四川、甘肃地区VS30经验估计研究

目前我国建筑工程抗震设计规范中对于工程场地条件的判断依据主要是地表以下20m深度范围内土层的等效剪切波速,简称VS20。相比之下,国外应用较广的是地表以下30m深度范围内的等效剪切波速,简称VS30。这种差别导致国内科研工作者在应用国外的地震工程、工程抗震模型时经常遇到对场地条件描述不准确的困难。为了解决这个问题,本文根据147个四川、甘肃地区国家强震动台站20m左右深度的钻孔剪切波速数据,利用延拓方法、场地分类统计方法以及基于地形特征的VS30估计方法研究各台站VS30与VS20的经验关系,对比发现基于速度梯度延拓的结果最为可取。参考国际上通用的Geomatrix Classification场地分类标准,最终得到四川、甘肃地区各类场地的平均VS30,此结果可以为缺乏钻孔数据的工程场地的VS30估计提供参考。     

Site correction of ground motion in Fujian area

On the basis of the interpretation of the high-resolution satellite remote sensing images, in combination with the data of engineering geological exploration and shear-wave velocity testing, the site category-zoning map of FJ area with the scale of 1:200,000 is generated according to the site classification standard of “Code for Seismic design of Buildings” of China (GB50011 2010). By the method of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis, we obtain bedrock seismic ground motion parameters of five recurrent periods (50, 200, 500, 1000, and 2500 a) of FJ area. By using the 617 typical soil layer structures of the site classifications in FJ area, we build seismic response models of soil layers and make seismic response analysis, then obtain the statistic sample space of site amplification factors, which possess reasonable distribution and sufficient data. Considering the distribution characteristics of The Quaternary Strata in FJ area, according to the statistic zoning (mountains and coastal areas respectively) and site classifications as well as the level of bedrock importing ground motion, the site magnification-factors of ground motion in FJ area are obtained by classification statistics.     

剪切波速在判定石河子市某建设场地类别中的应用

场地类别是结构抗震设计中确定地震动参数的重要依据.相关规范允许在土类原位测试的基础上结合经验判定场地类别.但在工程地质条件复杂的场地中,这种方法存在很大的偏差.通过对比分析石河子某建筑场地根据地基土的工程地质特性、地基承载力等条件确定的场地类别与使用剪切波速判定的场地类别,说明经验方法存在的局限性,实测剪切波速依然是判定场地类别的可靠方法.     

Seismic Site Classification and Correlation between Standard Penetration Test N Value and Shear Wave Velocity for Lucknow City in Indo-Gangetic Basin

Subsurface lithology and seismic site classification of Lucknow urban center located in the central part of the Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB) are presented based on detailed shallow subsurface investigations and borehole analysis. These are done by carrying out 47 seismic surface wave tests using multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) and 23 boreholes drilled up to 30 m with standard penetration test (SPT) N values. Subsurface lithology profiles drawn from the drilled boreholes show low- to medium-compressibility clay and silty to poorly graded sand available till depth of 30 m. In addition, deeper boreholes (depth >150 m) were collected from the Lucknow Jal Nigam (Water Corporation), Government of Uttar Pradesh to understand deeper subsoil stratification. Deeper boreholes in this paper refer to those with depth over 150 m. These reports show the presence of clay mix with sand and Kankar at some locations till a depth of 150 m, followed by layers of sand, clay, and Kankar up to 400 m. Based on the available details, shallow and deeper cross-sections through Lucknow are presented. Shear wave velocity (SWV) and N-SPT values were measured for the study area using MASW and SPT testing. Measured SWV and N-SPT values for the same locations were found to be comparable. These values were used to estimate 30 m average values of N-SPT (N ₃₀) and SWV (V _s ³⁰ ) for seismic site classification of the study area as per the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) soil classification system. Based on the NEHRP classification, the entire study area is classified into site class C and D based on V _s ³⁰ and site class D and E based on N ₃₀. The issue of larger amplification during future seismic events is highlighted for a major part of the study area which comes under site class D and E. Also, the mismatch of site classes based on N ₃₀ and V _s ³⁰ raises the question of the suitability of the NEHRP classification system for the study region. Further, 17 sets of SPT and SWV data are used to develop a correlation between N-SPT and SWV. This represents a first attempt of seismic site classification and correlation between N-SPT and SWV in the Indo-Gangetic Basin.     

