karst slopes is explained as follows: power loss due to human cultivation activities that destroy the soil structure, hydraulic force formed by rainfall infiltration, wet–dry cycle generated by rainfall, erosion effect caused by rainfall penetration, creeping and flowing of plastic-stream soil, and collapse. The erosion-creep-collapse mechanism of underground soil loss has seven steps: disturbance of soils filled in underground karst cave by human activities, internal soil erosion and partial collapse caused by hydraulic power, internal free surface formation within the soil in the filled karst cave, internal soil creeping, soil pipe formation, soil pipe collapse, and ground surface collapse and filling. Soil loss develops slowly, and sudden transportation occurs by collapse. Soil loss can be explained by the proposed mechanism, and soil loss can be prevented by controlling soil collapse.     

生态功能优先背景下的西南岩溶区石漠化治理问题

文章分析了现有石漠化治理模式、物种选择、石漠化治理综合效益评估、消除贫困等方面存在的不足,并结合国家对西南岩溶石漠化区主体生态功能的定位,对未来石漠化治理过程中的几个关键问题进行了探讨,认为未来石漠化治理要更有效地兼顾生态与经济效益,提高生态补偿标准,完善生态补偿体制,促进石漠化区农村人口的城镇化转移,减少人口压力,消除农户破坏环境的驱动因素,促进石漠化治理成效的长期可持续发展,以保证西南岩溶石漠化区水土保持和生物多样性维护主体生态功能的实现。      

湖南洛塔岩溶山区水土流失影响因素分析

水土流失是一个全球性的灾害问题,严重的水土流失不仅导致侵蚀区土壤退化、土地资源遭到破坏、岩溶石山区石漠化,而且还会通过淤积河道、污染水质等过程来破坏下游地区的生态环境。本文根据湖南洛塔岩溶山区不同生态环境水土流失监测成果,对岩溶山区水土流失影响因素进行分析,为湖南湘西及西南岩溶石山地区石漠化治理与生态建设,有效控制水土流失,实现生态系统可持续发展提供了理论依据。      

南洞流域东部重点区石漠化现状及治理对策

为了探讨南洞流域东部重点区石漠化现状及其治理对策,通过遥感数据分析结果并结合地面实地调查验证,对云南南洞流域东部重点区石漠化分布特征、成因、危害及其区域林地生态环境质量状况进行了分析。结果表明,南洞流域东部重点区石漠化面积占岩溶区面积的17.2%,集中分布于大庄盆地西北部,以轻度石漠化为主,轻度、中度、重度石漠化的面积比例约为7∶3∶1,石漠化与水土流失问题突出,岩溶区林地生态环境质量等级以三级、四级为主,占区域总面积的53.77%,整体水平较低,且明显低于区内的非岩溶地区林地。粗放型畜牧和农耕方式是导致区内石漠化形成和加剧的最重要因素。提出休垦弃焚、恢复次生植被、合理开发利用土地资源、优化农林畜牧产业结构,实施林草建设工程、草食畜牧业工程、水利水保设施工程,建立保障制度和监督机制,开展全面的石漠化综合治理对策,以确保区域生态恢复、农林畜牧经济健康发展及南洞地下河流域生态安全和水资源开发利用。      

湘西北地质地貌特征对岩溶石漠化影响研究——以张家界市为例

通过对张家界市DEM、地质构造、岩性特征以及地貌数据进行地理信息技术（GIS）叠加分析,探讨了地质地貌因素对张家界地区岩溶石漠化分布的影响。结果表明:该区岩溶石漠化在地貌上的发生率呈现丘陵>洼地>低山>中山>高山的特征;在坡度上以Ⅱ级坡度中石漠化发生率最大,且石漠化面积呈阳坡>半阴坡>阴坡>半阳坡分布特征,并随坡向由阴转阳,各等级岩溶石漠化面积所占比例逐渐增加;地层岩性方面以碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩互层类岩层更易发生岩溶石漠化;地质构造方面表现为石漠化空间展布与断裂构造展布方向一致,且断层对石漠化的影响在ⅠB断裂构造主要体现在对断裂两盘的岩性、地层的差异性和对水系发育展布的影响上。      

