The Geochemistry of Lake Joyce, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

Lake Joyce is one of the least studied lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys. Similar to other lakes in this region, Lake Joyce is a closed-basin, permanently ice-covered, meromictic lake. We present here a detailed investigation of major ions, nutrients, and dissolved trace elements for Lake Joyce. Specifically, we investigate the role of iron and manganese oxides and hydrous oxides in trace metal cycling.Lake Joyce is characterized by fresh, oxic waters overlying an anoxic brine, primarily Na–Cl. Surface waters have a maximum nitrate concentration of 26M with a molar dissolved inorganic nitrogen to phosphorus ratio of 477. The supply of nitrogen is attributed to atmospheric deposition, possibly from polar stratospheric clouds. Dissolved phosphorus is scavenged by hydrous iron oxides. The pH is highest (10.15) just beneath the 7-m thick ice cover and decreases to a minimum of 7.29 in the redox transition zone. Dissolved Al exceeds 8M in surface waters, and appears to be controlled by equilibrium with gibbsite. In contrast, concentrations of other trace elements in surface waters are quite low (e.g., 5.4nM Cu, 0.19nM Co, <20pM La). Dissolved Fe, Mn, Ni and Cd were below our detection limits of 13 nM, 1. 8 nM, 4.7 nM and 15pM (respectively) in surface waters. There was a 6-m vertical separation in the onset of Mn and Fe reduction, with dissolved Mn appearing higher in the water column than Fe. Based on thermodynamic calculations, dissolved Mn appears to be controlled by equilibrium with hausmannite (Mn3O4). Co tracks the Mn profile closely, suggesting Co(III) is bound in the lattice of Mn oxides, whereas the Ce profile is similar, yet the Ce anomaly suggests oxidative scavenging of Ce. Release of Cu, Ni, Cd and trivalent REE appears to be controlled by pH-induced desorption from Fe and Mn oxides, although Cu (and perhaps Ni) may be scavenged by organic matter in surface waters.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部纳岭沟铀矿床元素地球化学特征及其地质意义

纳岭沟铀矿床位于鄂尔多斯盆地北部,是我国目前已发现的可地浸砂岩型铀矿床之一。其受古层间氧化带控制,呈板状产于中侏罗统直罗组下段辫状河砂体中。笔者从元素地球化学分析入手,通过对不同蚀变砂岩的地球化学特征进行对比,认为蚀变砂岩主要化学成分的变化受成岩作用、水-岩作用,以及油气二次还原作用等影响,并且有机碳含量在矿化砂岩中较高,说明铀矿化与有机质关系密切。矿化砂岩中的微量元素相对富集或亏损明显,可能与成岩后期(热液)的改造作用有关。蚀变砂岩均表现出壳型花岗岩的微量和稀土元素特征,LREE相对富集,说明盆地北部的阴山、大青山古陆壳富铀花岗岩体是直罗组的主要物源。此外,δEu和δCe特征也表明纳岭沟铀矿床是在弱氧化-弱还原过渡性环境下形成。这些特征可作为找矿勘探的重要指示或标志。     

Contact Partial Melting of Granitic Country Rock, Melt Segregation, and Re-injection as Dikes into Ferrar Dolerite Sills, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

