不同方法求解疏排水引起的地面沉降对比研究

地下水开发利用和疏排水过程引起的地面沉降是一个渗流场与应力场耦合的过程。基于算例模型,分别采用目前常用的基于渗流-沉降分步计算的土力学经验公式、渗流-沉降部分耦合的GMS软件中SUB模型以及目前少用的基于渗流-沉降全耦合的COMSOL Multiphysics模型对疏排水引起的地面沉降量进行了计算。对比不同方法计算结果表明,COMSOL Multiphysics计算疏排水引起的地面沉降可行且计算结果较经验公式法、GMS中SUB模型的结果更为合理、更符合实际沉降特征。在此基础上,采用COMSOL Multiphysics和GMS中SUB模型对比研究了不同渗透系数对地面沉降计算的影响,结果进一步验证了COMSOL Multiphysics求解疏排水引起地面沉降的可靠性。     

Application of remotely sensed imagery to watershed analysis a case study of Lake Karoun, Egypt

Delineation of Lake Karoun watershed in Egypt was carried out and various watershed parameters and environmental characteristics were extracted using geographic information system and remote sensing. Environmental characteristics including normalized vegetation index (NDVI), moisture index, land surface temperature, and land use classes were obtained from high spatial resolution images (Landsat TM). Moreover, hydrological parameters, drainage flow directions, drainage networks, and catchments from digital elevation model have been delineated using the Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) satellite images. As a result, the lake's watershed characteristics including the environmental and hydrological factors for each watershed zone were presented and analyzed. The information generated would be of immense help in hydrological modeling of watershed for prediction of runoff and sediment yield, thereby providing necessary inputs for developing suitable developmental management plans with sound scientific basis.     

Impact of land use change on groundwater quality in a typical karst watershed of southwest China: a case study of the Xiaojiang watershed,Yunnan Province

The impact of land-use change on the quality of groundwater in the Xiaotjiang watershed, China was assessed for the period 1982–2004. Groundwater samples were collected from 30 monitoring points across the watershed, and were representative of the various changes, determined by remote sensing and geographical information systems. The results indicate that 610 km² (60% of the total watershed area) were subject to land-use change during the period. The most important changes were the conversion of 135 km² of forested land to cultivated land, and 211 km² of unused land to cultivated land. The main impact was ascribed to diffuse pollution from fertilizers applied to newly cultivated land, and from building development. Overall the groundwater pH value was significantly increased, as were the concentrations of ions , , , , and Cl⁻ in groundwater whilst the concentrations of Ca²⁺ and declined. More precisely, in the regions where forested land and unused land were converted into cultivated land, the pH value and the concentrations of Mg²⁺, , , , , Cl⁻ increased whilst the concentrations of Ca²⁺ and declined. However in the region where cultivated land was converted into construction land, the pH value and the concentrations of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, , , , , , Cl⁻ increased.

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Résumé  L’impact des changements de l’utilisation du territoire sur la qualité de l’eau souterraine dans le bassin versant de Xiaojiang, en Chine, a été évalué de 1982 à 2004. Des échantillons d’eau souterraine ont été récoltés à partir de 30 points d’observation éparpillés sur le bassin, représentant les divers changements déterminés par télédétection et système d’information géographique. Les résultats indiquent que 610 km² (soit 60% de la surface du bassin) ont été sujets à des modifications de l’utilisation du territoire sur cette période. Les changements les plus importants furent la conversion de 135 km² de forêt et 211 km² de terres inutilisées en terres cultivées. Le principal impact est attribué à la pollution diffuse des engrais utilisés en agriculture et pour les batiments. De manière générale le pH de l’eau souterraine a augmenté significativement, ainsi que les concentrations des ions , , , , et Cl⁻, tandis que les concentration en Ca²⁺ et ont diminué. Plus précisément dans les régions transformées en terres cultivées, la valeur du pH et les concentrations en Mg²⁺, , , , , Cl⁻ ont augmenté tandis que les concentrations en Ca²⁺ et ont diminué. Toutefois dans les régions cultivées converties en zones de construction, le pH et les concentrations en Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, , , , , , Cl⁻ ont augmenté.

