强雹暴的雷达三体散射统计与个例分析

利用我国各地11次强对流事件中23个产生S波段雷达三体散射的雹暴的新一代天气雷达数据,总计499个三体散射样本资料,综合并详细地讨论了我国S波段多普勒天气雷达三体散射的统计特征,也讨论了将这一现象应用于强冰雹辅助预警的可能性。同时对目前国内S波段雷达所观测到的最典型的三体散射个例从"三体散射回波"出现到消失的全过程进行了仔细分析,结果表明:(1)在最小反射率因子显示阈值为-5 dBz的情况下,产生S波段雷达三体散射的最小反射率因子在60 dBz左右,86%的三体散射长钉(TBSS)出现在反射率因子强度≥63 dBz时;(2)TBSS长度与强反射率因子核心区面积大小及反射率因子核最大强度呈密切的正相关,也就是说,反射率因子核心强度越大,高反射率因子的区域越大,TBSS的长度就越长;(3)TBSS出现的最大高度为12.5 km,最低高度是1.1 km;61%的TBSS出现在3~6 km高度之间,TBSS在4~5 km高度出现次数最多,然后向上、向下减少;TBSS长度≥10 km的出现次数同样以4~5 km高度最多,然后向上、向下迅速减少;(4)TBSS主要在雹暴位于雷达的西半边时出现;(5)雹暴云在不同性质的下垫面上空均能产生雷达TBSS;(6)TBSS的持续时间几乎都超过30 min,其中持续时间在30~60 min的情况居多,还有部分TBSS持续时间超过90 min;(7)在出现TBSS时,几乎所有雹暴都降了2 cm以上的强冰雹,同时80%左右的产生2 cm以上直径冰雹的强雹暴都产生了三体散射,因此TBSS可以作为强冰雹的一辅助预警指标,以有效降低强冰雹预警的虚警率;(8)在产生三体散射的23个强雹暴中,有一半以上是超级单体和准超级单体风暴,超级单体雹暴中的中气旋有利于大冰雹的形成。     

冰雹云的多普勒天气雷达识别参量及其预警作用

使用宜昌多普勒天气雷达基数据资料,采用统计计算方法,分析了2004—2008年宜昌境内52块强对流云的特征。结果表明：（1）在宜昌地区,产生冰雹的对流云中其平均最大反射率因子均在50 dBz及以上;回波顶高均在9 km以上,最高达到22 km,其中80%的冰雹云的回波顶高在12～16 km之间;最大垂直液态含水量在50 kg.m-2以上的比例为76%;利用回波强度、回波顶高和垂直液态含水量均不能很好地辨别雹云和雷雨云,但可将这些参量作为冰雹发生的参考条件。（2）利用45 dBz回波顶高可较好地识别冰雹云,当强回波高度达到7.6 km时预示有冰雹出现,其临界成功指数达86%。（3）降雹前,强中心回波顶高会出现跃增现象,跃增后不久地面出现降雹,这一特殊现象有助于提前进行冰雹预警。     

文山州两次强冰雹天气的环流背景和雷达产品对比分析

该文通过对2012年8月5日和2012年8月12日2次强冰雹天气的天气背景及多普勒雷达回波强度、径向速度、垂直液态水含量、冰雹指数等雷达产品的对比分析,总结出在大范围水汽条件不是很有利的环流背景下,文山州8月冰雹天气在多普勒雷达产品上的表现特征和一些定量指标:回波强度≥55 dBz、≥50dBz的强回波垂直伸展高度≥6 km,垂直液态水含量VIL≥25 kg/m2时,容易产生冰雹天气,注意发布强对流天气预警;强对流降雹天气与逆风区和风的辐合有关,超级单体所在区域均对应着逆风区或是辐合线;冰雹指数产品对冰雹预报有很好的指示作用,降雹概率和强降雹概率达到100%时发布冰雹预警,但是冰雹最大直径与实况偏大,只能作为参考。     

2006年6月28日河南省强对流天气过程分析

利用濮阳、三门峡新一代天气雷达产品及云图、自动站等资料,分析了2006年6月28日河南省强对流天气过程.结果表明:濮阳新一代天气雷达基本反射率明显特征为弓形带状回波,对应径向速度上为一条明显的辐合线,强降水回波带和此中尺度辐合线位置吻合;三门峡新一代天气雷达显示,洛宁冰雹的组合反射率达65dBz,回波顶高达14～17 km,垂直液态含水量达55～65 kg·m-2,径向速度产品显示有中尺度气旋,以上特征早于降雹30 min左右出现.     

三体散射长钉（TBSS）在C波段雷达中的应用研究

利用普洱CIND3830-CC天气雷达资料、地面观测资料进行统计分析,研究2004-2013年普洱C波段天气雷达中27次三体散射长钉(TBSS)的统计特征、地面降雹与TBSS的对应关系,并对TBSS在冰雹预警方面的应用进行探讨,结果表明:(1)C波段雷达中,产生TBSS的回波的反射率因子范围为55.0~68.4 dBz,70%的TBSS出现在反射率因子≥60 dBz时。(2)TBSS的维持时间为10~79 min,63%的TBSS维持时间超过20 min。(3)TBSS一般出现在4.0~9.5 km,最低出现在2.6 km,最高出现在11.4 km。(4)TBSS长5.6~22.4 km,宽1.5~14.6 km,TBSS宽度与强回波区径向外侧的60 dBz以上回波的面积成正比,但TBSS的长度与反射率因子核心的强度和宽度无明显对应关系。(5)出现TBSS时,59%的回波出现了降雹,11%的回波出现了强冰雹。(6)出现TBSS且出现降雹的过程中,TBSS预报冰雹的时间提前量为5~100 min,平均为34.5 min。(7)在出现TBSS且出现降雹的过程中,TBSS的宽度与冰雹的大小或降雹密度成正比。此外,分析了出现TBSS但未降雹的原因,找出了TBSS配合垂直液态水含量密度(D_(VIL))和45 dBz伸展高度、TBSS配合回波宽度和45 dBz伸展高度的预报冰雹的方法,在出现TBSS特征的回波中,上述方法的预报准确率分别达89%和94%(临界成功指数为0.89和0.94)。     