Numerous, interconnected, granitic dikes (<30 cm in widthand hundeds of meters in length) cut Ferrar dolerite sills ofthe McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. The source of the graniticdikes is partial melting of granitic country rock, which tookplace in the crust at a depth of about 2–3 km adjacentto contacts with dolerite sills. Sustained flow of doleriticmagma through the sill generated a partial melting front thatpropagated into the granitic country rock. Granitic partialmelts segregated and collected at the contact in a melt-rich,nearly crystal-free reservoir adjacent to the initial doleritechilled margin. This dolerite chilled margin was subsequentlyfractured open in the fashion of a trapdoor by the graniticmelt, evacuating the reservoir to form an extensive complexof granitic dikes within the dolerite sills. At the time ofdike injection the dolerite was nearly solidified. Unusuallycomplete exposures allow the full physical and chemical processesof partial melting, segregation, and dike formation to be examinedin great detail. The compositions of the granitic dikes andthe textures of partially melted granitic wall rock suggestthat partial melting was characterized by disequilibrium mineraldissolution of dominantly quartz and alkali feldspar ratherthan by equilibrium melting. It is also unlikely that meltingoccurred under water-saturated conditions. The protolith granitecontains only 7 vol.% biotite and estimated contact temperaturesof 900–950°C suggest that melting was possible ina dry system. Granite partial melting, under closed conditions,extended tens of meters away from the dolerite sill, yet meltsegregation occurred only over less than one-half a meter fromthe dolerite chilled margin where the degree of partial meltingwas of the order of 50 vol.%. This segregation distance is consistentwith calculated length scales expected in a compaction-drivenprocess. We suggest that the driving force for compaction wasdifferential stress generated by a combination of volume expansionas a result of granite partial melting, contraction during doleritesolidification, and relaxation of the overpressure driving doleriteemplacement. On a purely chemical basis, the extent of meltsegregation necessary under fractional and batch melting tomatch the Rb concentrations between melt and parent rock isa maximum of 48 and 83 vol.% melt, respectively. KEY WORDS: Antarctica; dike injection; disequilibrium; granite partial melting; silicic melt segregation     

新疆金矿火山岩微量及稀土元素地球化学特征

金矿火山岩微量元素以Th和Zr的明显正异常及Nb和Ti的明显负异常为特征。微量元素比值蛛网图模式曲线均呈微向左倾斜的多峰多谷曲线。过渡元素以Cr和Ni的明显负异常及Sc,Co,Cu明显正常为特征。过渡元素球粒陨石标准化曲线，也均呈微向右倾斜的W形曲线。稀土元素以稀土总量偏低，轻稀土富集，重稀土亏损，Eu具微弱异常至微弱正常为特征。稀土元素配分模式均呈微向右倾斜和近于水平的平滑曲线，陆相火山作用两类成矿岩浆建造－陆相火山岩与潜火山杂岩具有基本一致的微量元素和稀土元素地球化学特征。     

白云鄂博含矿碱性火山岩建造及其地球化学

白云鄂博矿床历经几十年的研究,主要集中在矿区H8岩性段矿化白云岩成因的认识,许多研究显示含矿白云岩是岩浆碳酸岩,本文主要从岩石学和地球化学方面进一步分析其属于火山喷发环境形成的火山碳酸熔岩。H8含矿白云岩段和H9板岩段作为一套含矿岩系主要由含矿白云岩、霓闪钠长岩、钾长板岩3类岩石组成,白云岩和霓闪钠长岩都具有的碎屑结构及角砾状构造、条带构造,显示为火山熔岩和火山碎屑岩特征,而钾长板岩则主要显示致密微晶火山熔岩特征。工业矿物主要是磁铁矿、赤铁矿、稀土矿物和铌铁矿物,其重要特征是出现大量原生赤铁矿,反映岩石氧化系数高,与火山喷发环境一致。霓闪钠长岩、钾长板岩岩石化学显示碱性特征,稀土元素与CaO、F相关系数在0.7以上,并与Fe2O3高氧化物相关,而与硅酸盐矿物组分反相关,表示碳酸岩与稀土成矿密切相关,并显示为表生氧化环境形成。稀土地球化学特征显示白云岩∑REE最高,钾长板岩∑REE最低,相应的岩脉∑REE低于喷发岩。各种岩石均表现为明显的轻重稀土分异,但是以白云岩LREE/HREE比值最大,霓闪钠长岩LREE/HREE比值最小,而纯钠长石岩脉和含稀土磁铁矿LREE/HREE明显高于其他岩石。白云岩和霓闪钠长岩均表现出不同的铕、铈负异常,但是碳酸岩脉和钾长板岩则显示弱正铈异常,霓闪钠长岩和钾长板岩铕异常不明显。矿化白云岩和碳酸岩脉的δ18O、δ13C值介于沉积灰岩与已知碳酸岩的δ18O、δ13C值之间,碳酸岩中白云石的δ18O低于方解石的δ18O,而δ13C高于方解石的δ13C,稀土矿物的δ13C、δ18O与碳酸岩脉δ13C、δ18O接近。归纳这些特征,含矿白云岩与霓闪钠长岩、钾长板岩是碱性火山岩组合,与一系列同期的碳酸岩、霓闪钠长岩碱性岩脉一起,构成一套完整碱性火山岩系。     

