Hyperion 影像分形信号特征研究

高光谱影像具有“谱像合一”的特征, 因而可以从谱和像两个角度对高光谱影像进行分形分析。本文把计 算表面分形维的双层地毯法用于计算Hyperion 高光谱曲线的分形维, 根据每一像元的高光谱曲线计算出每一尺度 的上分形信号和下分形信号, 并对分形信号值及分形特征尺度进行分析。结果表明对于不同地物其分形信号在某些 特定尺度(分形特征尺度)有较大的差异, 而且对于Hyperion 高光谱影像, 下分形信号可更有效地突出地物特征。文 章最后简要讨论了上分形和下分形、起始计算尺度以及原始采样点数目对分形特征尺度的影     

Is the optical image of a non-Lambertian fractal surface fractal?

This letter generalizes Pentland's result about the fractal dimension of the optical image of rough natural surfaces, without imposing his requirement that the reflection is Lambertian. Instead, it is assumed that the reflectance coefficient is proportional to the focusing/defocusing due to local surface curvature. It will be proved for this case that the density distribution across the optical image inherits the fractal dimension of the mapped surface.     

三峡库区土地利用格局变化的分形结构研究——以开县为例

运用分形理论建立了研究区土地利用/覆被镶嵌体的分形结构模型,对各种景观的分维值进行了计算,讨论了各种景观形态的复杂性和稳定性及三峡工程实施十年间其稳定性和复杂性的动态变化。结果表明:分维值是研究区域土地利用/覆被镶嵌体景观格局的一种综合性定量指标,通过对土地利用景观类型的分维值进行分析,可以获取其形态的复杂性、稳定性信息。1992年和2002年两个时期研究区土地利用景观类型斑块形态复杂性和稳定性由大到小的顺序均依次为:未利用地、草地、建设用地、灌木林、森林、水田、旱地。十年间研究区旱地、建设用地和未利用地斑块形态变得愈加不规则,草地、灌木林、森林和水田的斑块形状变得愈加规则;十年间研究区旱地、建设用地和未利用地的形态稳定性变弱,草地、森林、灌木林和水田的形态稳定性增强。     

Digital close range photogrammetry for measurement of soil erosion

Many of the processes involved in soil erosion have dimensions on the millimetre scale. Modelling and quantification of such processes require information on soil surface topography with adequate resolution. The purpose of this study was to generate digital elevation models (DEMs) from soil surfaces with high spatial and temporal resolution. Digital photogrammetry was applied for measuring erosion rates on complex-shaped soil surfaces under laboratory rainfall conditions. A total of 60 DEMs were generated, covering a planimetric area of 16 m². The DEMs had a grid resolution of 3 mm. A vertical precision of approximately 1 mm was desired for DEM analysis. A consumer-grade digital camera was used for image acquisition. The camera was calibrated using BLUH software. Homologous points in overlapping images were identified with least squares matching software. Irregularly spaced object coordinates were interpolated to a regular grid in a geographic information system. The resulting DEMs represented the soil surface well. A precision of 1·26 mm in the vertical was attained. The precision of DEM production was limited to camera calibration. Improvements of the setup presented could include the use of better control points and more advanced image matching strategies for identification of homologous points. The DEMs allowed for detailed analysis of soil surface evolution.     

非均匀地表蒸散遥感研究综述

本文评述了目前常用的遥感估算地表蒸散方法,包括地表能量平衡模型、Penman-Monteith类模型、温度—植被指数特征空间方法、Priestley-Taylor类模型和其他方法。然而使用这些方法估算地表蒸散时会面临严重的尺度效应,而产生尺度效应的根本原因之一是地表异质性,在分析了非均匀下垫面对水热通量遥感反演造成的影响后,介绍了面积加权、校正因子补偿与温度降尺度3种尺度误差纠正方法;并从地面观测实验的角度简述了非均匀下垫面水热通量真实性检验的研究;最后探讨了将来建立更具时空代表性的非均匀下垫面地表蒸散遥感估算模型可能会面临的一些挑战。     

基于RS和GIS的桓仁县乡村聚落景观格局分析

运用RS和GIS技术以及景观分析方法,以辽东山区桓仁县典型的6个乡镇乡村聚落为研究对象,选取乡村聚落斑块数、斑块面积、斑块密度、平均斑块面积、面积加权平均斑块分维数等5个景观指数,从乡村聚落用地、规模、形态、分离度4个方面进行景观空间格局分析.结果表明,桓仁县乡村聚落的景观格局具有用地比重偏少,聚落斑块数量多、平均斑块面积小,聚落规模在0.743～1.292hm2之间,形态分布稀疏零散,分形指数小、斑块稳定,分离度大等特点.说明在这种乡村聚落景观格局作用下,必然导致自然景观缺乏高度连接,聚落周边自然生态环境受到侵扰和破坏.     

