辽河盆地东部凹陷新生代伸展-走滑构造作用及断裂构造特征

基于最新的三维地震资料处理与地震剖面解释、地震相干切片分析和平衡剖面恢复等方法,对辽河盆地东部凹陷所发育的断裂几何形态、盆地演化过程和走滑构造平面特征进行研究,并结合区域板块构造活动背景,分析其对郯庐断裂带新生代时期活动的响应.结果表明：辽河盆地东部凹陷为伸展和走滑两期构造变形叠加的产物,是具有"下断上坳"双层结构的裂谷型盆地.盆地演化过程经历了强烈断陷期（Es3）、区域隆升期（Es2）、断坳转化期（初始走滑期）（Es1）、坳陷沉降期（强烈走滑期）（Ed）和构造反转期（Ng-现今）5个演化阶段.研究区主要发育正断层、逆断层、走滑正断层和走滑逆断层4种断层类型,经伸展间歇期和后期区域挤压作用,发育两期正反转构造.盆地经历的走滑运动过程可细化为初始走滑（Es1）,强烈走滑（Ed）和衰减走滑（Ng）3个阶段.     

Origin and accumulation of the oils from Bamianhe Oilfield, Bohai Bay Basin, Eastern China

Utilizing basic principles and methodologies of geology and organic geochemistry, kinetics of hydrocarbons generation and accumulation, quantitative assessment of crude oils sourced from different source rocks, and hydrocarbons migration pathways for the oils from the Bamianhe Oilfield, the Bohai Bay Basin, Eastern China are discussed. Results of oil-rock correlation showed that the oils were mainly derived from Es4 member (with buried depth >2700 m) of Niuzhuang and Guangli Sags within normal oil window though there is a little amount of mixed immature oils. Quantification of mixed oils with different sources indicated that mature oils account for about 80% of the total oils discovered and immature oils for only 20%. Migration of the oils sourced from the sags is controlled by predominant hydrocarbons migration passages determined by faults, unformalities and favored sandstone reservoir. Results of the origin and migration models for the oils have been recently further testified by considerable quantity of oils discovered in the Bamianhe area, which is obviously playing an important role in guiding further oil exploration.     

下辽河坳陷现代应力场特征

本文通过辽河油田的钻孔崩落资料及小地震震源机制解，推断出辽河坳陷地区现代构造应力场的特征。两种方法得到的结果基本一致，即区域应务场和局部应力场的结果一致，该地区处于走滑断层型应力状态。     

Formation mechanism and geochemical characteristics of shallow natural gas in heavy oil province,China

Shallow gas reservoirs are distributed widely in Chinese heavy oil-bearing basins.At present,shallow gas resources have opened up giant potentials.The previous researches indicate the intimate genetic relationship between shallow gas and heavy oil.Shallow gas resources are generated from crude oil degraded by anaerobic microscopic organism,it belongs to biogenic gas family of secondary genesis, namely heavy oil degraded gas.Shallow gas resources are usually distributed in the upward position or the vicinity of heavy oil reservoirs.They are mainly of dry gas,which are composed of methane and only tiny C2 heavy hydrocarbon and relatively higher contents of nitrogen gas.Generally,methane isotopes are light,whose values are between biogenic gas and thermal cracking gas.Ethane isotopes are heavy,which mixed possibly with thermogenic gas.Carbon dioxide bear the characteristics of very heavy carbon isotope,so carbon isotopic fractionation effects are very obvious on the process of microscopic organism degradation crude oil.The heavy oil degraded gas formation,a very complex geological,geochemical and microbiological geochemical process,is the result of a series of reactions of organic matter-microbes and water-hydrocarbon,which is controlled by many factors.     