平凉地区强对流钩状回波特征的观测研究

最近10年平凉地区人工防雹试验期间，用雷达测到的强对流雷暴云回波上，发现雹暴云除有强度和云高作判别外，在回波形态和结构上，多数雹云在发展过程中呈气旋形回波形状，其中部分强雹云演变成明显钩状回波，少数特强雹暴云有反气旋钩状回波，并向气旋钩状演变的特点。在钩状回波形成和维持阶段，回波反射率Ze达到最强，之后不再增加，有些钩状回波的云高有时可跃增1～3 km高度，云体出现崩溃，地面有降雹。针对这些观测事实，本文用多年回波资料进行一些统计分析。     

滇南中小尺度灾害天气的多普勒统计特征及识别研究

利用普洱CIND3830-CC新一代天气雷达资料、地面观测资料、探空资料,对2004—2009年滇南普洱、西双版纳典型的中小尺度强对流天气的多普勒雷达回波特征进行统计分析,总结冰雹、大风、短时强降水的识别方法和预报指标。结果表明：冰雹云初始回波中心强度在40 dBz左右,高度在5 km左右,接近0℃层高度。冰雹云径向速度≥10m·s^-1,辐合特征明显,97%的移速≥30 km·h^-1,中心强度为55～69 dBz。97%的冰雹云的45 dBz回波顶高≥7.5 km,92%的冰雹云的45 dBz回波顶高超过-20℃层高度;大风回波可分为4种类型。96%的大风回波径向速度≥10 m·s^-1,50%的辐合特征明显,85%的移速≥30 km·h^-1,大风回波中心强度为30～55 dBz;强降水回波的辐合特征明显,79%的回波径向速度〈10 m·s^-1,85%的移速〈30 km·h^-1,回波强度集中在40～45 dBz,高度集中在6.5 km以下,强中心高度低于4.5 km,85%的强降水回波移速〈30 km·h^-1。这些特征可为短时临近预报提供参考。     

江西一次超级单体风暴的多普勒天气雷达产品分析

利用多普勒天气雷达资料和探空资料,对2006年4月11日发生在江西省中部的一次严重的冰雹、大风、暴雨强对流天气过程进行了分析。结果表明,这次强对流天气过程是在有利的天气背景下,由一系列的强风暴引发的。这些强风暴具有典型超级单体特征：三体散射回波、钩状回波或指状回波、弱回波区、有界弱回波区、回波墙和悬垂回波及明显的出流边界。这些特征均出现在强对流发生前20-60min。最大的回波强度出现在平行于回波墙的一个狭长区域,其值超过70dBz。降雹前,45—55dBz强回波的反射率因子高度大于-25℃等温线高度。当三体散射回波由高层逐渐下降到低层时,地面出现大冰雹,而钩状回波则由低空向中空伸展。相应的径向速度图呈现一个持久深厚的中气旋,风暴顶为强烈辐散,正负值速度差达66m／s,3km以下有强下沉辐散气流,相应的垂直累积液态水含量为80kg／m^2.     

基于S波段双偏振雷达一次强雹暴过程观测分析

利用宁波S波段双偏振天气雷达资料、NCEP再分析资料、结合常规观测资料和实地冰雹调查资料,对2020年3月21日浙江省中北部一次强雹暴灾害过程(简称“03·21”过程)的天气背景和双偏振雷达回波演变特征进行分析。结果表明：(1)此次雹暴过程环流形势属于低层暖平流强迫类型,雹暴影响过程约4 h,雹暴A和B先以强的对流单体形态移动,在自西向东移动过程中分别加强为超级单体。(2)典型降雹时次具有明显的三体散射特征(TBSS),垂直剖面图上强回波(>50 dBz)伸展高度超过-20℃层,低层的弱回波,中高层悬垂回波明显。径向速度垂直剖面图上,雹暴低层辐合,其上叠加了辐散层,使得雹块得以继续形成和增长。(3)冰雹区出现了Z_DR冰雹信号,对应的反射率因子(Z_H)均大于65 dBz,差分反射率因子(Z_DR)介于-2.0～0 dB,相关系数(C_C)介于0.80～0.98;当结合Z_H、Z_DR、C_C综合判断云中有冰雹粒子,C_C...     

金华地区一次强对流天气过程的环境条件与中尺度特征

利用常规观测资料、ERA5再分析资料、FY-2G卫星TBB数据和双偏振雷达资料等,对2022年6月29日浙江省金华地区一次强对流过程的环境条件与中尺度特征进行了分析。结果表明：1） 充沛的不稳定能量、较低的抬升凝结高度和中等强度的0—3 km垂直风切变为此次强对流过程的发生发展提供了良好环境条件。2） 触发机制主要为边界层辐合线;低层强烈辐合、高层强烈辐散的配置,为对流提供了良好的动力条件;源源不断的水汽供应和水汽辐合,致使暴雨天气的产生和维持。3） 降雹时刻风暴单体雷达回波具有高反射率因子、高垂直累积液态含水量、旁瓣回波、大于55 dBz强回波伸展高度超过-20 ℃层、回波悬垂结构和有界弱回波区等特征;双偏振参量对应较小的差分反射率和较大的差分相移率,湿雹特征明显。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.