秦岭公路隧道2号竖井地应力与岩爆分析

秦岭公路隧道2号竖井主要位于混合片麻岩地层中,高地应力和岩爆是该竖井的主要工程技术难题。根据竖井的工程地质资料和邻近工程水压致裂法地应力测试结果,采用三维有限元法对竖井工程区域内的初始应力场进行反演回归分析研究:竖井地应力存在较大的水平地质构造应力,地应力分区分布,水平地应力最高达到28.7MPa,垂直地应力基本受岩体自重控制。在地应力场分析的基础上,利用陶振宇岩爆判据对竖井进行岩爆预测,竖井岩爆为轻微或中等类型;并采用脆性岩体的常偏应力准则,模拟分析竖井岩爆破坏区的深度,岩爆区最大深度为0.6m。通过与竖井开挖后岩爆状况进行比较,结果表明反演得到的竖井地应力和岩爆分析是合理的。     

A Top Pilot Tunnel Preconditioning Method for the Prevention of Extremely Intense Rockbursts in Deep Tunnels Excavated by TBMs

The headrace tunnels at the Jinping II Hydropower Station cross the Jinping Mountain with a maximum overburden depth of 2,525 m, where 80% of the strata along the tunnels consist of marble. A number of extremely intense rockbursts occurred during the excavation of the auxiliary tunnels and the drainage tunnel. In particular, a tunnel boring machine (TBM) was destroyed by an extremely intense rockburst in a 7.2-m-diameter drainage tunnel. Two of the four subsequent 12.4-m-diameter headrace tunnels will be excavated with larger size TBMs, where a high risk of extremely intense rockbursts exists. Herein, a top pilot tunnel preconditioning method is proposed to minimize this risk, in which a drilling and blasting method is first recommended for the top pilot tunnel excavation and support, and then the TBM excavation of the main tunnel is conducted. In order to evaluate the mechanical effectiveness of this method, numerical simulation analyses using the failure approaching index, energy release rate, and excess shear stress indices are carried out. Its construction feasibility is discussed as well. Moreover, a microseismic monitoring technique is used in the experimental tunnel section for the real-time monitoring of the microseismic activities of the rock mass in TBM excavation and for assessing the effect of the top pilot tunnel excavation in reducing the risk of rockbursts. This method is applied to two tunnel sections prone to extremely intense rockbursts and leads to a reduction in the risk of rockbursts in TBM excavation.     

西周岭隧道地应力测量及岩爆预测分析

为指导施工,提高施工的安全性和经济性,对西周岭隧道进行了钻孔水压致裂法地应力测量.测试结果表明:西周岭隧道深埋段地应力场以水平应力为主,在测试深度内最大水平主应力值为10.57～19.39MPa,具中等偏高应力水平;最大水平主应力方向为近N33°W,与隧道走向的夹角较小,即地应力对隧道围岩稳定性较为有利.基于地应力实测...     

二朗山公路隧道岩爆特征与预测研究

根据二郎山公路隧道施工中记录的２００多次岩爆资料,总结隧道的岩爆特征,并采用“地质超前预报法”和“σθ／Ｒｂ判断现场测定预测法”两种方法,对岩爆预测问题进行有益探讨。     

Buckling mechanism of pillar rockbursts in underground hard rock mining

The objective of this paper is to investigate the buckling mechanism of pillar rockbursts in underground hard rock mines from an innovative point of view. By considering rockbursts as a buckling (instability) problem of structures, rockbursts are classified into three categories: induced rockburst, triggered rockburst and inherent rockburst, in accordance with the magnitude of the dynamic stimulation force from large to null. Rigorous mathematical models are set up for these three rockbursts. For induced and triggered rockbursts, mechanism of parametric resonance is found and perturbation effect is observed. For inherent rockbursts, the condition of critical static loads is obtained. Various examples of rockbursts in Dongguashan Copper Mine are analysed. The limitations of the approach are addressed. Contrary to conventional methods where only rock materials or rock specimens were used for investigation of rockbursts, this study attaches more attention on the structural effect on rockbursts, which may appeal to practising engineers.     