Identification and formation of sulfur-containing steroids in sulfur-rich heavy oils in the Jinxian Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, North China

High abundant sulfur-containing steroids were identified and detected in saturate hydrocarbon fractions of heavy oil with a high sulfur content in the Jinxian Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,North China.These sulfur-containing steroids were structurally merged into the D-ring of steroid nucleus with thiophene ring and/or combined into the C-22 in the side-chain.Based on the previous reports of sulfur-containing steroids with methylthio-steroids and intra-molecular form,four formation mechanisms of sulfur-containing steroids and diagenetic pathway of steroids under S-rich conditions were proposed in this paper according to the double bond positions in the sterene compounds.Hydrogenation and sulfurization both occurred in the diagenetic processes of olefinic bond in the side-chain of steroids:abiogenic chemical hydrogenation of H2S and HS-leads to the formation of regular steranes;a successful sulfurization process leads to the formation of the side-chain sulfur-containing steroids whereas unsuccessful cyclization and/or sulfurization result in the generation of short-chain steranes.This kind of mechanism of hydrogenation/sulfurization of side-chain olefinic bond provides a potential genesis clue for the occurrence of high abundance of short-chain steranes(higher than the common regular steroids,phytane and n-alkanes)in S-rich heavy oils and source rocks in the Jinxian Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,North China.     

Formation mechanism of condensates,waxy and heavy oils in the southern margin of Junggar Basin,NW China

It is a challenge to determine the source and genetic relationship of condensate, waxy and heavy oils in one given complicated petroliferous area, where developed multiple sets of source rocks with different maturity and various chemical features.The central part of southern margin of Junggar Basin, NW China is such an example where there are condensates, light oils, normal density oils, heavy crude oils and natural gases. The formation mechanism of condensates has been seriously debated for long time;however, no study has integrated it with genetic types of waxy and heavy oils. Taking the central part of southern margin of Junggar Basin as a case, this study employs geological and geochemical methods to determine the formation mechanism of condensates,waxy and heavy oils in a complicated petroliferous area, and reveals the causes and geochemical processes of the co-occurrence of different types of crude oils in this region. Based on detailed geochemical analyses of more than 40 normal crude oils, light oils,condensates and heavy oils, it is found that the condensates are dominated by low carbon number n-alkanes and enriched in light naphthenics and aromatic hydrocarbons. Heptane values of these condensates range from 19% to 21%, isoheptane values from1.9 to 2.1, and toluene/n-heptane ratios from 1.5 to 2.0. The distribution of n-alkanes in the condensates presents a mirror image with high density waxy crude oils and heavy oils. Combined with the oil and gas-source correlations of the crude oils, condensates and natural gas, it is found that the condensates are product of evaporative fractionation and/or phase-controlled fractionation of reservoir crude oils which were derived from mature Cretaceous lacustrine source rocks in the relatively early stage. The waxy oils are the intermediate products of evaporative fractionation and/or phase-controlled fractionation of reservoir crude oils, while the heavy oils are in-situ residuals. Therefore, evaporative fractionation and/or phase-controlled fractionation would account for the formation of the condensate, light oil, waxy oil and heavy oil in the central part of southern margin of Junggar Basin, resulting in a great change of the content in terms of light alkanes, naphthenics and aromatics in condensates, followed by great uncertainties of toluene/n-heptane ratios due to migration and re-accumulation. The results suggest that the origin of the condensate cannot be simply concluded by its ratios of toluene/n-heptane and n-heptane/methylcyclohexane on the Thompson's cross-plot, it should be comprehensively determined by the aspects of geological background, thermal history of source rocks and petroleum generation,physical and chemical features of various crude oils and natural gas, vertical and lateral distribution of various crude oils in the study area.     

川西凹陷孝泉地区3D3C量地震资料采集方法

川西坳陷孝泉地区深层须家河组致密砂岩气藏属于典型非常规裂缝性气藏,储层识别、裂缝检测、含气性识别是气藏研究的重点和难点.转换波3D3C勘探可同时获得反映岩石骨架和各向异性特性的C波资料及反映骨架及流体特性的P波资料,因而适用于川西孝泉深层超致密裂缝性气藏.在3D3C地震勘探中,三维三分量地震采集方法是采集到高质量多分量原始资料的技术保障,本文重点研究这种采集方法.首先根据地球物理参数,结合地质任务要求,分析了三维三分量观测系统设计的方法及观测系统参数,然后根据分析结果和勘探目的层的实际情况设计了同时适合纵波勘探和转换波勘探的面元尺寸、最大和最小炮检距、接收线距、束间滚动距等参数并确定了三维三分量观测系统.该观测系统在孝泉地区资料采集中,获得的三分量资料波组特征清楚,同相轴连续,反射信息丰富;Z分量剖面和R分量剖面反射层次清楚,目的层反射特征明显,具有非常好的构造形态一致性.     

