Investment’s rituals: “Grassroots” extractivism and the making of an indigenous gold mine in the Peruvian Andes

What happens when an Andean family finds gold on its land? As mining corporations rapidly claim surrounding properties on rugged terrain near Mount Mismi, a water-supplying deity overlooking Peru’s Colca Valley, the Flores family is springing into action to beat the Buenaventura mining company to the gold that might be hidden within. The global land rush has been pronounced in Peru, whose mineral resources have largely been responsible for rapid economic growth but whose profits remain restricted to a relative few. The Flores family, many of its members underemployed, are engaged in a costly race against time to constitute themselves as an enterprise, rent equipment, formalize their title, and fulfill other rituals necessary for legitimating their own effort to access what they see as their small share of Peru’s mineral wealth, against the specter of state subsoil rights and corporate power. They are simultaneously racing to seek the land’s permission, via rituals like the pago a la tierra (offering to the earth) and the provision of spiritually infused chicha (fermented maize and barley). Through an ethnographic focus on the exemplary case of the Flores property and the diverse rituals essential to extracting its prosperity, this article asks how the Peruvian state’s categories of legitimate land use articulate with a perspective acknowledging land as a powerful non-human agent with its own requirements for becoming investable. I argue that beyond a simple dichotomy between official and indigenous rituals of legitimation, the Flores’ urgent race to render land investable puts multivalent ontologies and ethics to work together. In doing so, I further argue, family members draw on years of engagement with development projects and non-governmental organizations focused on promoting explicitly indigenous entrepreneurship. They are thus forging new interpretations of identity-based empowerment that complicate any stereotypical relationship between environmental sustainability and indigeneity.     

Upper Neogene stratigraphy and tectonics of Death Valley — a review

New tephrochronologic, soil-stratigraphic and radiometric-dating studies over the last 10 years have generated a robust numerical stratigraphy for Upper Neogene sedimentary deposits throughout Death Valley. Critical to this improved stratigraphy are correlated or radiometrically-dated tephra beds and tuffs that range in age from > 3.58 Ma to < 1.1 ka. These tephra beds and tuffs establish relations among the Upper Pliocene to Middle Pleistocene sedimentary deposits at Furnace Creek basin, Nova basin, Ubehebe–Lake Rogers basin, Copper Canyon, Artists Drive, Kit Fox Hills, and Confidence Hills. New geologic formations have been described in the Confidence Hills and at Mormon Point. This new geochronology also establishes maximum and minimum ages for Quaternary alluvial fans and Lake Manly deposits. Facies associated with the tephra beds show that ∼3.3 Ma the Furnace Creek basin was a northwest–southeast-trending lake flanked by alluvial fans. This paleolake extended from the Furnace Creek to Ubehebe. Based on the new stratigraphy, the Death Valley fault system can be divided into four main fault zones: the dextral, Quaternary-age Northern Death Valley fault zone; the dextral, pre-Quaternary Furnace Creek fault zone; the oblique–normal Black Mountains fault zone; and the dextral Southern Death Valley fault zone. Post − 3.3 Ma geometric, structural, and kinematic changes in the Black Mountains and Towne Pass fault zones led to the break up of Furnace Creek basin and uplift of the Copper Canyon and Nova basins. Internal kinematics of northern Death Valley are interpreted as either rotation of blocks or normal slip along the northeast–southwest-trending Towne Pass and Tin Mountain fault zones within the Eastern California shear zone.     

福建屏南白水洋国家地质公园地质遗迹保护探讨

屏南白水洋国家地质公园以火山岩峰丛和峡谷地貌为主,园区内地质遗迹丰富,景观奇特。为保护这些珍贵的地质遗迹免遭受自然和人为的破坏,保护地质公园措施遵循“在保护中开发,在开发中保护”的原则,在详细编制地质公园规划的基础上,采取各种行之有效的措施保护地质遗迹,使之成为可永续利用的地学旅游资源,有效地促进了旅游业和地方经济的持...     

