Parallels plane projection and its geometric features

A new equivalent map projection called the parallels plane projection is proposed in this paper. The transverse axis of the parallels plane projection is the expansion of the equator and its vertical axis equals half the length of the central meridian. On the parallels plane projection, meridians are projected as sine curves and parallels are a series of straight, parallel lines. No distortion of length occurs along the central meridian or on any parallels of this projection. Angular distortion and the proportion of length along meridians (except the central meridian) introduced by the projection transformation increase with increasing longitude and latitude. A potential application of the parallels plane projection is that it can provide an efficient projection transformation for global discrete grid systems.

     

The study and application of PTR algorithm on recognizing various structure samples

ＴｈｅｓｔｕｄｙａｎｄａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＰＴＲａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍｏｎｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｚｉｎｇｖａｒｉｏｕｓｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｓａｍｐｌｅｓＢｉ－ＱｕａｎＷＡＮＧ（王碧泉）；Ｈａｎ－ＭｉｎｇＨＵＡＮＧ（黄汉明）ａｎｄＨｏｎｇ－ＳｈｕｎＦＡＮ（范洪...     

地热与地震关系的研究(二)——温度梯度对走滑断层破裂扩展的影响

将震源考虑为弹性介质中的椭圆盘状断裂面, 从理论上分析了剪切力平行于椭圆长轴作用下, 同时考虑断裂面内存在一定温度梯度时的破裂扩展特征.分析结果表明:除长轴端点附近形成偏离主断裂面80左右的扩展分支外, 在主断裂面中间部位, 包括短轴端点, 亦出现非共面的破裂扩展.其扩展区域范围与主断裂面的纵横比及温度梯度的大小有关.据此, 较好地解释了唐山、海城和龙陵地震的余震分布图象.      

磁通门式磁力仪测磁倾角的方位误差

本文讨论了磁通门式磁力仪探头轴偏离磁子午面对测磁倾角的影响和探头轴偏离水平面对测磁偏角的影响。叙述了自制的磁通门式地磁倾角仪与比测的结果,标准误差≤±0.1。     

利用计算机断层成像方法由观测图像重建等离子体层全球密度分布——投影数据不完备问题

在用计算机断层成像方法由EUV观测图像重建等离子体层全球密度分布时,地球的遮挡和有限角度都会导致投影数据不完备,从而无法精确重建出等离子体层的密度分布.本文针对该问题,提出一种基于图像总变差极小化的代数迭代算法.通过重建等离子体层投影数据缺失最为严重的中心子午面,证明该算法能够显著提高重建图像的质量. 并且在IMAGE卫星仅能达到90°的有限投影角度下,此算法重建图像的相关系数可达0.760,而代数迭代算法的相关系数仅为0.696.     

考虑实际投影成像平面位置的扇束滤波反投影(FFBP)算法

扇束滤波反投影(Fan-beam Filtered Back Projection- FFBP)算法理论公式中,投影成像平面位于旋转中心;而实际CT扫描系统中,投影成像平面与旋转中心都存在一定距离.考虑到实际投影成像平面位置,本文推导了它的FFBP算法(即IFFBP-Improved Fan-beam Filtered Back Projection算法),比较了此两种情况下(即忽略成像平面与旋转中心距离)FFBP、IFFBP算法重建质量.计算机模拟和实验结果证明了IFFBP算法的正确性.     

2016年印尼苏门答腊岛海域MW7.8地震震源运动学特征

根据中国和全球地震台网记录的波形记录,采用W震相矩张量反演、反投影分析及有限断层模型反演方法,研究了2016年3月2日印尼7.8级地震破裂过程,分析讨论印尼地震震源运动学特征.结果表明：此地震为一次对称的双侧破裂走滑型事件,北北东─南南西向的断层节面（走向5°/倾角85°）为发震断层面.标量地震矩约6.19×10²⁰ Nm,矩震级为7.79,最大的滑动量约11 m,位于破裂起始点北东,沿着断层走向约30 km处.破裂平均速度2.0~2.2 km·s^-1,破裂持续时间35 s,破裂在5~25 s内释放的能量,约占总能量的97%.最终形成了总长度90 km左右的断层.印尼地震具有破裂持续时间短、破裂速度慢、高滑动能量带相对集中等显著特点.本研究对进一步增进海洋岩石圈地震的震源特性认识有重要参考意义.     