喀斯特石漠化研究存在的问题与发展趋势

喀斯特石漠化代表了世界上一个比较独特的荒漠类型，即湿润区石质荒漠化。目前石漠化面积快速扩展的总体趋势并没有得到有效遏止，因对石漠化发生机制与喀斯特生态系统稳定性机制还不清楚，同时缺乏比较完善的石漠化防治理论和技术体系也是重要的原因之一。较为详细地介绍了目前西南喀斯特山区石漠化过程和适应性生态修复研究方面存在的基础理论问题，包括喀斯特石漠化的时空格局变化与驱动力、喀斯特山地的侵蚀过程、驱动力与危险性、以水为纽带的喀斯特生态系统退化和石漠化过程中的生物地球化学过程、喀斯特受损生态系统的适应性修复、喀斯特生态系统的服务功能优化和综合调控等方面，阐述了上述几个研究领域的研究现状与可能的发展方向；强调喀斯特石漠化是一个非地带性问题，不是纯自然过程，而是与自然、社会与经济紧密相关，需要以喀斯特科学为主的多学科交叉与综合集成研究。     

Progresses and Prospects of the Research on Soil Erosion in Karst Area of Southwest China*

The karst area of Southwest China is suffering from serious ecological and environmental problems due to soil erosion while the research on soil erosion is not sufficient. Primary achievement was systematically reviewed in this paper in three aspects: erosion characteristics, current researches about erosion on different spatial scales, and key scientific problems. Based on the review, the authors figured out the shortcomings of the existing studies and pointed out the directions on erosion study in southwest China karst region. The results showed that: ① Due to the existence of a dual structure in karst environment including ground and underground erosion, the process of runoff and sediment production on slope scale and confluence and sediment transportation processes on catchment scale were more complex under the unique geological and hydrological backgrounds; ② At present, most researches about erosion mechanism in karst area focus on slope scale and some achievements on quantitative evaluation of erosion factors have been made. Continuous data with high quality about relationship between water and sediment on catchment scale is limited. When data is scarce, river sediment data can be used as an effective way to study soil erosion intensity and spatial-temporal variation in karst area; ③ It is more reasonable to use 50 t/(km²·a) as the grading standard of soil loss tolerance than the previous grading standard of soil erosion intensity. Given the complex relationship between rocky desertification and soil erosion, more quantitative studies about the effects of rocky desertification on soil erosion are still necessary. There are different viewpoints on soil leakage definitions, leakage mechanism and leakage ratios, and new breakthroughs could be achieved by combining different methods and matching multi-scales. In conclusion, in order to further reveal soil erosion laws and establish and revise available regional soil erosion forecasting models for Southwest China karst areas, synchronous test and monitoring on slope, watershed, and channel spatial scales are urgently needed. The results can provide theoretical and technical support for promoting soil and water conservation work for the karst area of Southwest China.     

广西都安喀斯特石漠化的分布特征及其与岩性的空间相关性

在以广西都安瑶族自治县为研究对象 ,以RS与GIS一体化为分析手段 ,首先采用TM影像为背景资料 ,辅以地形图、土地利用图、土壤图、地质图以及GPS实测数据库等相关资料综合分析的基础上 ,建立石漠化分级的遥感影像解译指标体系 ,生成都安县石漠化分级分布图和数字化岩性图 ,然后从空间相关性的角度阐明了不同级别石漠化与碳酸盐岩岩性之间的内存联系     