花岗岩巷道岩爆过程红外辐射时空演化特征室内模拟试验研究

通过含孔花岗岩的双向加载试验模拟巷道岩爆过程,以红外热像仪为观测手段,利用红外热像和最低红外辐射温度作为监测指标,研究岩爆过程中的红外辐射温度时空演化特征。结果表明：岩爆过程红外辐射时空演化特征与岩爆孕育、发生过程具有良好的同步性。岩爆发生前红外热像上出现低温嵌套于高温条带间的温度场,其在空间上的延伸扩展则是岩爆孕育和发展过程在温度场中的反映,其出现的位置对应着岩爆发生的区域。最低红外辐射温度呈现出上升-短暂下降-上升-下降4个阶段性特征,岩爆发生前最低红外辐射温度出现3个突变转折点。试验结果对于巷道岩爆灾害的时空预测具有一定的理论意义。     

岩爆、冲击地压的定义、机制、分类及其定量预测模型

引述了若干国际权威学者关于岩爆的机制和定义的论述,在此基础上,依据岩爆发生的不同机制,将岩爆分为断层滑移或者剪切断裂所导致的断裂滑移型和岩石破坏导致的应变型岩爆,并结合事故案例,分析了应变型和滑移型两类岩爆及冲击地压的发生机制和特点。在机制分析的基础上,介绍了岩（煤）柱应变型岩爆和围岩应变型岩爆以及断裂滑移型岩爆定量预测的研究成果,其中,包括作者利用非欧几何模型研究非协调变形影响后对应变型岩爆进行了定量预测和数值模拟的新研究成果。     

深埋隧洞不同开挖方式下即时型岩爆微震信息特征及能量分形研究

基于锦屏二级水电站深埋隧洞钻爆法及隧道掘进机（TBM）开挖过程中大量微震监测数据及不同等级的岩爆案例,对不同开挖方式下即时型岩爆的孕育及发生过程的能量释放展开研究,并运用分形几何原理研究微震能量分布的变化规律,得到以下结论：（1）即时型岩爆的孕育及发生过程中,岩爆区围岩岩体处于破坏加速集聚并不断扩展的过程;（2）钻爆法开挖过程中储存在岩体内的弹性应变能消耗于岩体破裂过程大于TBM开挖,而转化为岩体动能小于TBM开挖;（3）钻爆法开挖微震能量分形维度在即时型岩爆的孕育过程不断增加,岩爆临近前会增加到某个临界值以上;（4）TBM开挖即时型高等级岩爆能量分形维度值大于钻爆法开挖,并且其分形维度值可以反映低等级岩爆伴随发生的特征。     

深埋隧洞微震活动区与岩爆的相关性研究

基于锦屏二级水电站深埋引水隧洞和排水洞大量微震监测数据及上百个不同等级岩爆实例,研究了深埋隧洞微震活动区与岩爆之间的关系。研究结果表明：（1）微震活动分布范围主要介于掌子面后方3倍洞径至前方1.5倍洞径之间,而岩爆高发区位于掌子面后方3倍洞径以内,表明岩爆高发区与微震事件主要分布范围相吻合;（2）隧洞工程岩爆潜在风险重点关注区域是掌子面后方3倍洞径已开挖范围,以及掌子面前方1.5倍洞径施工范围;（3）微震事件及岩爆分布呈区域性集结特点,其中一部分岩爆发生于微震事件集结区内部,另一部分岩爆发生于微震事件集结区边缘,这是岩体破坏过程中所固有的现象,与微震事件集结区边缘局部应力集中密切相关。     

Research on the Energy Criterion for Rockbursts Induced by Broken Hard and Thick Rock Strata and Its Application

In this study, the occurrence conditions of rockbursts induced by broken hard and thick rock strata (HTRS) in fully mechanized longwall face are investigated by dividing the surrounding rock of a roadway rib into three zones: burst-resistance zone (BRZ), burst-inoculation zone, and stable zone. On this basis, the process of impact vibration energy (released by the broken HTRS) transformation in these zones was analyzed, and theoretical equations are presented to calculate the strain energy, dissipated energy and shock vibration energy. In addition, an energy criterion associated with the critical broken length of the HTRS, the width of burst-resistance zone, and the burst proneness index was proposed to predict rockbursts induced by broken HTRS in fully mechanized longwall face. Moreover, to control these types of rockbursts effectively, a quantitative method was proposed for determining the limit broken length of the HTRS and the BRZ. The research results show that the energy criterion may forecast these typical rockbursts, and rockburst hazards can be eliminated using the proposed method.     

Combined early warning method for rockburst in a Deep Island,fully mechanized caving face

Rockbursts annually cause hundreds of casualties and huge economic losses in China. The possibility of rockbursts occurring in a deep island, fully mechanized caving coal face is much higher than in a normal face. To predict and prevent rockbursts in this type of coal face, a comprehensive approach based on multi-instrument monitoring, including microseismic (MS) monitoring, electromagnetic emission (EME) monitoring, and the drilling cutting method (DCM), has been proposed. The case of working face 1304 in the Yangcheng coal mine in Shandong Province, China, was analyzed to test the combined early warning method. In situ investigations showed many early warning precursors before a rockburst, such as a period of silence in MS activity, persistent rising of EME intensity values and pulse numbers, and a large jolt of EME. Based on the quantitative early warning indexes, the combined early warning method for rockbursts in coal face 1304 was established, which mainly includes three rockburst risk judgment conditions and one rockburst risk identification condition. This method has been applied to rockburst forecasting in the Yangcheng coal mine. The application showed that this comprehensive approach could accurately identify potential rockburst risks and trigger early warnings. The case study demonstrated that the likelihood of a rockburst occurring can be forecasted by the combined early warning method based on multi-instrument monitoring.     