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Resumen  El impacto del cambio en uso de la tierra en la calidad del agua en la cuenca Xiaojiang, China fue evaluado para el periodo 1982–2004. Muestras de agua subterránea fueron tomadas de 30 puntos de monitoreo a través de la cuenca, y fueron representativas de los múltiples cambios, determinados por sensores remotos y sistemas de información geográfica. Los resultados indican que 610 km² (60% del área total de la cuenca) estaban sujetos a cambios de uso de la tierra durante el periodo estudiado. Los cambios más importantes fueron la conversión de 135 km² de bosques a tierra cultivada, y 211 km² de tierra sin uso (ociosa) a tierra cultivada. El impacto principal fue causado por contaminación difusa de fertilizantes aplicados a la tierra recientemente cultivada, y a desarrollo de construcciones. En general el pH en agua subterránea creció significantemente, al igual que las concentraciones de los iones , , , , y Cl⁻ en agua subterránea mientras que las concentraciones de Ca²⁺ y decrecieron. Mas precisamente, en las regiones donde bosque y tierra ociosa fueron convertidas en tierra cultivada, el valor de pH y las concentraciones de Mg²⁺, , , , , Cl⁻ crecieron mientras las concentraciones de Ca²⁺ y decrecieron. Sin embargo en la región donde tierra cultivada fue convertida en construcciones, el valor de pH y las concentraciones de Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, , , , , , Cl⁻ crecieron.

     

潜蚀作用导致岩溶塌陷地质灾害的实例分析

淳安县某村于2005年2月初发生民房墙体开裂、地面裂缝、砼路面层与路基脱开、施工缝拉裂等地质灾害现象。从破坏特征看,该灾害应属于地面沉降,但却不具备发育通常概念“地面沉降”的地质环境条件。文章根据灾害区附近灰岩溶洞较发育、表部松散层厚度较大等条件,认为灾害由地下水潜蚀作用引起,并试图恢复其作用机制。指出如不加以治理,可能造成灾难。     

Estimation of soil erosion using RUSLE in a GIS framework: a case study in the Buyukcekmece Lake watershed,northwest Turkey

This study was aimed at predicting soil erosion risk in the Buyukcekmece Lake watershed located in the western part of Istanbul, Turkey, by using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model in a GIS framework. The factors used in RUSLE were computed by using different data obtained or produced from meteorological station, soil surveys, topographic maps, and satellite images. The RUSLE factors were represented by raster layers in a GIS environment and then multiplied together to estimate the soil erosion rate in the study area using spatial analyst tool of ArcGIS 9.3. In the study, soil loss rate below 1 t/ha/year was defined as low erosion, while those >10 t/ha/year were defined as severe erosion. The values between low and severe erosion were further classified as slight, moderate, and high erosion areas. The study provided a reliable prediction of soil erosion rates and delineation of erosion-prone areas within the watershed. As the study revealed, soil erosion risk is low in more than half of the study area (54%) with soil loss <1 t/ha/year. Around one-fifth of the study area (19%) has slight erosion risk with values between 1 and 3 t/ha/year. Only 11% of the study area was found to be under high erosion risk with soil loss between 5 and 10 t/ha/year. The severe erosion risk is seen only in 5% of the study area with soil loss more than 10 t/ha/year. As the study revealed, nearly half of the Buyukcekmece Lake watershed requires implementation of effective soil conservation measures to reduce soil erosion risk.     

Temporal and spatial characteristics of surface water quality by an improved universal pollution index in red soil hilly region of South China: a case study in Liuyanghe River watershed

Selecting the Liuyanghe River watershed as an example, using monitoring data of water quality of nearly 10 years and the improved synthesis pollution index method to evaluate the water quality, the research studied the temporal and spatial characteristics of surface water quality of a typical basin in the red soil hilly region, and analyzed reasons for the surface water quality change. The results indicated the improved synthesis pollution index had a better serviceability than other methods, such as, Pollution Index method, Fuzzy Evaluation method, Grey-System method etc. As for the temporal characteristic, because of no-point source pollution, the water quality of Liuyanghe River watershed had become a more and more serious problem over a ten-year period. The spatial characteristic indicated that the pollution degree increased from upstream to downriver. Water quality upstream was better, and the content of the heavy metals was higher in the middle of the river, and the pollution of ammonia nitrogen intensified downriver. The result suggested the improved universal pollution index could be used in the assessment of the water environment.     

Variability in the characteristics of extreme rainfall events triggering debris flows: a case study in the Chenyulan watershed,Taiwan

Natural Hazards - This work examines the period affected by extreme rainfall that triggers debris flow and the modification of the critical rainfall threshold for debris flows after extreme events...     