区域场地分类方法研究综述

大量破坏性地震震害调查结果表明:松软土层场地上的震害情况要比坚硬岩石场地上的震害情况更加严重,在一定区域范围内不同类型场地上震害差别也较大,因此场地放大效应及区域场地分类的研究逐渐成为地震工程领域关注的热点问题。随着高精度地形地貌数据及地理信息处理软件的逐步完善,区域场地分类方法的研究迅速发展。本文重点介绍了基于地形条件、地貌条件、地质条件及综合条件的场地分类方法,对各方法的优缺点进行探讨,并分析了其在使用时应注意的重点问题。     

Proposal for a soil classification based on parameters alternative or complementary to Vs,30

The selection of specific elastic response spectra according to soil categories is the easiest way to account for site effects in engineering projects and general-purpose hazard maps. Most of the international seismic codes make use of the average shear wave velocity of the upper 30 m (Vs_,30) to discriminate soil categories, although some doubts arose about the capability of Vs_,30 to predict actual soil amplification. In this work we propose two soil classifications in which the soil fundamental frequency (f₀) becomes either an alternative or a complement to Vs_,30. The performance of the derived categorizations is achieved through the estimation of the standard deviation associated to ground motion prediction equations of acceleration response spectra, considering recordings extracted from the Italian strong motion data base. The results indicate that there is a significant reduction of the standard deviation when the classification is based on the couple of variables Vs_,30–f₀, although a classification based of the single f₀ also leads to satisfactory results, comparable with those obtained assuming a classification scheme based on Vs_,30.     

Fractal and chaotic phenomena of seismic dissipated energy in an energy system of engineering structures

Fractal and chaotic phenomena in engineering structure are discussed in this paper, it means that the characters of fractal and chaos on dynamic system of seismic dissipated energy activity intensity E _d and activity intensity of seismic dissipated energy moment I _e are analyzed carefully. Based on the conceptions of the energy system of engineering structures Θ, seismic dissipated energy activity intensity E _d and activity intensity of seismic dissipated energy moment I _e, the chaotic phenomena of dynamic systems E _d and I _e are discovered by theoretic derivation, then the fractal characters of them are also discovered from theoretical inferring and numerical computation. Attractor of relative dimension d ₂, Renyi entropy of the second order k ₂, mean predictable time scale 1/k ₂ and other parameters of the dynamic system which were constructed in light of a large number of actual measuring seismic data have been achieved in the end. These parameters are exactly what the fractal and chaotic phenomena have represented in practical dynamic system, which may be valuable for earthquake-resistant theory and analytical method in practical engineering structures.     

高分辨率浅层人工地震勘探探测隐伏断裂实例

利用高分辨率浅层地震勘探反射波法探测了福建某火电厂场址内的隐伏断裂。结果表明断裂显示清楚,为一走向NE40~55°,上断点埋深为11 m和31 m,断距2~4 m的正断层,为工程避让提供较可靠的依据。     

Morphology and geochemistry of zircon: a case study on zircon from the microgranitoid enclaves

There are three types of zircon (i.e. Zircon A, Zircon B and Zircon C) in the microgranitoid enclaves from the Qingtian granite. Zircon A is of the smallest I_pr, I_py and I_el values with the largest range of variations; Zircon C is of the largest I_pr, I_py and I_el values with the smallest range of variations; and Zircon B is intermediate among the three types. The microprobe analysis of zircon demonstrates that the contents of trace elements (Hf, U, Y, Th) increase progressively with larger and larger variation from Zircon A through Zircon B to Zircon C. These characters snggest that the three types of zircon in the enclaves may have formed successively during the cooling mess of enclave magma, corresponding to different sites along with the intrusion of enclave magma. Because of positive correlations of the UO₂/HfO₂ratio with I_pr, the Th0₂/Y₂0₃ ratio with I_py, and the UO₂/(ThO₂+Y₂0₃) ratio with I_el, it is suggested that the variation in zircon typology is caused by selective substitution of trace elements on different surfaces of zircon. On the basis of enclave petrology and zircon typomorphism, it is believed that the enclave magma may be generated from partial melting of residual materials in deep regions where the granitic magma has been extracted. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49632080).     

Correlation of pseudo relative velocity spectra with site intensity, local soil classification and depth of sediments

Empirical regression equations are presented for scaling Pseudo Relative Velocity Spectra, PSV(T), in terms of the Modified Mercalli Intensity M.M.I., local soil classification at the recording site (‘rock’, stiff or deep soil), and local geological condition (depth of sediments). It is shown that both the local soil classification and the local geological depth of sediments should be used simultaneously in the evaluation of site specific response spectra.     