土地利用用类型的分数维分析

利用分形几何学对土地利用类型分维公式进行了应用分析。实验结果表明：土地利用类型的分维值介于1到2之间，土地利用类型与分维值有密切关系。土地利用类型的分维值反映了土地利用的复杂程度、稳定程度和变化趋势。分维值D为1.5，是土地利用变化的临界值点，代表该土地利用类型处于布朗随机运动状态。分维值越接近该临界值，该土地利用类型的稳定性越差，复杂程度越高；反之，则该土地利用类型的稳定性较强，复杂程度较强，复杂程度较低。不同时相间不同土地利用类型的分维值的大小变化反映了土地利用类型的变化趋势，分维值增大，则土地利用类型扩张，反之，则缩小。     

Assessing the effects of land use spatial structure on urban heat islands using HJ-1B remote sensing imagery in Wuhan,China

Urban heat islands (UHIs) have attracted attention around the world because they profoundly affect biological diversity and human life. Assessing the effects of the spatial structure of land use on UHIs is essential to better understanding and improving the ecological consequences of urbanization. This paper presents the radius fractal dimension to quantify the spatial variation of different land use types around the hot centers. By integrating remote sensing images from the newly launched HJ-1B satellite system, vegetation indexes, landscape metrics and fractal dimension, the effects of land use patterns on the urban thermal environment in Wuhan were comprehensively explored. The vegetation indexes and landscape metrics of the HJ-1B and other remote sensing satellites were compared and analyzed to validate the performance of the HJ-1B. The results have showed that land surface temperature (LST) is negatively related to only positive normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) but to Fv across the entire range of values, which indicates that fractional vegetation (Fv) is an appropriate predictor of LST more than NDVI in forest areas. Furthermore, the mean LST is highly correlated with four class-based metrics and three landscape-based metrics, which suggests that the landscape composition and the spatial configuration both influence UHIs. All of them demonstrate that the HJ-1B satellite has a comparable capacity for UHI studies as other commonly used remote sensing satellites. The results of the fractal analysis show that the density of built-up areas sharply decreases from the hot centers to the edges of these areas, while the densities of water, forest and cropland increase. These relationships reveal that water, like forest and cropland, has a significant effect in mitigating UHIs in Wuhan due to its large spatial extent and homogeneous spatial distribution. These findings not only confirm the applicability and effectiveness of the HJ-1B satellite system for studying UHIs but also reveal the impacts of the spatial structure of land use on UHIs, which is helpful for improving the planning and management of the urban environment.     

遥感尺度内涵及遥感像元尺度效应分析的改进分形方法

本文首先分析了遥感影像尺度的三层次内涵。重点针对遥感像元尺度,分析了遥感像元尺度效应及其分形机理,由于现有分形方法没有考虑影像本身尺度(空间分辨率),造成尺度间分形维数的比较时像元尺度效应变化难以有效反映,本文针对此问题提出了基于表面积的加窗分形布朗运动和加窗双层地毯两种改进分形方法。为验证改进分形方法的可靠性,采用了不同像元尺度下系列监督分类进行验证。试验结果表明,每种地物的分维数都随着空间分辨率的降低或像元尺度的缩小,呈总体下降趋势,在某些特征尺度上会出现预示着某些地物结构的拐点,这些拐点对观测该区域地物具有一定指示意义。系列监督分类精度也一定程度上证明了以上两种改进分形方法在分析尺度效应中的可行性。因此本文的方法对于分析遥感像元尺度效应和探索地物尺度聚合规律具有一定的理论意义。     