Normal faulting mechanisms in the Western Desert of Egypt

Egypt is recognized as a moderate seismicity region where earthquakes are distributed within several active regions. Owing to sparse distribution of both seismicity and seismic stations, mostly moderate-size Egyptian earthquakes were recorded by regional stations. One of such cases is the moderate-size earthquakes of moment magnitudes greater than 4.0 which struck the Western Desert of Egypt in 1998 and 1999. These events are the first instrumentally recorded earthquakes occurring in the area. In the present study, the source mechanism for these earthquakes was estimated using the waveform data recorded from one of the very broadband MedNet seismograph stations and polarities from the national short-period seismographs. An iterative technique was applied to find the best-fit double-couple mechanism by a grid search over strike, dip and rake. Regional synthetic seismograms were calculated by using f–k integration in the frequency range of 0.03–0.1 Hz. A crustal structure fitted to surface wave dispersion curves was used to compute Green’s function. Focal depths were determined through the grid search method for a range of source depths. Our results show a normal faulting mechanism with minor strike-slip component. The NNW trend has been chosen as a preferred rupture plane in consistence with surface and subsurface faults and microearthquake seismicity in the epicenteral area as well.     

辽河流域太子河流域N、P和叶绿素a浓度空间分布及富营养化

通过对太子河流域46个采样点溶解性无机氮、溶解性无机磷、总氮、总磷、电导率、p H、溶解氧和叶绿素a浓度及相关环境因子的测定,分析氮、磷浓度与叶绿素a浓度的空间分布特征,利用回归分析判别氮、磷与叶绿素a浓度的相关性,冗余分析判别河流水质与环境因子的关系,并初步评价太子河流域水体富营养化状况.结果表明:太子河流域氮、磷浓度具有明显的空间异质性,表现为上游浓度较低且变化较平稳,辽阳段浓度逐渐上升且波动增大,鞍山段浓度最高.冗余分析显示氮、磷浓度的空间分布特征与土地利用方式、海拔、河岸缓冲带宽度、植被多样性密切相关.叶绿素a浓度与氨氮、硝态氮、溶解性无机氮、溶解性无机磷、总氮、总磷和电导率呈显著正相关,说明营养盐的增多在一定程度上会促进浮游藻类的增长.太子河流域水体富营养化评价综合指数显示,太子河流域"中"营养状态点位有27个,占58.7%,"富"营养状态点位有19个,占41.3%,没有"贫"、"重富"和"极富"营养状态.     

渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷新生代裂后不整合、加速沉降事件及其成因浅析

为了考察渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷新生代裂后不整合及加速沉降事件并探讨其成因机制,利用悬臂梁模型和二维挠曲回剥模型的正反演模拟,对济阳坳陷2条NS向剖面新生代的构造演化进行了重建.正演计算表明,要反映14 Ma的盆地结构,需要叠加断陷阶段及裂后不整合时期发生的构造抬升事件,叠加的构造抬升量在坳陷东北部比西南部大;反演计算表明,要恢复到14 Ma的盆地结构,按照断层估算的拉张系数产生的热沉降不足以恢复当时的古水深,如果要通过人为增加构造沉降以恢复到14 Ma的古水深,那么坳陷东北部比西南部需要更大的沉降量.结果说明,济阳坳陷在新生代发育时,除了水平伸展产生的岩石圈被动减薄外,可能还叠加了垂向因素引起的岩石圈主动减薄;14 Ma以来发生的裂后加速沉降有从坳陷东北部向西南部推进的趋势.分析表明除了水平伸展诱发软流圈热扰动及随后快速热衰减外,岩石圈拆层作用、岩石圈地幔交代作用等主动因素,也会产生裂后不整合及加速沉降事件.     