Rainfall interception by trees of Pinus radiata,and Eucalyptus viminalis,in a 1300 mm rainfall area of southeastern New South Wales: I. Gross losses and their variability

Interception loss, I, was determined by continuous concurrent measurements of the canopy precipitation balances of a mature seed orchard tree of Pinus radiata, and a dominant tree of Eucalyptus viminalis at a mountainous high rainfall site (900 m a.s.l.) in Tallaganda State Forest of the Upper Shoalhaven Catchment. Approximate canopy storage capacity (Sc) of the pine was 54 l, and that of the eucalypt was 11·3 l. Gross pine I was 26·5 per cent and eucalypt I was 8·3 per cent of total incident rainfall over a period of 18 months, from June 1975 to December 1976. The exponential model that provided the best fit to overall data relating I to gross rainfall (P_g) was of good precision for the pine (r² = 0·73) but rather poor precision for the eucalypt (r² = 0·27). A consistent pattern in interception data of the two canopy types suggested that variation in I was related to change in pervasive conditions influencing rates of evaporation from wet canopies during rainfall. Multiple regression analyses confirmed that factors such as rainfall intensity and windspeed explained some of the variation in eucalypt I but little in pine I. Negative eucalypt I and corresponding low values of pine I over a wide range of P_g (up to 20 mm) suggest that capture of wind-borne precipitation (cloud, mist, or fog) had also complicated the canopy precipitation balances.     

辽宁金州断裂断层土壤气地球化学调查

对辽宁南部地区重点活动断裂的8条剖面进行跨断层土壤气Rn、CO2和H2浓度测量.测量结果表明,各测量剖面土壤气Rn、CO2和H2的浓度平均值变化范围分别为10.65～39.50kBq/m3、0.59％～3.37％和9.74～306.28ppm.研究区土壤气Rn、CO2和H2浓度异常主要集中在海城老震区和盖州震群地区,土...     

Study of Sediment Nonlinearity Using Explosion Data in the Mississippi Embayment

Strong and weak motion data from the Mississippi Embayment Seismic Excitation Experiment (ESEE) were analyzed for signatures of nonlinear site responses. This experiment was performed jointly by the University of Memphis and U. S. Geological Survey in October 2002, by detonating two explosions of 2500 and 5000 lbs. Intrinsic and scattering Q estimates (Q_I and Q_S) from the coda of the strong motion data were found to be very low compared to previously determined Q values of P- and Rayleigh waves of weak motion data from the same explosions. The Q_I estimates from P-wave late coda of the strong motion data are less by more than 100 at 3 Hz and by more than 200 at 10 Hz, compared to the P-wave Q values determined from the weak motion data by Langston et al (2005). Also, Q_I determined from the late coda of strong motion Rayleigh-wave data is less by more than 200 at 0.5 Hz and by more than 50 at 3.0 Hz, compared to Q values determined from Rayleigh-wave weak motion data. A resonance peak spectral amplitude of the early part of a strong motion seismogram is shifted to lower frequencies compared to that from a later part of the same seismogram. Spectral amplitude ratios between transverse and vertical components of the strong motion data are degraded between frequencies 2 and 10 Hz for P waves, and less than 4 Hz for Rayleigh waves compared to the weak motion transverse to vertical spectral ratio. All these are signatures of nonlinear site responses during strong ground motion. This study proves the non-transportability of weak motion attenuation results to estimate ground motion from a future large earthquake that may take place in areas like the New Madrid Seismic zone.     

福建省扁担洋矿区赋煤地层地质特征及资源潜力分析

在充分收集前人地质成果以及邻近矿区地质资料的基础上,分析福建扁担洋矿区含煤地层特征、赋煤构造条件,结合以往地质工作及少量野外地质调查综合分析认为：扁担洋矿区具有一定的煤炭资源潜力,投入适量勘查工作,有望发现较好的煤矿资源。     

基于谱比法的江苏强震动台站场地特征分析

选取江苏省强震动台网近年来获得的强震动记录,基于水平竖向谱比法(HVSR),计算了22个强震动台站的速度反应谱平均谱比曲线,采用谱比形状一致法进行场地分类,并结合典型台站场地的工程地质资料进行对比分析。研究结果表明,平均谱比曲线的卓越周期、场地放大等特征与台站场地地质资料相吻合,与传统场地分类方法相比,基于谱比法的场地特征分类方法能够突出不同场地的地震动反应特征,较好地体现了台站的场地反应特征。     