制度分析视角下高新区工业用地供应管理研究 ——以广东清远市为例

工业用地供应管理是土地科学研究的热点问题之一。从制度分析的视角探讨高新区工业用地供应问题不仅有助于完善中国特色的工业用地供应管理理论,而且对于快速城市化背景下工业用地供应管理策略的制定也具有重要的现实意义。本文对广东省清远市高新区工业用地供应与利用状况、工业用地供应的管理困境进行了分析。从目前来看,清远市高新区工业用地供应存在工业用地出让年限过长、价格低导致工业用地盘活利用、转型升级难度大;供应总体规模大,用地结构未跟上产业结构调整步伐;工业用地供后监管难等问题。在剖析工业用地供应面临的困境基础上,提出应当推进土地行政管理体制改革、完善土地监管政策、优化工业用地规划管理制度,以完善高新区工业用地供应管理。     

Integration of geospatial technologies with RUSLE for analysis of land use/cover change impact on soil erosion: case study in Rib watershed,north-western highland Ethiopia

In recent times, soil erosion interlocked with land use and land cover (LULC) changes has become one of the most important environmental issues in developing countries. Evaluation of this complex interaction between LULC change and soil erosion is indispensable in land use planning and conservation works. This paper analysed the impact of LULC change on soil erosion in the north-western highland Ethiopia over the period 1986–2016. Rib watershed, the area with dynamic LULC change and severe soil erosion problem, was selected as a case study site. Integrated approach that combined geospatial technologies with revised universal soil loss equation model was utilized to evaluate the spatio-temporal dynamics of soil loss over the study period. Pixel-based overlay of soil erosion intensity maps with LULC maps was carried out to understand the change in soil loss due to LULC change. Results showed that the annual soil loss in the study area varied from 0 to 236.5 t ha^?1 year^?1 (tons per hectare per year) in 1986 and 0–807 t ha^?1 year^?1 in 2016. The average annual soil loss for the entire watershed was estimated about 40 t ha^?1 year^?1 in 1986 comparing with 68 t ha^?1 year^?1 in 2016, a formidable increase. Soil erosion potential that was estimated to exceed the average soil loss tolerance level increased from 34.5% in 1986 to 66.8% in 2016. Expansion of agricultural land at the expense of grassland and shrubland was the most detrimental factor for severe soil erosion in the watershed. The most noticeable change in soil erosion intensity was observed from cropland with mean annual soil loss amount increased to 41.38 t ha^?1 year^?1 in 2016 from 26.60 in 1986. Moreover, the most successive erosion problems were detected in eastern, south-eastern and northern parts of the watershed. Therefore, the results of this study can help identify the soil erosion hot spots and conservation priority areas at local and regional levels.     

Probabilistic and spatial liquefaction analysis using CPT data: a case study for Alameda County site

Soil liquefaction is one of the major concerns causing damage to the structures in saturated sand deposits during earthquakes. Simplified methods for the assessment of liquefaction potential rely on the limit states that are generally established with built-in conservatism and a great deal of subjectivity. Well-known SPT- and CPT-based methods are widely used in the design practice for this purpose due to their simplicity and reasonable predictive capability. However, these methods do not account for various sources of uncertainties explicitly. Moreover, evaluations are made only at the locations of test results and are generalized for the whole region, which may not give accurate results where spatial variation of soil properties is significant. The present study focuses on the probabilistic evaluation of liquefaction potential of Alameda County site, California, considering spatial variation of soil indices related to CPT soundings. A stochastic soil model is adopted for this purpose using random field theory and principles of geostatistics by developing 2D exponential correlation functions. It has been observed that the probability of liquefaction is significantly underestimated as much as 34 %, if the spatial dependence of soil indices is not considered. Further, the effect of spatial variation is more prominent in low-level earthquakes compared to the high-level earthquakes, showing a 41.5 % deviation for magnitude 8.1 and a 60.5 % deviation for magnitude 5.0 earthquake at a depth of 10 m.     

Spatio-temporal analysis of different levels of road expansion on soil erosion distribution: a case study of Fengqing county, Southwest China

The construction of roads has direct and indirect impacts on soil erosion, with spatio-temporal variations existing among different levels of road zones. Aiming to quantitatively analyze the soil loss, this paper explored the relationship between the erosion of soil and its distance from the road in Fengqing county, Southwest China in 1987 and 2004, respectively. The average soil erosion was calculated and expressed with grid map using universal soil loss equation (USLE) model based on GIS and RS. Along the different levels of roads classified as trunk, county, town, village and unpaved road, the buffer zones were subdivided into five stripes, each of which was 200 meters wide. The average soil erosion modulus of each buffer zone was also counted. Results show that the soil loss decreases with increasing distance to the road except rare trunk roads in the region. In addition, the declined intensity varies with the different levels of roads. Soil erosion was more serious along the lower level road than the higher ones. And soil erosion was more severe for all levels of roads in 1987 than those in 2004 because much more rainfalls affected the situation of soil erosion in 1987.     