Experiencing agricultural failure: Internal migration, tourism and local perceptions of regional change in the Yucatan

In response to a growing body of literature encouraging geographers to present textured, regional case studies that demonstrate how neoliberalism functions at diverse scales, this article presents a nuanced account of neoliberalism in Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula. The study seeks to illustrate how neoliberal reforms to agriculture and ongoing neoliberal tourism development in the Yucatecan state of Quintana Roo intersect to create a unique regional context for migration between the state’s rural areas and Mexico’s largest planned tourism development zone in Cancun. The research presented is based on a series of in-depth qualitative interviews that took place in 2003 with rural residents and regional migrants working in Cancun. Through the employment of an experiential definition of neoliberalism, grounded in the lived experiences and perceptions of study participants, the article suggests that rural-urban tourist pole migration is the result of a complex negotiation of the region’s neoliberal landscape. The article argues that rural residents’ and migrants’ perceptions of the failure of agriculture as a livelihood is shaped relative to the perceived success of the tourism industry and better livelihood opportunities in Cancun. These widespread perceptions of agricultural failure in the Yucatan peninsula are constructed not solely in response to local conditions but rather in response to the overall regional outcome of neoliberal economic restructuring initiatives which have negatively affected traditional agriculture in the rural sphere while privileging tourism development in the urban sphere centered in Cancun.     

旅游地质资源的开发与保护

信息时代尚未结束，休闲经济时代已经来临，旅游资源的开发任重道远。具备可观赏性与休闲价值的地质景观是宝贵的地质资源，不仅具有与矿产资源、地下水资源等同的重要经济价值，还是重要的旅游资源。旅游地质资源的探查、开发和保护，将继重大工程建设工程地质和环境工程的地质学之后，成为工程地质学科的一个新的经济增长点，在概述各类地质景观的基础上，提出地质景旅游风景区建立的基础，论述旅游地质资源的探查、开发和保护等问题。     

Environmental protection in the Apuseni Mountains: The role of Environmental Non-Governmental Organisations (ENGOs)

The Apuseni Mountains constitute one of the most interesting parts of the Carpathians in terms of landscape, biodiversity and culture. Yet dislocations are now severe and there are development threats which also require a significant response. On the one hand there are some severe pollution problems associated with mining areas developed in the communist period which require remedial action and the cases of Roşia Montana and Zlatna are discussed. On the other hand, there are forest and pasture zones – especially the Padiş Plateau – which are coming under heavy pressure from farmers seeking to enhance their incomes following the decline of mining and manufacturing which has left many households without salaries. At the same time, tourist pressure is growing. Actions are already being taken to limit pollution damage and develop sustainable landuse practices. There is a national park project linked with nature reserves comprising picturesque landscapes, a rare flora and fauna and distinct geological and palaeotological formations (including fossil ice). There are major tourist attractions and with proper management they could become part of a development programme of the countryside. However it is essential that all stakeholders adopt sustainable practices and this means that official programmes – including the future national park authority administration's work in environment protection and tourism management – are backed up by Environmental Non-Governmental Organisations (ENGOs). The paper reviews their diverse activities and concludes that they are making a very substantial contribution in ensuring that the potentials of isolated regions can be utilised in a manner consistent with nature conservation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

盐城市地热资源特征及其开发利用建议

地热资源是集“热、矿、水”三位一体的清洁资源,开发利用地热资源,可以带动并提升旅游休闲业、现代农业和服务业的快速发展。盐城市地热资源开发利用程度较低,开发时间短,形式粗放、单一。对盐城市地热资源赋存条件、分布特征、地热水质特征、地热资源开发利用现状、旅游景区建设需求、旅游市场条件、环境条件和地区社会经济发展等不同层面进行了综合分析。结果表明: 盐城市地热资源具有旅游休闲度假、商务休闲度假、农业观光旅游和综合开发示范等功能价值; 滨海—阜宁一线、盐城市区、盐城丹顶鹤海滨湿地旅游区、马家荡景区—大纵湖旅游景区、东台和大丰市区以及中华麋鹿园—黄海森林公园一线可划定为地热资源重点开发区。此外,在分析研究区地热资源分布特点、开发利用程度及其交通条件、经济状况、旅游资源分布特征和发展水平等因素的基础上,提出盐城市范围内现代旅游业地热资源开发利用要形成以地热富集区和县、市区为中心并以重要风景旅游区为节点向周边辐射扩散的地热资源多元开发和综合利用的基本格局。     

石林世界地质公园旅游发展的SWOT分析及对策

石林世界地质公园旅游发展中并存优势和劣势、机遇和威胁。为实现公园旅游的可持续发展，笔者用SWOT方法对石林世界地质公园旅游的发展进行分析，并在此基础上提出相应对策。     