Custom Map Projections for Regional Groundwater Models

For regional groundwater flow models (areas greater than 100,000 km²), improper choice of map projection parameters can result in model error for boundary conditions dependent on area (recharge or evapotranspiration simulated by application of a rate using cell area from model discretization) and length (rivers simulated with head‐dependent flux boundary). Smaller model areas can use local map coordinates, such as State Plane (United States) or Universal Transverse Mercator (correct zone) without introducing large errors. Map projections vary in order to preserve one or more of the following properties: area, shape, distance (length), or direction. Numerous map projections are developed for different purposes as all four properties cannot be preserved simultaneously. Preservation of area and length are most critical for groundwater models. The Albers equal‐area conic projection with custom standard parallels, selected by dividing the length north to south by 6 and selecting standard parallels 1/6th above or below the southern and northern extent, preserves both area and length for continental areas in mid latitudes oriented east‐west. Custom map projection parameters can also minimize area and length error in non‐ideal projections. Additionally, one must also use consistent vertical and horizontal datums for all geographic data. The generalized polygon for the Floridan aquifer system study area (306,247.59 km²) is used to provide quantitative examples of the effect of map projections on length and area with different projections and parameter choices. Use of improper map projection is one model construction problem easily avoided.     

一种基于投影变换的旋转型CL重建算法

相对于传统计算机断层成像(CT),计算机层析成像(CL)对于扁平状物体的检测具有独特的优势。旋转型CL不严格满足滤波反投影(FBP)算法的条件,针对这一问题本文提出了一种基于投影变换的旋转型CL FBP重建算法。首先介绍了旋转型CL的扫描结构;然后阐述了该结构下投影的生成方法及基于投影变换的投影数据重构方法;最后利用重构后投影数据进行滤波反投影,并通过仿真重建实验验证了算法的有效性。      

任意扫描轨迹的CT成像方法研究

在工业CT成像应用中,由于复杂结构件形状、结构、组分等特征的限制,使得射线能量与有效厚度不匹配,常规的扫描方式易使投影数据缺失,投影数据完备性较差。为此,本文通过改变轨迹来弥补投影数据缺失,推导任意轨迹的成像模式。首先,在任意轨迹的基础上进行投影几何关系建模,结合空间几何知识完成投影矩阵的刻画;其次,基于迭代重建算法对轨迹的无约束化,进行任意轨迹成像模式下的迭代重建;最后通过小锥角、大锥角以及厚度差异比较大的构件成像仿真实验,验证算法的正确性和可行性。对于厚度差异比较大的工件,该方法相对于传统的圆轨迹扫描,投影数据更完备,CT重建质量高。     

Carte geografiche secondo il modello della membrana elastica

Riassunto Quando una membrana elastica ed isotropa che riveste parzialmente una sfera viene distesa su un piano, la rete dei meridiani e paralleli stampata sulla membrana stessa si deforma secondo il principio della minima energia. L'Autore illustra con alcuni esempi la possibilità di ottenere buone proiezioni cartografiche fruendo del principio medesimo.

---

Summary Whenever an elastic and isotropic diaphragm partially coating a sphere is spread on a plane, the net of the meridians and parallels loses the proper shape according to the principle of the lowest energy. The Author explains through some examples how to get cartographic projections by using the same principle.