陕西金堆成一黄龙铺地区含钼花岗岩类稀土元素地球化学研究

本文从稀土元素地球化学角度，对金堆城一簧龙铺地区花岗岩类形成机制及其与铂 矿化关系进行研究。结果表明:花岗岩类地质体起源子地壳岩石的深熔作用，其中金堆城花岗斑 岩是岩桨体系内部热重扩散效应的产物，而石家湾斑岩体只是老牛山岩基的分枝脉。’成岩方式制约着斑岩型钥矿床的规模和品位。岩桨期后热液蚀变可造成’原岩稀土总量和轻稀土元素含量降低，但重稀土元素保持相对稳定，因此，岩石稀土元素地球化学可成为评价含铂岩体的重要标志。     

东天山黑峰山、双峰山及沙泉子(铜)铁矿床的矿物微量和稀土元素地球化学特征

东天山黑峰山铁矿床、双峰山铁矿床以及沙泉子铜铁矿床位于新疆哈密盆地以南,是东天山阿齐山-雅满苏构造带的重要矿床。文章利用磁铁矿、黄铁矿和方解石的微量元素及稀土元素组成示踪了这些矿床的成矿流体来源和性质,初步探讨了矿床的成因类型。激光剥蚀（LA）-ICP-MS磁铁矿微量元素分析表明,三个矿床的磁铁矿具有非常低的w（V）、w（Cr）和w（Ti）（平均分别为68×10^-6、13×10^-6和237×10^-6）,指示磁铁矿形成于热液过程而不是岩浆分异。黄铁矿中较高的Cu含量可能反映了含Cu矿物微颗粒的存在。黄铁矿中较低的Pb、Zn含量可能反映了成矿流体中较低的Pb²⁺和Zn²⁺浓度。黄铁矿中的Co/Ni比值表明这些矿床均为火山-热液成因。三个矿床黄铁矿的稀土元素总量都很低（ΣREE为0.58×10^-6~3.02×10^-6）,黑峰山铁矿中的黄铁矿轻、重稀土元素分馏不明显,双峰山铁矿和沙泉子铜铁矿中的黄铁矿均为轻稀土元素富集型,（La/Yb）_N分别为3.51~13.4和2.76~17.2。三个矿床略有差别的方解石稀土元素配分模式,反映了其流体组成和形成机制的差别。黑峰山铁矿中的重稀土元素富集型的方解石稀土元素配分模式为方解石Sm-Nd定年提供了依据。三个矿床的黄铁矿和方解石均无Ce异常,黑峰山铁矿中的黄铁矿和方解石表现为负Eu异常,而双峰山铁矿和沙泉子铜铁矿中的黄铁矿和方解石表现为正Eu异常,反映了三个矿床均形成于较高的温度,前者成矿流体可能为碱性,后两者成矿流体为酸性、还原性。结合前人研究成果认为,黑峰山铁矿、双峰山铁矿及沙泉子铜铁矿均为火山热液-充填（交代）矿床。     