滇东南喀斯特区域石漠化时空格局演变研究——以广南县为例

石漠化给区域发展带来了一系列生态环境和社会经济问题,国家自实施生态治理工程以来,区域石漠化得到一定改善。为探讨生态治理工程实施后石漠化格局变化,研究以滇东南典型喀斯特区域广南县为例,以2000年、2010年和2018年3期遥感影像为数据源,通过人机交互式解译获得石漠化空间分布数据,运用时间变化度、转移矩阵和叠加分析等方法,分析广南县石漠化时空格局演变特征。结果表明:（1）时间变化上,广南县石漠化类型仍以重度石漠化为主,但是石漠化面积总体在不断减少。灌木林地和未利用地石漠化面积最大,其中灌木林地以潜在石漠化为主,未利用地以重度石漠化为主,是石漠化重点治理的用地类型。2000-2010年石漠化转移方向是向无石漠化和相邻等级石漠化转移,2010-2018年主要向低等级石漠化转移;（2）空间分布上,广南县喀斯特区域石漠化南多北少,呈现南重北轻的分布格局,沿篆角乡—黑支果乡—南屏镇南部—八宝镇西南部一线、珠琳镇和五珠乡相邻区域、珠街镇和曙光乡的相邻区域是石漠化集中分布区;（3）19年间,广南县喀斯特南部区域的石漠化大面积改善,而中部及北部区域的石漠化不断恶化。整体而言,退耕还林等生态治理工程的实施,能有效改善喀斯特区域的石漠化状况,使广南县石漠化总面积减少了288.98km2。      

SPATIAL CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN KARST ROCKY DESERTIFICATION AND LITHOLOGY IN DU''AN YAO AUTONOMOUS COUNTY IN GUANGXI

Du'an Yao Autonomous County is a typical area for the distribution of karst rocky desertification in Guangxi.The indices for the grades of rocky desertification are selected according to the scientific meaning of karst rocky desertification and after the interpretative symbol system of rocky desertification. RS images are established by the landscape characteristics of Du'an karst and its TM image. Relying on RS & GIS means and taking land use map as base map, this paper conducts synthetic analysis on the 1999a TM image (126-043) and the correlation data involving landform, soil, geological map and GPS-database and photo on the spot, and brings forth a map showing the Du'an rocky desertification grades and a digital lithology map. As can be viewed from spatial correlation, the inherent connection is also illuminated between the various levels of rocky desertification and the carbonate lithology.     

喀斯特石漠化--中国西南最严重的生态地质环境问题

作为最严重的环境地质问题,日益扩展的土地石漠化,正在吞噬着中国西南喀斯特地区民众的生存空间,已经构成灾害和贫困之源。喀斯特石漠化是土地荒漠化的主要类型之一,是人类不合理经济活动叠加于脆弱生态地质环境背景上的综合作用结果。它以脆弱的生态地质环境为基础,以强烈的人类活动为驱动力,以土地生产力退化为本质,以出现类似荒漠景观为标志。中国西南脆弱的喀斯特生态环境是经过漫长的地质历史演化而形成的,它对喀斯特石漠化具有明显的控制作用。构造运动塑造了陡峻而破碎的喀斯特地貌格局,古环境演化奠定了石漠化的物质基础。喀斯特地区的人口压力及不合理的人类活动,导致土地资源的严重退化、植被覆盖度锐减、水土流失加剧和生态环境严重恶化,超载的社会经济压力是导致喀斯特土地石漠化最重要的驱动力。尽管喀斯特石漠化综合治理非常艰巨,但仍具备恢复或重建生态环境的可能性。     

Soil erosion monitoring and its implication in a limestone land suffering from rocky desertification in the Huajiang Canyon, Guizhou, Southwest China

Over the past decades, the vast limestone mountain areas in southwestern China have suffered greatly from karst rocky desertification (KRD), which is a unique type of desertification caused by irrational land-use practices and has drawn increasing attention of international academic community. Characterizing soil erosion in this region is the key to understanding the escalating KRD problem and finding solution to it. The authors applied leveling method to study soil erosion process in the Huajiang Karst Canyon area between 1999 and 2003, and tried to relate it to KRD expansion. The monitoring data indicate that soil in the study area was losing at an alarming rate, which is much higher than soil formation rate and has already resulted in severe KRD problem. Soil loss under different land-use conditions varied greatly during the monitoring period. The highest soil erosion rate occurred in bare and newly abandoned cropland, followed by sparse grass land, forest land, and dense grass land. In addition, soil erosion could be significantly different under different micro-topographic conditions. Because soil erosion rate in the studied karst mountain areas is surprisingly high, it is urgent to take quick actions to fight against the ongoing KRD problems in Southwest China before an irreversible situation occurs. However, the traditional way to combat KRD by abandoning current cropland needs to be carefully reconsidered, since a bare newly abandoned cropland may suffer more from rapid soil loss than before.     