Land alienation,land tenure,and tourism in Vanuatu,a Melanesian Island nation

Land is a primary resource for international tourism development. The relation of indigenous systems of land tenure and the history of land alienation to tourism in Pacific Island nations, however, is problematic. Governments of some Pacific Island nations are now emphasizing the traditional land rights of indigenous people in determining land use for economic development. Land is a key resource for the local participation of Islanders in development, and indigenous land claims are a volatile political issue. There has been little substantive research on tourism and land tenure in Melanesia. This paper examines the history of the problem of land alienation, the nature of traditional land tenure, and the relation of current land claims to tourist development in Vanuatu. Land alienations are tied to modern tourist developments, and issues of land tenure are a central aspects of political debate in local cultures. Suggestions are offered for regional planning for tourism, and local control of tourist development and land use.     

“中国宝谷”正在起航——武汉东湖国家珠宝文化旅游产业基地建设初探

珠宝旅游产业是现代工业和服务业发展的重要组成部分,依托中国地质大学和东湖风景区,建设武汉东湖国家珠宝旅游产业基地（“中国宝谷”）非常必要。本文提出了基地建设的总体框架设计方案,分析了基地建设背景与必要性,探讨了基地建设基础与可行性。文章指出,要在武汉市东湖风景区磨山景区南部南望山北部及毗邻地区建设国家级珠宝旅游产业基地、构筑“中国宝谷”,形成特色鲜明的旅游目的地。空间上形成“一核（教育与研发极核）一街（鲁磨路珠宝一条街）三区（珠宝创意设计与科教游览区、珠宝文化鉴赏与休闲度假区、珠宝展示交易与旅游购物区）”格局。文章认为,基地建设是国际国内珠宝文化旅游大发展和良好的基础调节有机结合的必然产物,前景广阔,对推动区域经济发展具有重要意义。     

青藏高原地质公园生态旅游产品开发研究——以坎布拉国家地质公园为例

青藏高原是世界旅游的热点区域之一,地质公园已成为区域旅游业发展的新亮点.至2009年8月,青藏高原已建有17家国家地质公园.青海和西藏是青藏高原的主体,本文以青海坎布拉国家地质公园为例,分析了公园旅游产品开发的基础条件,提出了生态旅游产品开发的6项原则:环境保护与可持续发展原则:民生原则:以市场为导向,立足公园实际系统...     

宕昌县官鹅沟地质公园资源特色及其开发

官鹅沟地质公园不仅地质遗迹景观特色鲜明,而且自然生态和人文景观也极为丰富,构成了类型多样、优势突出的旅游资源组合。本文针对地质公园的旅游开发要突出地质资源特色的要求,从生态旅游角度初步探讨了地质公园的旅游开发和国家级地质公园的申报。     

四川扎如沟旅游资源开发初探

扎如沟是九寨沟的一条支流，位于九寨沟东北角偏北方向，它以其丰富的自然和人文资源，良好的区位优势，成为九寨沟下一步最具有开发价值的区域。详细阐述了扎如沟现有的资源优势，提出了统一规划，分步实施，突出特色，突出主题，实施品牌战略，开发与保护并重的资源开发总体思路，并给出了一系列切实可行的旅游产品设计方案。     

A geo-environmental map for the sustainable development of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

An engineering and environmental geological map of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal has been elaborated within a project of German-Nepalese cooperation. In the Kathmandu Valley, the major geo-environmental problems arise from haphazard exploitation of geologic resources, local landslide zones, severe problems of garbage disposal, river flooding and a dramatic river pollution. The map was prepared by the use of GIS techniques. It contains all basic geological and environmental data, as geotechnical risk zones (landslide-prone areas or those of poor foundation conditions), areas for preferable extraction of construction material and those not to be allowed to be exploited, areas of immediate need of reforestation in order to prevent landslide or badland development, groundwater protection zones, and suitable garbage disposal sites. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