地球化学在物源及沉积背景分析中的应用

物源分析是盆地分析和古地理分析不可或缺的内容和方法,地球化学在物源及沉积背景分析中起着非常重要的作用。运用文献研究法对“地球化学在物源及沉积背景分析中的应用”有关文献进行了研究,分析阐述了常量元素分析、稀土一微量元素分析以及裂变径迹、K—Ar、Ar-Ar、Rb—Sr、Sm—Nd、UPb、Re-Os、S、0、Si同位素分析等方法及其优势与不足。结果表明：常量元素、稀土一微量元素分析在源区物质组成、构造背景、源区风化强度、成分成熟度及氧化一还原条件判别方面有很好的应用效果;各种同位素分析体系在不同目的的研究中具有自身优势,均得到了很好的应用。但影响岩石化学成分的因素较多,特别是对于沉积岩,很容易受外生营力的影响;物源及沉积背景分析中的地球化学方法运用单一;对研究区区域地质情况的研究不足。为此,建议在利用地球化学方法进行物源及沉积背景分析时,需要充分认识影响碎屑沉积物化学组成的因素,综合运用多种方法进行物源区分析,扬长补短,同时要特别注意对区域地质情况的研究。     

北淮阳晓天火山岩盆地片麻状花岗岩成岩年代学及地球化学特征

岩石的锆石U-Pb定年和主量、微量、稀土元素分析是研究侵入岩成岩时代、岩石成因的主要研究手段。本文在野外地质调查工作的基础上，采用X射线荧光光谱、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱、电感耦合等离子体质谱和LA-ICP-MS等技术对晓天火山岩盆地内杨三寨附近发现的片麻状钾长花岗岩进行相关地球化学分析。结果表明：该岩体主量元素以高硅、钾和钠，低铁镁钙磷为特征，其中SiO₂含量为65.86%~78.29%，Al₂O₃为10.89%~16.02%，MgO为0.17%~1.17%，K₂O为1.37%~6.44%，Na₂O为0.53%~6.50%，属于高钾钙碱性系列。微量元素方面，样品以亏损Nb、Sr、P和Ti，富集La、Ce、Nd和Zr为特征。稀土元素方面，含有较高的稀土元素（ΣREE=152.70~650.88μg/g），轻稀土富集重稀土亏损（LREE/HREE=6.77~20.64），多数具有较弱的负铕异常（δEu=0.29~1.15），铈异常不明显；稀土元素标准化曲线以右倾为特征。30个锆石点的²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄分布于720~828Ma之间，加权平均年龄为776±11Ma （MSWD=2.1）。研究认为，盆地内新元古代片麻状钾长花岗岩的发现表明晓天盆地中心存在隆起，并不是之前研究认为的"斗"形的两边浅中间厚的盆地形态，这对该盆地的构造形态认识和进一步找矿具有重要的指导意义。     

胶东夏甸金矿床地球化学特征及其地质意义

为探讨夏甸金矿床不同元素的地球化学成矿行为,本次以夏甸金矿床外围花岗岩、构造碎裂岩和金矿石的主微量和稀土元素地球化学资料为依据,研究其化学成分、微量元素和稀土元素在不同岩矿石中丰减富集变化及成矿过程.在化学成分方面,招平断裂带碎裂岩中具有较高的SiO2、K2 O值,Fe2 O3、Na2 O、CaO降幅较多,反映了成矿阶...     

Large-scale Mechanical Redistribution of Orthopyroxene and Plagioclase in the Basement Sill, Ferrar Dolerites, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: Petrological, Mineral-chemical and Field Evidence for Channelized Movement of Crystals and Melt