基于声音信号的室内岩爆动态预测方法

利用自主研发的真三轴岩爆试验机,在室内再现了应变型岩爆过程,并对岩爆过程中的声音信号进行监测。采用梅尔倒谱系数、谱质心、短时平均过零率等可定量化描述声音特性的组合指标作为岩爆过程典型破坏现象声音信号的特征提取信息,在此基础上结合适用于处理小样本、非线性分类问题的高斯过程机器学习方法,建立岩爆过程典型破坏现象识别的高斯过程模型,由此实现室内岩爆过程典型破坏现象的智能识别。进而,针对岩爆传统预测方法侧重于趋势预测而不能判别岩爆过程发展阶段的不足,采用智能识别+趋势预测的动态识别策略,以岩爆发生前夕的平静期、谐波均值、色谱向量均值等声音特征指标的变化规律作为岩爆前兆信息,提出一种多层次递进式的岩爆动态预测方法。室内岩爆的预测结果表明,该方法是可行的,为未来建立基于声音的现场岩爆预测方法奠定试验基础。     

基于微震信息的硬岩新生破裂面方位特征矩张量分析

为了更清晰直观地了解高应力下硬岩破坏（岩爆、片帮、应力型塌方等）孕育过程中岩石破裂演化过程,根据岩石破裂面的特点,依据微震监测数据的矩张量结果,推导并得到了岩体破裂面空间方位计算方法,在此基础上给出了根据运动夹角? 来判断岩石破裂类型的确定方法。借助此方法,在实例研究中进一步证明了深埋隧洞矩张量分解判断破裂类型分析方法的可靠性。依托锦屏二级水电站深埋引水隧洞这一典型工程,依据破裂面的方位角、倾角特征和岩爆宏观破坏情况,初步探究了即时性应变-结构面滑移型岩爆的孕育过程：在岩爆孕育初期,以张拉破裂为主,由于硬性结构面的存在,在开挖扰动应力调整初期,破裂面由岩体浅层往岩体较深层硬性结构面扩展,张拉破裂面尖端接近硬性结构面时,硬性结构面上发生剪切滑移,若较深层岩体内部还有其他硬性结构面存在,则在该硬性结构面尖端,除随着岩体浅层切向应力的持续增大,往开挖面扩展外,继续以张拉破裂面型式往深层扩展,至较深层硬性结构面上剪切破裂产生,最终以剪切滑移面为破坏面边界往开挖面发展,并最终将岩体抛掷而出。     

大台井深部岩巷岩爆发生机理与预防措施研究

大深度、高地应力下的岩巷岩爆问题是煤炭企业面临的重大技术难题。根据大台井深部岩巷发生的岩爆现象,分析了深部岩巷岩爆发生的机理。通过计算得出大台井深部岩巷岩爆发生的临界深度为723 m。指出发生岩爆的主要因素是深部开采和复杂的地质构造所致,采用合理的巷道布置,选择合适的断面形状,使用锚网喷支护方式,可以预防岩爆的发生,避免人员伤亡,提高掘进速度的作用,达到安全快速掘进的目的。     

四川康定某深埋隧道花岗岩岩爆物理模拟实验研究

四川康定折多山某隧道因其埋深大、构造应力高度集中,在修建过程中极易产生岩爆.为探索折多山某隧道花岗岩段不同深度条件下岩爆机制,利用真三轴岩爆实验系统,开展了不同深度下的花岗岩岩爆物理模拟实验.借助应力监测、高速摄像和声发射等系统,从声、光、力等多角度研究了折多山某隧道花岗岩岩爆的阶段特征、时间特征、主要破坏方式、裂纹演化等规律.结果表明:折多山花岗岩岩爆具有时滞性特征(time delaying rockburst,TDR),在500~1 100 m不同埋深条件下,约770 m为折多山花岗岩单面临空真三轴强度的临界深度;不同深度下的岩爆有明显阶段特征,可分为平静期、劈裂成板、板折剥落、整体弹射4个阶段;声发射特征揭示折多山花岗岩岩爆主要为张拉破坏,随深度增加,张拉裂纹逐渐增加,剪切裂纹逐渐减少;根据岩爆时应力差与单轴抗压强度比值将折多山花岗岩岩爆分为3种破坏模式:小颗粒弹射破坏、岩板劈裂破坏、岩屑混合弹射破坏;且应力比值$ \left({\sigma }_{v}-{\sigma }_{h1}\right)/{\sigma }_{c} $越大,岩爆烈度越大.      