岩溶峰丛洼地水土漏失及防治研究

中国地质科学院岩溶地质研究所岩溶生态研究团队在国家科技支撑计划和广西科技攻关项目联合资助下,自21世纪以来一直从事西南岩溶山区水土漏失创新性研究。2013年取得了一系列进展,阐明了水土漏失的概念、过程和数学模型;运用野外监测和先进的同位素技术,首次系统揭示了岩溶峰丛洼地不同地貌部位和不同生态环境的水土漏失定量差异和原因,建立了适宜岩溶区特点的水土流失强度分级标准和土壤侵蚀回归模型,创建了生物措施与工程措施有机结合的岩溶峰丛洼地水土保持模式和技术规程,开辟了岩溶石漠化环境生态效益与经济效益俱佳的火龙果生态产业,为西南岩溶地区石漠化综合治理和水土保持提供了技术支撑和示范样板。     

喀斯特石漠化地区土壤Fe组成及其发生学意义

土壤中氧化铁的组成反映了土壤的成土过程和环境条件。通过对西南喀斯特石漠化地区不同石漠化阶段山地自然土壤和农田土壤Fe组成的分析,研究了土壤全铁、游离氧化铁和非晶形氧化铁的分布规律,探讨了喀斯特地区石漠化土壤的发育过程和Fe的指示作用。研究表明:①喀斯特地区土壤表层全铁含量在38.9～53.9g/kg之间,游离氧化铁含量在18.0～26.7g/kg之间,铁游离度在44.1%～73.4%之间,铁活度在7.2%～11.4%之间。②随着石漠化程度的加剧,土壤游离氧化铁和铁游离度呈增加的趋势,而铁活度呈降低的趋势。③在土体分布上,自然土壤剖面随深度的增加,土壤铁游离度和铁活度呈明显降低的趋势,而农田土壤铁游离度呈增加的趋势。④喀斯特地区的土壤是石灰岩溶蚀风化的产物,人为活动干扰下的自然土壤石漠化过程是在水力作用下的表土侵蚀过程,而农田土壤受水分垂直运动的影响,是土壤丢失的过程。     

湘西大龙洞岩溶流域农业生态环境与治理措施

大龙洞岩溶流域水土流失与石漠化严重、旱涝灾害频繁,造成该流域这种农业生态环境现状的主要原因是岩溶生态环境的脆弱性和长期的人为干扰。在研究湘西大龙洞岩溶流域自然地理与地质构造、岩溶水资源、土地与植被环境等特征的基础上,剖析大龙洞岩溶流域石漠化等农业生态环境存在的问题,并根据大龙洞岩溶流域农业生态环境特点,提出了有效开发利用岩溶水资源,提高地表水、地下水与降水资源的利用率及生态重建与恢复等措施。      

喀斯特石漠化的形成背景、演化与治理

喀斯特石漠化是青藏高原隆升在其东南翼所诱发的重要地质生态灾害问题,是制约中国西南地区社会经济发展的关键因素.它不是一种纯自然过程,而是与人类活动密切相关,不仅造成土地资源丧失,干旱缺水,生态系统退化,而且使该区的贫困问题加剧,具有明显的自然和社会学属性.本文着重从地质和生态的角度,阐述喀斯特石漠化的形成特点和演化方式,及其对综合治理的指导意义.对西南岩溶山地而言,土壤和植被是生态环境中最为敏感的自然环境要素,与非岩溶区相比,具有明显的脆弱特征.它们在干扰下发生迅速演替,诱发地表水文条件的改变,导致石漠化的形成.文中特别强调岩溶山区碳酸盐岩基底岩性的不同、生态环境类型与植被演替的方式和进程的多样性对于岩溶生态系统的影响作用.基于上述认识,对石漠化地区的土地利用方式和生态恢复过程以及可能发展的方向提出了一些建议和看法.