不同地形与取样数的Kriging插值精度对比研究——以舒城县土壤全氮空间分异为例

为分析地形与取样数对大尺度Kriging插值精度的关系,在舒城县的山区、丘陵、岗区、平原等4个不同地形单元采集土壤表层(0~20cm)样品611个,进行可变取样数条件下的土壤全氮空间分异插值精度比较。半变异函数分析表明,4个地形单元块金值与基台值比值的平均值<25%,具有强烈的空间相关性。Kriging插值精度标准均方根误差检验值(NRMSE)在各地形单元内都随着采样密度的增大而不断降低,插值精度提高;各地形单元之间,在相同的采样密度下,Kriging插值精度大小顺序为平原>岗区>丘陵>山区,随着地形复杂程度增加,Kriging插值精度降低。NRMSE检验值平均变化率分析表明,地形越复杂地区Kriging插值精度提高越快。地形条件和取样数是影响大尺度Kriging插值精度的重要因素。     

不同土地利用型态下潜在蒸散发量比较——以二次林生态系统与茶园生态系统为例

于栖兰山庄二次林与宜兰县大同乡之玉兰茶园内,以蒸发皿法量测与估算此二试验区之日潜在蒸散发量,了解在不同土地利用型态下,其日潜在蒸散发量的表现差异情况。研究结果发现,茶园生态系统之日潜在蒸散发量明显高于二次林生态系统之日潜在蒸散发量。究其原因为,茶园生态系统的经营型态属开放式经营型态,故整体茶园生态系统均匀曝晒于阳光下,因此接收足量之太阳辐射能,导致其日潜在蒸散发量较高。而栖兰山庄二次林生态系之表现情形则不尽相同,由于二次林生态系统内,其高、矮茎植物丛生,此差异性结构将产生互相遮阴现象,使得土壤之蒸发量与矮茎植物之蒸散量减少。此外,二次林生态系统的组成中亦多含深根性植物,其水土保持特性相对于茶园生态系统也有较佳的表现。研究中亦发现,在冬季时期,若将二次林生态系统开辟为茶园生态系统时,二次林生态系统每公顷土地之水分逸失量将增加100~150 t。     

典型背斜槽谷区岩溶水资源空间分布格局与水质特征——以宜居河流域为例

文章选取典型背斜槽谷区——宜居河流域作为研究对象,结合不同水文地质单元对流域岩溶泉进行出露特征及水质分析,研究结果表明:(1) 二叠系、三叠系含水层的调查泉点水化学类型全部属于HCO3-Ca型水,而寒武系、奥陶系含水层部分泉点属于HCO3·SO4-Ca型水,这可能与该地区的岩性及人类活动有关;流域内93.8%的岩溶泉点水质等级为优良和良好,可作为饮用水源;(2)流域内岩溶泉流量<10 L·s-1的岩溶泉数量占78%,平均流量仅为0.84 L·s-1;流量≥10 L·s-1的岩溶大泉平均流量达76.56 L·s-1;此外,发现不同岩性地层在岩溶泉发育的数量和流量上皆有差异,表现出岩溶泉发育的极不均一性;(3) 在可溶岩与非可溶岩接触带、断裂构造带、陡崖处、地势较低的弱承压泄流区、深切河谷及峡谷两侧切割处5类地点易出露岩溶泉。      

滨海地区深基坑减压降水地面沉降研究成果及应用——以上海市为例

针对地下空间开发中深基坑减压降水地面沉降发育特征、沉降机制及防治对策等研究进展,以上海市为例,总结了近年来滨海地区深基坑减压降水地面沉降研究取得的主要成果。建立了深基坑减压降水地面沉降防治综合分区方法,探索了深基坑减压降水地面沉降防治原型试验设计方法,掌握了上海市浅部承压含水层深基坑减压降水地面沉降规律,提出了深基坑减压降水地面沉降-地下水位双控模式及控制指标,提出了深基坑减压降水地面沉降防治措施,构建了深基坑减压降水地面沉降管控体系。这些研究成果在特大型城市安全管理、重大市政工程建设及运营服务中得到应用,对同类地区地面沉降研究和防治工作具有借鉴意义。     