The Jurassic Ferrar dolerite sills of the McMurdo Dry Valleys,Antarctica represent the plumbing system for flood basalt eruptionsassociated with the breakup of Gondwana. Among the Ferrar sills,the 350–450 m thick cumulate-textured Basement Sill isdifferentiated into a Lower Marginal Zone (LMZ) gabbronorite,a thick Lower Zone (LZ) orthopyroxene–plagioclase orthocumulatepyroxenite, a strongly layered mela- to leuco-gabbronorite MiddleZone (MZ), a thick Upper Zone (UZ) gabbronorite with ferrogabbroicpods, and an Upper Marginal Zone (UMZ) gabbronorite. Texturesand mineral compositions in the LZ pyroxenite and MZ–UZgabbronorites are nearly identical, the main distinction beingthe greater relative proportion of plagioclase in the MZ–UZgabbronorites, and of pigeonite in the UZ. Most orthopyroxenein the LZ, MZ and UZ occurs as sub-euhedral, normally zonedprimocrysts, commonly with rounded plagioclase inclusions. Plagioclaseis usually sub-euhedral and normally zoned, but can containsodic cores interpreted to be xenocrystic. Orthopyroxene andfeldspar compositions thoughout the sill are generally fairlyuniform, and resemble the compositions of micro-phenocrystsin the chilled margins. We infer that the sill was filled bya c. 1250°C slurry of orthopyroxene + plagioclase phenocrystsor primocrysts that subsequently unmixed in response to buoyancyforces. The LZ websterite contains numerous anorthosite to gabbronoriteschlieren, veins and pipes (< 2 m diameter), which we interpretas fossil segregation channels. Textures and mineral compositionsin these felsic channels are very similar both to UZ and MZgabbronorites, and to the groundmass separating accumulatedorthopyroxene primocrysts in the LZ and MZ. We infer that plagioclase-charged,hydrous pore melt from the pyroxenite may have segregated, pooledand ascended through these conduits to feed growth of the UZgabbronorite. Detailed mapping shows that the pipes are separatedby about 15 m on average. Calculations suggest that this numberdensity of conduits could have drained the LZ cumulates of theirinterstitial melt + plagioclase in about 8 days. Sequences (eachc. 5–10 m thick) of layered leuco-gabbronorite in theMZ could represent intra-cumulate sills that formed from plagioclase-richslurries ascending in segregation channels. Fe–Ti-richpyroxenitic veins and pods (some pegmatitic) and an unusualcoarse-grained plagioclase facies occur at the contacts betweenmassive leuco-gabbronorite layers in the MZ. Discordant ferro-pegmatitepods and dykes occur throughout the UZ. We interpret these Fe-richpegmatoidal rocks as evolved residual melts expelled from thecompacting gabbronoritic cumulates of the MZ and UZ. KEY WORDS: Ferrar; cumulates; differentiation; Antarctica; layering     

巢湖的稀土元素地球化学特征

采用液-液萃取法和ICP-MS测试技术对巢湖的溶解态稀土元素进行了分析。结果表明,巢湖的溶解态稀土的含量与世界淡水相当,丰水期的样品含量高于其他季节。pH值和悬浮物、胶体是控制巢湖水体中溶解态稀土含量的主要因素。巢湖的溶解态稀土的分布模式以平坦型为主,少数呈现重稀土富集。丰水期和枯水期的溶解态稀土的(La/Yb)N值从西半湖区到东半湖区呈现有规律性的逐渐增大,并且丰水期的(La/Yb)N值低于枯水期。在富营养化湖泊中,胶体和水生生物可能是造成这一现象的主要原因。     

湖南麻阳砂岩自然铜矿床元素地球化学及其成因意义

麻阳铜矿床(又称九曲湾铜矿床)位于湖南省沅麻盆地中段南部,其南部靠近雪峰山,开采历史悠久,是一类十分罕见的产于砂岩中的自然铜矿床。含矿岩系主要为上白垩统锦江组,矿体呈层状或似层状产出,少数为短距离内尖灭的透镜体,严格受灰白-灰绿色砂岩控制;矿化主要以胶结物产出,自然铜占总资源量的90%左右。测试了麻阳铜矿不同工作面的红色粉砂岩、自然铜砂岩(矿石)、辉铜矿砂岩(矿石)及自然铜、辉铜矿的常量元素和微量元素含量,应用Spearman秩相关分析对数据进行统计分析。结合矿物组合特点认为,与Cu有较强正相关的Fe、Ag、As、Ba、Sr等元素对矿化形成条件有指示意义。铜矿化的形成与成岩期热液活动有着密切联系,流体可能来源于低温、弱还原的地下水。     