地球电场与地球磁场的形成机理

为探讨地球磁场的形成机理,应用经典电磁理论以微分的思维方式建立起三种自激发电机模型,用球形自激发电机模型简明地描述地球磁场的形成和分布;从分析地轴参考系中相对于自转地球静止的电荷间洛仑兹力的特点以及地球上的电荷在地球电场和地球磁场作用下的漂移规律,阐述中心磁场的形成及反转机理;分析电荷相对于地球的漂移以阐述偏磁场的形成.理论分析表明:地球上每一点的磁场都可以看成是由该点的几个分磁场叠加而成;地球具有自身的电场;地球电场与地球磁场同时产生、同时变化,且都源自于地球的自转和地球上正负电荷的非对等分布.     

NMR技术评价油田高温堵剂调剖效果

开采稠油的主要方式是注蒸汽，其中包括蒸汽驱和蒸汽吞吐，随着蒸汽吞吐的次数增加，稠油的采出量依次递减。由于油层的非均质性严重，蒸汽首先进入高渗层，高渗透地层的稠油首先被采出，低渗透率地层采出很少，之后的蒸汽都进入高渗低层，即产生汽窜，所谓的低效蒸汽，蒸汽冷凝后形成热水，受到重力作用进入底部油层，降低了蒸汽的利用率；同时，由于蒸汽的重力履和沿高渗透地层窜流，使蒸汽在地层中的波及系数降低。为了克服蒸汽驱中的问题，国内外学者进行了大量的研究。通过注入一种流体－调剖剂，由于它的高粘度高渗透层后，将减少高渗通道的渗透率，消除“汽窜”，封堵高渗透地层，提高中低渗透油层的动用程度，提高原油产量和采收率。本文利用核磁共振成像（NMR）无损检测技术，对蒸汽驱SAD－□型高温调剖剂进行岩心动态评价实验，考察该调剖剂的热稳定性以及堵剂的封堵效果。     

奥里诺科重油带构造成因分析

奥里诺科重油带是目前世界上唯一一个还基本未开发的大规模重油富集带,它位于东委内瑞拉盆地边缘隆起带,总体是一北倾单斜,其上主要发育E-W向、NEE向和NE-SW向三组断裂,且以张性断裂为主,其中有一条北东向区域性大断裂将奥里诺科重油带在平面上划分为两大构造区,其各自的构造特征不同.奥里诺科重油带之所以有这样的构造特征是与其所处的大地构造背景和加勒比板块与南美板块发生斜撞等一系列作用有关的.本文在总结奥里诺科重油带构造特征同时,对其成因进行了深入分析,以便对奥里诺科重油带构造解释和油气藏的控制因素分析起到指导作用.     

Formation mechanism of carbonate cemented zones adjacent to the top overpressured surface in the central Junggar Basin,NW China

Carbonate cemented zones are normally adjacent to the top overpressured surface in the central Junggar Basin,NW China.Stable carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions and petrological investigations of carbonate cements in the carbonate cemented zones indicate that:(1) carbonate cements are composed dominantly of ferrocalcite,ferroan dolomite,and ankerite;(2) carbonate cements are formed under a high temperature circumstance in the subsurface,and organic fluid migration has an important effect on the formatio...     

Quantitative assessment of gas washing of oils in the Tazhong area of the Tarim Basin,Northwest China

Gas washing has been known in the Tazhong area of the Tarim Basin, but its quantitative assessment has not yet been reported. Here the influence of gas washing fractionation in the area was discussed based on the gas chromatogram data of 68 oils and the results of the mixing experiments of a black oil and a condensate. The results show that the intensity of gas washing fractionation decreased generally from northern to southern part and vertically from deep reservoirs to shallow reservoirs. The gas washing fractionation was mainly controlled by fault systems in this area, with the increase of n-alkane mass depletion positively correlated to the number and scale of faults. Gas washing fractionation appears to have affected the hydrocarbon property, and as a result the diversity of the crude oils is markedly controlled by gas washing. In addition, the occurrence of waxy oil in this area may be resulted from multiple factors including gas washing, mixed filling and migration fractionation. Supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2006CB202303) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40672091)     