土地利用变化对典型碳酸盐岩流域风化碳汇的影响——以云南小江岩溶流域研究为例

地球陆地岩石的风化过程要消耗大气或土壤中的CO2,成为大气CO2巨大的汇。以中国云南小江流域为例,研究了典型岩溶地区碳酸盐岩风化吸收CO2(碳汇)强度与土地利用变化之间的关系。选择了有代表性的12块土地及其利用变化的25个地下水监测点,分析了1982年、2003年这些监测点的600多组地下水化学监测数据。12块土地利用变化中,有4块为林地变耕地,3块未利用地变耕地,4块未利用地变林地,1块为林地变建设用地。研究结果表明:首先,土地利用变化后,地下水化学成分变化极大;第二,将风化过程中吸收大气或土壤中CO2的那部分C(用HCO3-表示)与整个风化过程中参与风化的全部C的百分比,定义为碳酸盐岩化学风化对土壤或大气CO2吸收强度(简写为CIS,%),推出了计算式子为CIS(%)=100×[1-(Ca2++Mg2+)total waters)/HCO3-total waters]。估算了4种土地利用类型从1982年到2003年22年间CIS的变化值。结果是,(1)林地的CIS比未利用地高,前者为48.84%,后者47.66%;(2)未利用地转变为耕地后,CIS平均减少了7.85%;林地转变为耕地后,CIS平均减少了8.59%;林地转变为建设用地后,CIS平均减少了1.66%,而未利用地转变为林地后,CIS平均增加了1.74%。(3)讨论了土地利用变化对CIS的影响机理,如未利用地或林地变为耕地后,(NH4)2PO4、CO(NH2)2、NH4NO3、(NH4)2SO4等氮肥的大量使用,硝化后产生的硝酸等干扰或抵消了碳酸对碳酸盐岩化学风化作用,导致了岩溶地下水中Ca2+,Mg2+离子的相对增多,HCO3-离子相对减少,促使CIS减小。     

堰塞湖溃坝堆积物的粒度特征及其沉积环境——以雪隆囊古堰塞湖为例

金沙江上游新构造运动活跃,崩塌、滑坡、堰塞湖等地质灾害广泛发育,是古、今堰塞湖多发的地区.以金沙江上游雪隆囊大型古滑坡堰塞湖溃坝堆积物为例,对溃坝堆积物的粒度特征及其与沉积环境的关系进行了研究.并对雪隆囊滑坡堰塞湖溃坝堆积物的粒度进行了测试.结果表明：1）从溃坝堆积体的上段→中段→下段,粒度频率曲线分别为单峰、多峰、双峰,粒径有明显的细化趋势（粗→细）;2）溃坝堆积物的分选系数从上段→中段→下段依次减小,表明分选性逐渐变好;3）溃坝堆积物的粒度累积曲线上游段为两段式,中、下游段为三段式,水动力条件从上段→中段→下段依次减弱.以上这些特点综合反映了该研究区内水动力条件由溃坝堆积体上游到下游在逐渐减弱.     

地下水和干旱指数对植被指数空间分布的联合影响:以鄂尔多斯高原为例

鄂尔多斯高原无定河与都思兔河之间的地段属于我国西北地区典型的干旱-半干旱过渡带,覆盖毛乌素沙地,存在大量的地下水浅埋区,为植被生长创造了有利条件。前人研究表明鄂尔多斯高原沙地植被的盖度随着地下水埋深的减小而增大,但没有充分考虑气候梯度的影响。本研究依托大量井孔调查资料建立了研究区地下水埋深的高分辨率栅格数据,与区内增强型植被指数EVI的遥感数据和气候数据进行相关分析,并建立地下水埋深与干旱指数双因素坐标系来确定区域植被指数对地下水和气候背景的联合响应。研究结果表明:干旱指数和地下水埋深的增大都会导致植被指数的概率统计值减小。干旱指数介于3~5时,地下水埋深对植被指数的影响比较显著,且地下水埋深介于1~3m最有利于高盖度植被的出现。地下水显著影响植被分布的临界埋深约为7m。这一结果改进了前人关于鄂尔多斯生态水文地质特征的认识。     

上海市郊区农村居民点空间布局演变特征分析——以松江区为例

为进一步探讨郊区农村居民点空间动态演变特征,以上海市松江区为典型区域进行实证研究,利用GIS技术方法,根据2003~2013年松江区的土地利用变更数据和相关统计调查数据进行景观格局指数计算,分析松江区农村居民点的空间布局演变特征,并基于农村居民点空间分布存在的问题,提出松江区农村居民点空间布局优化措施。