     

VELOCITY-STACK PROCESSING1

A conventional velocity-stack gather consists of constant-velocity CMP-stacked traces. It emphasizes the energy associated with the events that follow hyperbolic traveltime trajectories in the CMP gather. Amplitudes along a hyperbola on a CMP gather ideally map onto a point on a velocity-stack gather. Because a CMP gather only includes a cable-length portion of a hyperbolic traveltime trajectory, this mapping is not exact. The finite cable length, discrete sampling along the offset axis and the closeness of hyperbolic summation paths at near-offsets cause smearing of the stacked amplitudes along the velocity axis. Unless this smearing is removed, inverse mapping from velocity space (the plane of stacking velocity versus two-way zero-offset time) back to offset space (the plane of offset versus two-way traveltime) does not reproduce the amplitudes in the original CMP gather. The gather resulting from the inverse mapping can be considered as the model CMP gather that contains only the hyperbolic events from the actual CMP gather. A least-squares minimization of the energy contained in the difference between the actual CMP gather and the model CMP gather removes smearing of amplitudes on the velocity-stack gather and increases velocity resolution. A practical application of this procedure is in separation of multiples from primaries. A method is described to obtain proper velocity-stack gathers with reduced amplitude smearing. The method involves a t²-stretching in the offset space. This stretching maps reflection amplitudes along hyperbolic moveout curves to those along parabolic moveout curves. The CMP gather is Fourier transformed along the stretched axis. Each Fourier component is then used in the least-squares minimization to compute the corresponding Fourier component of the proper velocity-stack gather. Finally, inverse transforming and undoing the stretching yield the proper velocity-stack gather, which can then be inverse mapped back to the offset space. During this inverse mapping, multiples, primaries or all of the hyperbolic events can be modelled. An application of velocity-stack processing to multiple suppression is demonstrated with a field data example.     

拉东投影法三维叠前深度偏移

对地下地质构造进行正确成像是地震勘探的最终目的,由于三维地震资料采集不可能都沿垂直构造走向的方向进行,为地震资料的三维处理带来了许多困难. 本文将三维叠后拉东投影偏移思想应用于三维叠前处理中,提出了三维叠前投影偏移算法. 利用拉东投影变换的原理,将整个三维叠前数据体投影到一系列各方向的径向线上,各方位角的构造都包含在其中某条或多条径向剖面上. 投影完成后,形成一系列的独立的二维叠前测线,可采用二维叠前深度偏移成像方法来实现各径向线的叠前偏移,当各径向剖面偏移完成后,在时间切片上进行反投影,从而最终形成三维叠前深度偏移结果. 实际应用表明,用本方法进行三维叠前深度偏移时,深度偏移剖面对横向分辨率有所提高,对陡地层和小断层的成像效果有所改善.     

Transient response of finitely long cylindrical cavity with arbitrary cross-section

A semi-analytical boundary element method is developed for the efficient time-domain dynamic response analysis of a finitely long cylindrical cavity with an arbitrary cross-section geometry. High computational efficiency is achieved by mapping a complex shape of the cross-section into a circular shape. For this purpose a special coordinate transformation equation is presented. This mapping enables us to discretize the boundary element equation only along the longitudinal axis of the cavity. The versatility and accuracy of the method are amply demonstrated through a number of examples. The transient stresses and displacements are found to be considerably influenced by the slenderness ratio, length over diameter of the cavity and the incidence angle of the incident wave.     

唐山地震破裂过程的三维分析

本文提出一个三维力学模型,对1976年7月28日唐山地震的破裂过程做了进一步的理论分析.结果表明断裂面长轴两端存在一个10左右的角域,在这个角域内断裂面前缘的初始扩展方向是非共面扩展,即在与断裂面本身偏离一个角度(0,0)的面内扩展,而在其它区域断裂面的前缘是沿自身平面扩展的.在邻近长轴端部的点,扩展角0,0=80.5,这和二维分析得到的扩展分支的方向一致.由于主断裂面在长轴端部10角域左右的非共面扩展,大量余震沿此方向发生,断裂面变成扭曲形状.      