安徽巢湖凤凰山栖霞组臭灰岩段黄铁矿结核的地球化学

沉积黄铁矿的地球化学是认识重金属汇、矿床金属来源、古海洋化学及环境条件的重要途径。巢湖北郊凤凰山上石炭统黄龙组至下二叠统栖霞组臭灰岩段揭露良好,臭灰岩中黄铁矿结核普遍,集中产出于碳质页岩上2~3 m的沥青质灰岩中,其地球化学特征及成因不清。为查明黄铁矿结核的地球化学特征,分析臭灰岩段的沉积环境,推断早二叠世早期古环境演化,厘清碎屑岩段与臭灰岩的关系,从该剖面采集10个黄铁矿结核和灰岩样品,采用偏光显微镜、X射线荧光光谱仪和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析测试其矿物成分和主微量元素组成。结果表明：凤凰山下二叠统栖霞组臭灰岩段下部普遍发育的黄铁矿结核呈块状和微晶粒状,与灰岩界线清晰,并未切割或破坏有机质纹层,为成岩孔隙水交代生物而成。臭灰岩中SO3和Fe2O3显著富集,分别与高含量有机质和与下伏碎屑岩段一致的陆源供应有关。与上陆壳相比,臭灰岩中Se、Mo和Cd富集,黄铁矿结核中Cr、Ni、As、Se、Mo、Cd、Sb和Hg富集。碎屑岩- 臭灰岩的岩性组合、黄铁矿结核的分布范围及其主微量元素地球化学特征均表明臭灰岩和黄铁矿结核沉积于受部分陆源物质影响的稳定大陆边缘缺氧强还原海相环境。     

河北省奥陶纪马家沟组顶部古风化壳中三稀元素赋存状态及富集机制

河北省奥陶纪马家沟组与晚石炭世本溪组之间发育一套古风化壳层,岩性主要为铁质黏土岩、铝质黏土岩和铝土岩,剖面从顶到底具典型的“煤-铝-铁”结构。地球化学分析结果显示,冀东石岭和冀南同义岭古风化壳样品的轻稀土元素氧化物总质量分数分别达0.0893%和0.0717%,均超过了古风化壳型轻稀土矿边界品位,冀北煤窑山古风化壳样品的轻稀土元素总质量分数为0.0504%,也具明显富集特征。古风化壳中部分样品稀有元素Li含量也超过了伴生边界品位。通过元素逐级分离试验定量分析出古风化壳中的三稀元素主要以矿物相存在,再通过X射线衍射分析、电子探针分析进一步确定三稀元素主要以类质同象赋存于伊利石、高岭石等黏土矿物中,少量以化合态存在于独立的稀土矿物中。综合分析认为,古风化壳中三稀元素的矿化富集依次经历了风化壳形成阶段、铝质岩系形成阶段及沉积压实阶段的多阶段演化。     

山东荣成马草夼橄榄岩矿物地球化学研究

马草夼橄榄岩位于苏鲁超高压变质带山东荣成腾家集附近,其原岩为残余地幔方辉橄榄岩,经历了超高压变质作用和后期麻粒岩-角闪岩相变质作用.对马草夼橄榄岩及侵入于其中的辉石岩脉和角闪岩脉的主要矿物橄榄石、斜方辉石和角闪石做了单矿物微量元素和稀土元素地球化学分析,结果表明Co和Ni在橄榄石中含量最高且富集,在斜方辉石和角闪石中含量低且亏损.由于橄榄石在全岩中含量高达90%以上,因而全岩Co、Ni富集.虽然角闪石在全岩中体积含量仅占3%～8%,但斜方辉石和橄榄石的微量和稀土元素含量远远低于角闪石,故全岩的微量(Co、Ni除外)和稀土元素化学特征受控于角闪石.斜方辉石、橄榄石与角闪石的微量和稀土元素分布特征基本相同,辉石岩脉和角闪岩脉中的角闪石比地幔橄榄岩中的角闪石更富集微量和稀土元素.微量和稀土元素地球化学特征显示马草夼橄榄岩至少受到了含Co、Ni的流体,富含LREE、Ba、Sr、Ta的硅酸盐流体和少量低Th、U的碳酸盐地幔流体的多次交代,流体交代发生于超高压变质后期浅部地幔驻留期间.马草夼橄榄岩所处的氧逸度(相对于FMQ)为+1.0～+2.0,落入正常大陆地幔的范围,在折返过程中未受到壳源流体的影响,保持了地幔氧同位素特征.     