城市空间热环境的遥感研究--热场结构及其演变的分形测量

如何定量分析城市热环境（热场）结构及其演变特征是当前热环境遥感研究中的难点问题之一。本文将分形几何引入到对热场结构信息的定量研究中，针对城市热环境的结构特点设计出3种不同的分形计算模型，灰度曲面分形，剖面线分形和像元点分形。其中灰度曲面分形计算侧重揭示热场整体的分形特征，剖面线分形可用于对典型区域的热场结构信息变化的对比分析、像元点分形形计算则给出了像元热场变化梯度的定量描述，应用上述模型对1990年、1995年、1998年上海城市热环境的结构信息及其变化过程进行了分析。     

秦安县农村居民点空间分布景观格局分析

基于RS与GIS技术,以2008年甘肃省秦安县SPOT遥感影像为数据源,主要选职斑块面积、斑块数、平均斑块面积、斑块大小变异系数、斑块大小标准偏差、平均形状指数、平均周长．面积比、平均斑块分维数8个景观指数,从居民点用地、规模、形态、分布等方面进行景观空间格局分析。结果表明：秦安县农村居民点分布特点受坡度、坡向、高程、...     

Comparing the fractality of European urban neighbourhoods: do national contexts matter?

The objective of this paper is to show that morphological similarities between built-up urban surfaces are greater across borders than within cities in Europe: living, architectural and planning trends are international. The spatial arrangement of built-up areas is analysed here by means of fractal indices using a set of 97 town sections selected from 18 European urban agglomerations. The fractal dimension is estimated by correlation techniques. Results confirm that morphological similarities are higher across countries/cities than within. Moreover, two types of fractal laws are considered: one uses the basic fractal scaling law; the other introduces a prefactor a that is often called a “form factor” in the fractal literature. Differences in the results obtained by both laws are explained empirically as well as theoretically, and suggestions are made for further measurements.     

城市交通网络分形维数的不确定性估计、控制与分析

长度-半径维数模型作为描述城市交通网络复杂不确定性现象的一种分形分维方法,其自身存在的不确定性往往被忽视,且相关研究更是鲜见报道。故针对该模型在分形维数测算全过程中存在的不确定性问题,本文率先开展了系统剖析、定量估计和质量控制研究。首先对数据源、矢量化处理、测算中心、尺度选择、以及分维数模型估计等一系列环节进行了不确定性估计与分析,其中首次给出了分形维数在一定置信水平下的不确定性度量区间,并依据误差传播理论对误差的传递和累积进行了描述;然后着重提出了基于LMed S(Least Median of Squares)的质量控制方法。最后通过对拉萨市的算例实验表明:道路的矢量化过程、测算中心和测算尺度的选择都会导致分维的不确定性;并在对数据质量进行控制的基础上,通过置信区间对长度-半径维数模型的不确定性进行了在一定概率水平下的首次度量;同时结合区域现状对研究结果给出了合乎实际的解释。本文在描述表征不确定性问题的分形几何和分形维数的基础上,系统地揭示了其自身不确定性的本质,不仅进一步丰富了分形分维理论,为控制其质量奠定理论基础,而且可为城市交通网络分形维数的地学应用提供可靠的科学依据。     

Forward a spatio-temporal trend surface for long-term ground-measured albedo upscaling over heterogeneous land surface

Upscaling ground albedo is challenged by the serious discrepancy between the heterogeneity of land surfaces and the small number of ground-based measurements. Conventional ground-based measurements cannot provide sufficient information on the characteristics of surface albedo at the scale of coarse pixels over heterogeneous land surfaces. One method of overcoming this problem is to introduce high-resolution albedo imagery as ancillary information for upscaling. However, due to the low frequency of updating of high-resolution albedo maps, upscaling time series of ground-based albedo measurements is difficult. This paper proposes a method that is based on the idea of conceptual universal scaling methodology for establishing a spatiotemporal trend surface using very few high-resolution images and time series of ground-based measurements for spatial-temporal upscaling of albedo. The construction of the spatiotemporal trend surface incorporates the spatial information provided by auxiliary remote sensing images and the temporal information provided by long time series of ground observations. This approach was illustrated by upscaling ground-based fine-scale albedo measurements to a coarse scale over the core study area in HiWATER. The results indicate that this method can characterize the spatiotemporal variations in surface albedo well, and the overall correlation coefficient was 0.702 during the study period.     