西藏谷露盆地西缘断裂新活动特征研究

谷露盆地位于亚东-当雄构造带的最北端,全长约50 km.通过遥感解译和实地野外考察,将盆地内的堆积扇分为中更新世、晚更新世末期-全新世和全新世晚期三期,并认为其西缘断裂带是一条既有垂直运动又兼具右旋走滑的正断层.通过测定错断地质体位移和沉积物年龄样品,得到断裂带在1952年当雄北7.5级地震的同震水平位移为5.5 m,同震垂直位移为2～5 m;4 ka以来的水平滑动速率为3.75 mm/a,垂直滑动速率为0.5～1.5 mm/a;大约10 ka以来的水平滑动速率为1.0～5.0 mm/a,垂直滑动速率为0.5～0.85 mm/a.     

珠江口盆地开平凹陷边界断层三维几何学与运动学

神开断层位于开平凹陷北部,是发育在南海被动大陆边缘洋陆过渡带的大型伸展拆离边界断层.本文以高精度2/3D地震资料和测井资料为基础,首次对神开断层的三维几何学和运动学特征进行剖析.根据断距变化,结合走向、倾向、倾角特征,将神开断层分为西南、中、东北三段;空间上认为神开断层断面是由多个等倾角区组成的复杂曲面,重建其几何学形态模型,通过5个垂向轴面和3个横向轴面将神开断层断面分为20个区.以正断层相关褶皱理论为指导,对神开断层运动学特征进行深入研究;根据平衡剖面对比,认为断层西南段、东北段在始新世早期开始发育,中段在始新世中晚期发育并与西南段和东北段连锁形成一条断层;断层旋转程度自西南向东北变弱;断层西南段反转强度最大,中段次之,东北段无反转.神开断层西南段为"反犁式"形态;中段为"座椅式"形态,与大洋核杂岩伴生;东北段为"犁式"形态.断层下盘的波瓦状构造为古老的拆离断层面,与神开断层一起构成拆离断层系.     

Sequestration of metals through association with pyrite in subtidal sediments of the Nanpaishui Estuary on the Western Bank of the Bohai Sea, China

Measurements were made of the degree of trace metal pyritization (DTMP) and ancillary characteristics of four undisturbed sediment cores collected from the subtidal zone of the Nanpaishui Estuary on the Western Bank of the Bohai Sea, a seriously polluted inland sea in northeastern China. The remarkably low concentrations of organic carbon (<0.72%) in these sediments likely constrained sulfate reduction rates, and the low concentrations of acid volatile sulfide (AVS) (<12.5 μmol g⁻¹) limited the sequestration of metals through association with pyrite. The most consistent cause of inter-station differences and depth variations in the degree of pyritization was differences in pyrite metal concentrations rather than reactive metal concentrations. Reactive metal concentrations were in several cases negatively correlated with pore water concentrations, consistent with a dissolution/precipitation mechanism. The relationship between pore water metal concentrations and DTMPs was evidenced by a qualitative similarity of the inter-station variability of these same parameters.     

唐山地震前不同区域油水井异常变化及其机理分析

对唐山地震前胜利、大港、辽河3个油田的油井和渤中2井的资料以及北京附近部分水井的资料进行整理和分析,描述了油水井的短期和临震异常特征;分析了唐山地震前同一地区和不同地区间的油水井前兆异常之间的关系,对油水井异常变化的机理进行了研究和分析,认为不同的油水井前兆异常是由于唐山地震孕震过程中造成的不同地区的应力状态不同所致,油水井前兆异常可以用来监测和预报地震。     

原位围隔耐寒高羊茅浮床对苏州重污染河道水体的净化

过去采用美人蕉等浮床来净化水质报道较多,而采用原位围隔高羊茅草坪浮床来净化重污染河道水体,目前尚未见有报道.本文研究了不同高羊茅草坪浮床覆盖率对冬季重污染河道水体的净化能力,以期确定其最佳覆盖密度.试验结果表明,高羊茅浮床对富营养化水体中的氮、磷、COD等均具有极强的去除能力,并能有效提高水体透明度.这为冬季重污染河道水体水质改善的示范工程提供了可靠的科学依据.