The Helium Isotopic Chemistry of Lake Bonney, Taylor Valley, Antarctica: Timing of Late Holocene Climate Change in Antarctica

To better understand the long-term climate history of Antarctica, we studied Lake Bonney in Taylor Valley, Southern Victoria Land (78°S). Helium isotope ratios and He, Ne, Ar and N₂ concentration data, obtained from hydrocasts in the East (ELB) and West (WLB) Lobes of Lake Bonney, provided important constraints on the lakes Holocene evolution. Based on very low concentrations of Ar and N₂ in the ELB bottom waters, ELB was free of ice until 200 ± 50 years ago. After which, low salinity water flowing over the sill from WLB to ELB, covered ELB and formed a perennial ice cover, inhibiting the exchange of gases with the atmosphere. In contrast to the ELB, the WLB retained an ice cover through the Holocene. The brine in the WLB bottom waters has meteoric N₂ and Ar gas concentrations indicating that it has not been significantly modified by atmospheric exchange or ice formation. The helium concentrations in the deep water of WLB are the highest measured in non-thermal surface water. By fitting a diffusional loss to the ³He/⁴He, helium, and Cl profiles, we calculate a time of 3000 years for the initiation of flow over the sill separating the East and West Lobes. To supply this flux of helium to the lake, a helium-rich sediment beneath the lake must be providing the helium by diffusion. If at any time during the last million years the ice cover left WLB, there would be insufficient helium available to provide the current flux to WLB. The variations in water levels in Lake Bonney can be related to climatic events that have been documented within the Southern Victoria Land region and indicate that the lakes respond significantly to regional and, perhaps, global climate forcing.     

安徽冬瓜山矽卡岩铜矿石榴石成分特征及其成因探讨

对安徽铜陵冬瓜山铜矿石榴石的地球化学特征进行了研究,并进行了成因探讨。野外调查及镜下观察发现,冬瓜山铜矿石榴石分为两期形成,第Ⅰ期石榴石环带发育,颜色较深,呈褐-棕黄色;第Ⅱ期石榴石呈他形-半自形穿切Ⅰ期,颜色较浅,呈浅黄-蜡白色,具非均质性。石榴石主量、稀土元素的等离子光谱(LA-ICP-MS)分析结果显示这两期石榴石有较大差别:第Ⅰ期石榴石钙铁榴石组分含量较高,可达94.14%,稀土元素配分模式为轻稀土元素富集、Eu正异常的右倾曲线;第Ⅱ期石榴石则相对富铝,钙铝榴石组分含量达44.06%,稀土元素配分模式为重稀土元素略微富集、Eu负异常的平缓曲线。这些特征表明,第Ⅰ期石榴石为岩浆成因,形成于较氧化环境;第Ⅱ期石榴石为热液交代成因,形成于较还原环境。     

滇西北白秧坪多金属矿集区东矿带方解石REE地球化学特征及意义

方解石是白秧坪多金属矿集区东矿带矿石中的主要脉石矿物。不同产状矿体中方解石的REE地球化学特征研究表明,3个矿段成矿期方解石具有2种稀土模式:LREE(轻稀土元素)富集型和相对平坦型;前者表明成矿过程中没有LREE明显带出的迹象,残余热液继承了前期成矿热液的特征,而后者表明成矿过程中有LREE带出。不同类型矿体方解石中REE含量、有关参数和稀土配分模式等均变化较大,但在地球化学特征上具有连续变化规律,显示为同源不同阶段的产物。方解石为热液成因方解石,结合其他同位素的资料和矿区的地质背景,得出成矿流体以大气降水与围岩反应形成的热卤水为主、深部流体参与其成矿作用的观点。成矿过程中,由早到晚,成矿环境表现为还原向氧化环境变化。