板状破坏的岩体岩爆判别的一种方法

本文探讨锦屏长探洞的各种岩爆现象。在研究构造应力场和重力场及其联合作用对岩爆影响的基础上,指出了对于特深埋洞室,上覆岩层厚度将成为产生岩爆的主要原因。针对现场岩爆的实际破坏形式,提出了边壁破坏的板粱-脆性弹簧模式。研究了破坏面平行于洞室边壁情形下的岩爆机理和判别方法,较好地解释了岩爆发生过程,判别岩爆的临界应力与实际的比较吻合。此外本文还给出一些卸围压试验的结果。     

基于熵权-正态云模型的岩爆烈度分级预测研究

岩爆是深埋地下工程主要的工程地质灾害之一,其烈度分级预测是必须解决的岩石工程重大问题。针对岩爆烈度分级的不确定性,选取岩石单轴抗压强度与抗拉强度比σ_c/σ_t、切向应力与岩石单轴抗压强度比σ_θ/σ_c、弹性变形能指数Wet和岩石完整性系数K_v等定量化指标建立评价指标体系,应用熵权法确定各评价指标权重,结合云理论建立了岩爆烈度分级预测的熵权-正态云模型。以国内外12组典型岩爆工程实例对所建模型进行检验,并与逼近理想解法、高斯径向基函数法的判别结果及实际情况进行对比。为进一步考察该模型的有效性和实用性,利用该模型对终南山公路隧道工程竖井的岩爆实例进行分析。研究结果显示,基于熵权-正态云模型的岩爆判别预测结果与实际岩爆情况较吻合,表明熵权-正态云模型在研究岩爆烈度分级预测中具有良好的实用性和可靠性,可为深部地下工程岩爆烈度分级预测提供一种新思路。     

中间主应力对隧洞岩爆影响的模型试验研究

为探究隧洞纵轴线方向应力对隧洞岩爆的影响,利用真三轴岩爆试验系统,对含预制圆孔的立方体花岗岩试样进行不同中间主应力条件下的岩爆模型试验,在室内再现了隧洞岩爆过程。试验中采用视频观测系统与声发射系统监测岩爆过程。试验研究结果表明：无宏观破坏、颗粒弹射、岩板劈裂和块片喷射是隧洞岩爆孕育过程主要经历的4个阶段;中间主应力越高,颗粒弹射到块片喷射之间的历时越短,岩板劈裂持续时间越长,块片喷射的持续时间越短且喷射破坏越剧烈;中间主应力越高,在环向第一主应力和纵轴向中间主应力的泊松效应迭加作用下,围岩劈裂破坏越严重,岩爆发生需要的应力水平越高,岩爆发生风险有所降低;但当应力集中水平足够高导致岩爆发生时,岩爆烈度越强。     

滇藏铁路丽江玉峰寺隧道围岩岩爆刚度判据

从最小能量原理出发,探讨隧道围岩岩爆的刚度判据问题,并应用于滇藏铁路玉峰寺隧道工程。在滇藏铁路玉峰寺隧道代表性围岩岩样全应力应变刚压实验分析的基础上,结合地应力测量资料和数值模拟,分析玉峰寺隧道3种岩性不同围压条件下的变形破坏过程,得到隧道塑性破坏岩体和弹性岩体的刚度曲线,利用刚度判据,分析评价玉峰寺隧道3类岩体发生岩爆的危险性,玄武岩岩爆烈度最高,灰岩次之,砂岩最低,为隧道工程设计提供了参考依据。     

深部地下实验室扩挖岩爆监测与动态防控技术研究

中国锦屏地下实验室二期(CJPL-Ⅱ)扩挖工程建设潜在高等级岩爆风险。为此,建立了深部地下实验室相邻同向短洞室固定式和单侧相向扩挖移动式微震传感器阵列优化布置方法,构建了基于岩爆风险程度的岩爆预警频次优化原则,提出了针对性的CJPL-Ⅱ扩挖岩爆防控措施,实现了CJPL-Ⅱ扩挖过程岩爆实时监测、动态预警与防控,岩爆预警与实际情况吻合良好,保障了CJPL-Ⅱ扩挖顺利完成。分析了CJPL-Ⅱ扩挖各洞段开挖过程微破裂时空演化规律及其差,研究结果表明新增通道微震活动较扩挖段更为活跃,岩爆风险亦更高,扩挖微震活动活跃程度与空间集聚特征受扩挖断面尺寸,扩挖深度以及结构面影响。研究成果可为类似深埋工程安全建设提供借鉴。