Dike swarm in Hakone volcano

Subparallel dikes are exposed on a new road-cut along the foot of the southeastern caldera wall of Hakone Volcano. The dikes are concentrated within a zone 1,915 m wide. Altogether 96 dikes trending generally from NW to SE are seen within a total length of the actual outcrops of 855 m measured at right angles to the trend of the dikes. This implies that there are 215 dikes within the zone of the dike swarm. As the average thickness of the dikes is 2.85 m, the zone was stretched for about 650 m in NE-SW direction owing to the intrusion of the dikes. The dikes tend to converge to a small area near the center of the caldera, and also tend to dip steeply toward the central axis of the zone. It is concluded that the dikes intruded along originally vertical fissures radiating from the central vent of the pre-caldera cone, but the zone of the dike swarm was subjected to bulging with the maximum elevation along its central axis owing to successive intrusion of the dikes from below. Stretching and bulging of the flank of a volcanic cone owing to rise of magma along one of radial fissures were observed during the 1940 eruption of Miyake-zima, Izu Islands, Japan.     

球面圆弧数字地形剖面提取方法研究

带状地形剖面是以高程为纵向参考,以距剖面起始端点的距离为横向参考进行制图表达。由于其可真实地反映地表形态,是新构造和活动构造地貌研究中的基本参考和研究对象。随着数字化基础地理信息成果的普及,很多GIS软件可实现地形剖面的自动化提取。但以往方法的位置信息均是建立在剖面投影平面的基础上,当研究区域范围过大,会引入非构造变形,为消除该影响,提出基于球面坐标系统的带状地形剖面图制作方法。该方法不仅适用于小型地质构造,也适用于喜马拉雅弧形造山带等大型地质构造,可提取出更接近真实地形的地形剖面。     

INTERPRETATION OF THE GRAVITY ANOMALY OVER A CAUSATIVE BODY WITH CIRCULAR SYMMETRY*

The interpretation of the gravity anomaly on a horizontal plane over a causative body having circular symmetry about a vertical axis is considered from a rather unconventional approach. As the analytical expression for the gravity effect of a circular body assumes a closed form only on the axis of symmetry, the interpretation in this approach is carried out with the anomaly profile along the axis—which leads to simpler and faster computation. A numerical method is developed for computation of the anomaly profile along the vertical axis from the horizontal radial profile of the symmetric anomaly by upward continuation. Provision is also made for an end correction when the radial profile has only a limited extension. Some simple geometrical shapes are assumed for the causative body. Its parameters are then determined from least squares fitting of its gravity effects to the observed (upward continued) vertical profile (i) by the steepest descent method and (ii) by the Newton-Raphson method. Some applications of these methods are demonstrated.     

Comparison of F-region electron density observations by satellite radio tomography and incoherent scatter methods

In November 1995 a campaign of satellite radiotomography supported by the EISCAT incoherent scatter radar and several other instruments was arranged in Scandinavia. A chain of four satellite receivers extending from the north of Norway to the south of Finland was installed approximately along a geomagnetic meridian. The receivers carried out difference Doppler measurements using signals from satellites flying along the chain. The EISCAT UHF radar was simultaneously operational with its beam swinging either in geomagnetic or in geographic meridional plane. With this experimental set-up latitudinal scans of F-region electron density are obtained both from the radar observations and by tomographic inversion of the phase observations given by the difference Doppler experiment. This paper shows the first results of the campaign and compares the electron densities given by the two methods.     

基于二分法的CT投影快速仿真

投影仿真是CT仿真研究的基础。本文基于二分法原理,研究了一种CT投影快速仿真方法,并对仿真过程进行了优化。针对由凸物体组成的待扫描体,可实现任意轨迹的扫描,投影仿真精度可无限逼近于解析投影精度。数值仿真实验验证了本文方法的有效性。