Probabilistic Assessment of Tsunami Recurrence in the Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean is one of the most tsunamigenic regions of the world and recently experienced a mega-tsunami in the Sumatra region on 26 December 2004 (M _W 9.2 earthquake) with tsunami intensity I (Soloviev-Imamura intensity scale) equal to 4.5, causing heavy destruction of lives and property in the Indian Ocean rim countries. In this study, probabilities of occurrences of large tsunamis with tsunami intensities I ≥ 2.0 and I ≥ 3.0 (average wave heights H ≥ 2.83 m and H ≥ 5.66 m, respectively) during a specified time interval were calculated using three stochastic models, namely, Weibull, gamma and lognormal. Tsunami recurrence was calculated for the whole Indian Ocean and the special case of the Andaman-Sumatra-Java (ASJ) region, excluding the 1945 Makran event from the main data set. For this purpose, a reliable, homogeneous and complete tsunami catalogue with I ≥ 2.0 during the period 1797–2006 was used. The tsunami hazard parameters were estimated using the method of maximum likelihood. The logarithm of likelihood function (ln L) was estimated and used to test the suitability of models in the examined region. The Weibull model was observed to be the most suitable model to estimate tsunami recurrence in the region. The sample mean intervals of occurrences of tsunamis with intensity I ≥ 2.0 and I ≥ 3.0 were calculated for the observed data as well as for the Weibull, gamma and lognormal models. The estimated cumulative and conditional probabilities in the whole Indian Ocean region show recurrence periods of about 27–30 years (2033–2036) and 35–36 years (2039–2040) for tsunami intensities I ≥ 2.0 and I ≥ 3.0, respectively, while it is about 31–35 years (2037–2041) and 41–42 years (2045–2046) for a tsunami of intensity I ≥ 2.0 and I ≥ 3.0, respectively, in the ASJ region. A high probability (>0.9) of occurrence of large tsunamis with I ≥ 2.0 in the next 30–40 years in the Indian Ocean region was revealed.     

利用区域数字强震动台网加速度记录合成场地设计地震波

利用福建数字强震动台网历年各类典型加速度记录的相位谱拟合所在场地设计反应谱,获得具有本地区不同场地、不同分向天然地震记录的非平稳性特征又满足抗震设防要求的场地设计地震波,同时提供了具体的应用算例及可供福建地区建筑结构时程分析时选用的输入地震波。     

Evaluation and modeling of runoff and sediment yield for different land covers under simulated rain in a semiarid region of Brazil

This paper quantifies the runoff and sediment yield for four different land covers in a semiarid region of Brazil. The WESP model, a distributed, event-oriented runoff-erosion model, was applied and its physical parameters, N_s and K_R, were adjusted based on observed runoff and sediment yield data using simulated rainfall with an average intensity of 53 mm h^-1. The sediment yield obtained was 53.02 kg ha^-1 (caatinga vegetation), 231.96 kg ha^-1 (bare soil), 309.75 kg ha^-1 (beans), and 847.38 kg ha^-1(corn). The results showed that caatinga cover yields the lowest erosion and runoff when compared to the other treatments. The results also show that the sediment yield and runoff values simulated with N_s, K_I, and K_R parameters were well calibrated, within acceptable deviations. The caatinga vegetation was more effective in protecting the soil, when compared to the other types of coverage. The beans and corn covers had the highest values of runoff and sediment yield, even higher than those observed for bare soil.     

广西岩溶区工程地质灾害及场地处理

为减小岩溶区地质灾害带来的损失,以广西岩溶区为例,分析了广西岩溶地质的分布特点,对广西岩溶区的工程地质灾害进行研究分类,对岩溶区工程场地处理方法进行研究,综述了地表封闭防渗法、地面下加固处理法、结构物跨越法三大方法的原理、实施效果和实用性。研究发现:由于降雨和地下岩石类别差异等因素,广西的岩溶分布类型具有强烈的地域特性,形成了三大岩溶地貌特征;产生岩溶区地质灾害最主要的诱因是地下水的变化,重要工程中定时定点监控地下水变化十分重要;广西的岩溶区溶洞和土洞塌陷主要是人为因素造成的。     

Shuffled-cards structure and different P/T conditions in the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt, Sakuma-Tenryu area, central Japan

The Sanbagawa metamorphic terrain of the study area is divided into two units, the Shirakura and Sejiri units. The metamorphic thermal structure is interpreted on the basis of the degree of graphitization (GD) of carbonaceous material in pelitic schists. The areal variations of the metamorphic grade are presented by the distribution of GD calculated using the Lc and d₀₀₂ of carbonaceous material. As a result, the two units are classified into four metamorphic zones, respectively: A₁, A₂, B₁ and B₂ for the Shirakura Unit; and I₁, I₂, II₁ and II₂ for the Sejiri Unit. The metamorphic grades of A₁, A₂, I₁ and I₂ are included in the chlorite zone, and that of B₁, B₂, II₁ and II₂ in the garnet zone of the Sanbagawa metamorphism. The degree of graphitization at the boundary between A₂ and B₁ zones is the same as that between I₂ and II₁ zones. Detailed study on the variation of GD suggests that the present‐day structure of the study area is best interpreted as a model of shuffled‐cards structure. An estimated minimum thickness of a stack of continuous cards is about 25 m. The compositions of garnet in pelitic schists and of amphibole in basic schists are different from those in the identical metamorphic range of the Shirakura and Sejiri units. It is suggested that rocks of the Shirakura Unit were metamorphosed under higher P/T conditions than those of the Sejiri Unit.