岩溶山区县级成熟型资源城市经济发展空间差异及演化——以四川省兴文县为例

以乡镇为基本单元,通过乡镇组别人均GDP差异、泰尔指数和分离系数探讨近10年来(2006-2015年)岩溶山区县级成熟型资源城市四川省兴文县经济发展空间差异及演化。结果表明:近10年来该县乡镇间人均GDP的绝对与相对差异、泰尔指数(由0.1088上升到0.1697,上升了55.97%)和乡镇组别间分离系数(由2.4041上升到2.8414)均持续上升,经济发展差异呈增大趋势。乡镇组别内经济差异比乡镇组别间差异大(对总体差异的平均贡献率分别为70.43%和29.51%),而乡镇组别间经济差异的上升幅度(76.21%)高于乡镇组别内的上升幅度(47.94%)。乡镇组别泰尔指数均值排序为:矿业组(0.2370)>工业组(0.0624)>旅游与矿业组(0.0581)>农业组(0.0108),工业、矿业和农业等乡镇组别的泰尔指数分别上升了193.13%、27.69%和20.18%,而旅游与矿业组则下降了30.95%。经济发展过度依赖资源、工业园区建设、宏观经济影响、旅游开发单一、农业整体滞后且不均衡等是该县经济发展空间差异及演化的主要原因。今后应实施多元产业综合发展、各类乡镇因地制宜实施差异化发展、注重经济发展与环境保护的协调统一等策略。     

岩溶地区旅游生态安全评价及趋势分析——以广西为例

岩溶地区拥有丰富的旅游资源,但是生态环境相对脆弱,根据岩溶地区旅游发展的特点,以"压力-状态-响应"（PSR）模型为基础,同时从生态安全的概念出发,涵盖生态风险、生态健康和生态足迹指标,建立了岩溶地区旅游生态安全评价指标体系。调整的主要指标包括:土地压力指标、旅游经济密度、年平均气温和年平均降雨量指标、旅游空间密度、游客密度指数、旅游收入指标等。采用综合指数法和熵权法,分别引入2012年和2007年两年的数据,对广西岩溶地区旅游生态安全的现状、发展趋势及变化趋势的内在原因进行了分析。实证结果表明:（1）从现状评价看,2007、2012年广西岩溶地区旅游生态安全水平总体较低,处于安全级别的城市主要位于广西中部区域,其他城市则处于不安全级别;（2）从影响指标看,经济状态和旅游生态状态对当地的旅游生态安全影响较大;（3）从变化趋势看,广西岩溶地区旅游生态安全状态逐渐好转,广西中部地区保持安全状态,紧邻广西中部地区的地市处于持续危险区域,但综合指数呈上升趋势;梧州和贵港两个位于广西东部的城市同样处于持续危险区域,但是旅游生态安全综合指数呈小幅下降趋势;（4）旅游生态安全状态和趋势与岩溶分布没有显著的相关关系。      

黄龙牟尼沟景区旅游资源特征

牟尼沟景区为世界自然遗产黄龙景区的重要组成部份。区内旅游资源丰富，类型多样，景观品位高，且交通可达性较强，能满足游客旅游行为的较高层次需求。本文将其划分为6个基本类型，并进行了重点景观特征描述，为景区旅游资源规划、开发与保护提供了依据。     

北京市沟域经济发展区地质灾害特征分析

沟域经济是北京市在农业区域经济,流域经济基础上,结合北京山区农业发展基础与资源特点提出的一种新的发展模式。而规划的沟域经济发展区往往也发育各类地质灾害。本文论述了北京市先期规划的7条沟域经济发展区的概况、地质环境背景及地质灾害的发育特点,论述了沟域经济发展与地质环境的相互影响;提出了发展沟域经济,保护地质环境的措施。     

Domestic tourist travel patterns in New Zealand

Recent emphasis on the growth in overseas arrivals has overshadowed domestic tourism which, nevertheless, remains a very significant social and economic activity in New Zealand. This paper analyses the geographical dimensions of tourist travel using data from the Domestic Travel Study. Once broad national trends are identified, inter-regional travel patterns are examined using dominant flow analysis and regional profiles are established by means of ternary graphs. This analysis shows the dominance of the major metropolitan markets, the regionalized nature of much domestic tourism and regional variations in visitor profiles. Regional population size plays a major role in determining overall flows but what appears to make the difference between a net loss or gain in total bednights is a region's ability to attract holiday visitors. This underscores the value which the promotion of domestic tourism may have in regional development.     

四川宣汉百里峡地质遗迹景观资源特征与评价

四川宣汉百里峡地质遗迹景观地区位条件优越,地质遗迹景观资源丰富,构造剖面典型,轮廓清楚,岩溶地貌发育,峡谷以及奇峰怪石,地质水体众多。配以人文景观资源,景观特点突出,具有极高的科研、保护和旅游开发价值。