平衡剖面技术在洼陷构造分析中的应用——以临南洼陷古近系为例

平衡剖面技术作为现代构造地质学领域的一项重大成就,在构造地质、石油地质与勘探以及盆地模拟方面应用广泛。该文在介绍平衡剖面技术的基础上,根据平衡剖面原理对临南洼陷研究区内的5条地震剖面进行了平衡剖面的恢复以及伸展参数的计算,对该地区的构造演化史进行了分析。研究表明,临南洼陷古近纪构造活动强烈,构造活动由早到晚基本具有由强减弱的趋势,孔店组沉积时期盆地的构造沉降和伸展活动最强,沙河街组一段到东营组沉积时期盆地的伸展活动趋于微弱,到新近纪盆地的伸展活动基本停止。     

平衡剖面技术在地震资料解释中的应用

地震资料解释的正确与否直接关系到储层预测的结果与精度,所以平衡剖面解释作为一种辅助手段,对地震解释的多解性起到很好地制约效果,并为其定量化解释研究上开辟了道路。介绍了平衡剖面技术的基本原理和解释机理;以依奇克里油田阿依库木齐剖面为例,阐述了平衡剖面技术在地震解释中的应用效果。结果显示,该剖面构造复原效果较好。并针对平衡剖面技术在地震资料解释中的应用提出了需注意的问题。      

关于编制盆地构造演化剖面的几个问题的讨论

本文根据平衡剖面原理,从构造地质学基本原理出发,讨论了采用“地层回剥”方法编制构造演化剖面时遇到的影响古构造复原的若干问题,强调建立平衡地质剖面和利用平衡剖面技术编制盆地构造演化剖面时,“地质概念上”的平衡和地质逻辑上的合理比纯粹的“几何学上”的平衡更重要。     

地质构造的物理平衡剖面法

为了使平衡剖面法具普遍性,在经典的几何平衡剖面法３原则基础上提出了物理平衡剖面法．该法的核心是岩层层面法线不变原则和变形匹配原则,兼顾了岩石变形的物理属性和几何属性．理论分析与实践结果表明,该法不仅可提高地质构造剖面的还原精度,而且可以简化地质分析,降低人为误差,提高自动化程度,更适合于大尺度、多期次构造变形剖面恢复．     

张性盆地构造演化计算机模拟系统

张性盆地构造演化模拟系统是一套以平衡剖面原理和技术为基础的构造反向模拟软件．目的在于（１）评价和检验地震解释剖面；（２）研究构造演化史；（３）评价圈闭的有效性。本系统的主要功能包括建立深度剖面、构造变形史恢复、压实恢复、剥蚀恢复、平衡剖面计算几方面。本软件已经应用于我国东部地区及海域的油气勘探开发研究工作。     

平衡剖面技术在龙门山中段构造解释中的应用

龙门山推覆冲断带地形条件恶劣,构造断裂复杂,阻碍了该区油气资源的勘探进程。为搞清龙门山推覆冲断带下的构造样式,验证其构造解释方案,应用平衡剖面技术,对龙门山中段具典型构造特征的地质、地震综合解释剖面进行平衡恢复。实例分析证明,平衡剖面技术可正确指导龙门山中段构造剧烈变形区的构造解释方案,并可定性、定量分析构造变形期次和变形程度,为下一步油气勘探提供可靠依据。      

哈萨克斯坦M盆地平衡剖面复原及其在油气成藏研究中的应用

平衡剖面不仅可以用于评价和检验地震解释剖面、分析盆地构造演化,还有助于分析油气的动态成藏过程.对哈萨克斯坦M盆地的主干地震剖面进行了平衡剖面恢复,分析了盆地的构造演化特征及构造发育对油气成藏的影响.研究结果表明,M盆地中新生代地质演化具有明显的阶段性,早、中侏罗世为盆地断陷伸展、沉积与沉降的主要时期,白垩纪主要为坳陷期...     

复杂伸展盆地区平衡剖面的恢复方法

编制构造演化剖面可以对构造变形进行定量、半定量分析,对构造活动和演化研究具有重要意义。受伸展叠加走滑多期变形影响,复杂伸展盆地区断层、褶皱发育,为平衡剖面的恢复过程带来了一些困难和问题,影响了盆地演化分析的准确性。本文根据存在的问题,提出了一种利用Cdr（CorelDRAW）软件对复杂伸展盆地区变形进行恢复的新方法。该方法充分考虑变形、剥蚀和压实作用对恢复产生的影响,主要包括以下两个方面：1）地层恢复。如果浅部构造变形对深部影响不大,在恢复时采用层厚不变原则逐层进行回剥;若后期存在区域挤压作用,盆地整体发生构造反转形成褶皱,浅部每剥去一层,深部地层即相应消除该时期产生的应力叠加效应,此时需要对弯曲地层进行拉平处理。2）断层恢复。对生长断层而言,断层恢复就是消除上覆岩层产生的重力效应。对于深部早期生长断层而言,浅部地层对其只有压实作用而不影响其产状,此时应遵循深、浅部断层分开、独立恢复的原则。这种平衡剖面恢复的方法是基于地层及断层发育的构造部位、活动期次及其成因关系提出的,更加符合地质逻辑,能够更好地反演复杂伸展盆地区构造变形过程。运用该方法对渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷青西地区进行了平衡剖面反演,得出该区构造演化受控于伸展、构造反转和走滑影响。     

同沉积挤压盆地构造演化恢复的平衡剖面方法及其应用

平衡剖面技术是构造演化定量恢复的有效手段,但须根据实际地质条件采取相应的方法才能获得可靠的结果。本文针对中国西部的陆相同沉积挤压盆地的特点,提出更好地利用平衡剖面技术进行构造演化恢复的方法：①采用变速时一深转换获取可靠的地质剖面;②采用分层恢复方法抑制变形恢复误差;③对浅部地层按弯滑机制进行恢复,对深部或塑性地层则按垂直／斜滑和塑性变形机制进行恢复;④对岩性横向变化大的地层进行分段去压实以减小去压实校正误差。并以柴达木盆地为例,探讨这一方法的实际应用。     

库车坳陷西段盐构造二维平衡恢复与复原构造剖面分析

天山南麓库车坳陷西部沉积古近系膏盐岩,盐层下伏中生界发现万亿立方米储量天然气田,是我国西气东输重要气源。库车坳陷盐下是油气勘探关注目标,目前研究认识不能满足勘探需求,尤其是盐构造形成机制存在争议,盐构造平衡恢复是研究难点。本文应用二维构造平衡剖面技术,综合地震剖面、钻井和地表地质资料,选取库车坳陷西段四条剖面,通过StructureSolver公司开发的构造恢复软件(简称SS),开展平衡恢复工作,分层恢复盐上层、膏盐层、盐下层,复原挤压变形前地震剖面。研究结果揭示库车坳陷西段发育二期盐构造:渐新世-中新世发育刺穿型盐丘,上新世-第四纪发育挤压型盐构造。挤压作用下早期盐丘演变为盐席、盐墙,盐上层发育盐逆冲断层和盐背斜,盐下发育叠瓦状逆冲断层和挤压构造楔。库车坳陷西段盐层上覆冲积扇沉积(重力)差异负载是发育盐丘的原因,盐丘分布于山前冲积扇前端和却勒冲积扇南侧。库车坳陷盐下发育逆冲构造楔,应用临界楔理论研究构造楔顶面坡度与底部滑脱层角度变化,盐下构造楔顶面坡度突变,指示底部滑脱层角度发生变化,推断古生代基底正断层卷入逆冲构造楔。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861