An Evaluation of Fractal Methods for Characterizing Image Complexity

Previously, we developed an integrated software package called ICAMS (Image Characterization and Modeling System) to provide specialized spatial analytical functions for interpreting remote sensing data. This paper evaluates three fractal dimension measurement methods that have been implemented in ICAMS: isarithm, variogram, and a modified version of triangular prism. To provide insights into how the fractal methods compare with conventional spatial techniques in measuring landscape complexity, the performance of two spatial autocorrelation methods, Moran's I and Geary's C, is also evaluated. Results from analyzing 25 simulated surfaces having known fractal dimensions show that both the isarithm and triangular prism methods can accurately measure a range of fractal surfaces. The triangular prism method is most accurate at estimating the fractal dimension of surfaces having higher spatial complexity, but it is sensitive to contrast stretching. The variogram method is a comparatively poor estimator for all surfaces, particularly those with high fractal dimensions. As with the fractal techniques, spatial autocorrelation techniques have been found to be useful for measuring complex images, but not images with low dimensionality. Fractal measurement methods, as well as spatial autocorrelation techniques, can be applied directly to unclassified images and could serve as a tool for change detection and data mining.     

地图目标在制图综合中的分形衰减机理研究

在分形扩展研究的基础上，结合地图综合的理论，分析了地图目标的自相似性在地图综合中的分形衰减现象，并研究了其变化原因和机理。结果表明，考虑了分形衰减现象的地图综合方法比原来认为分维数是定值的综合方法表现出了明显的优越性。     

基于分形Voronoi图的城市空间分布特征数据挖掘——以山西省为例

本文引入以城市中心性强度为权重的加权Voronoi图,结合城市空间分布特征与周长—面积分形维数,研究了山西省地级市2009—2013年城镇发展的稳定性和均衡性,探究城市空间分布特征的时空数据挖掘;提出基于中心性强度为尺度的分形维数,尝试探究山西省地级市中心性强度的分形特征,分析山西省中心性强度的变化。研究表明:山西省2009—2013年各地级市间影响范围差距有减小的趋势,空间影响范围呈现上下波动的态势,山西省东部城镇发展趋势较好,西部城镇发展态势较弱,由周长—面积分形维数可得:2009—2013年山西省整体发展态势较不稳定;本文提出的基于中心性强度为尺度的分形维数主要处于1到2之间。     

A practical method for SRTM DEM correction over vegetated mountain areas

Digital elevation models (DEMs) are essential to various applications in topography, geomorphology, hydrology, and ecology. The Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) DEM data set is one of the most complete and most widely used DEM data sets; it provides accurate information on elevations over bare land areas. However, the accuracy of SRTM data over vegetated mountain areas is relatively low as a result of the high relief and the penetration limitation of the C-band used for obtaining global DEM products. The objective of this study is to assess the performance of SRTM DEMs and correct them over vegetated mountain areas with small-footprint airborne Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar) data, which can develop elevation products and vegetation products [e.g., vegetation height, Leaf Area Index (LAI)] of high accuracy. The assessing results show that SRTM elevations are systematically higher than those of the actual land surfaces over vegetated mountain areas. The mean difference between SRTM DEM and Lidar DEM increases with vegetation height, whereas the standard deviation of the difference increases with slope. To improve the accuracy of SRTM DEM over vegetated mountain areas, a regression model between the SRTM elevation bias and vegetation height, LAI, and slope was developed based on one control site. Without changing any coefficients, this model was proved to be applicable in all the nine study sites, which have various topography and vegetation conditions. The mean bias of the corrected SRTM DEM at the nine study sites using this model (absolute value) is 89% smaller than that of the original SRTM DEM, and the standard deviation of the corrected SRTM elevation bias is 11% smaller.     

山东省滨州市城镇体系的分形研究

运用分形理论从等级规模和空间结构两方面分析了滨州市城镇体系结构特征。从城镇体系规模结构方面,计算了滨州市城市规模分形分布的分维数和城镇体系的首位指数,并讨论了滨州市城镇体系的等级规模结构及其特点;从城镇体系空间结构角度,计算滨州市空间结构的关联维数,分析其分形特征。最后,提出滨州市城市发展的方向:扩大首位城市规模,培育次级中心城市,积极发展县域小城镇。