人工海岸生态化改造及修复效果评价指标体系研究

海岸作为海洋资源开发、沿海经济发展的重要支撑,大量人口、产业向海岸带区域聚集,高强度的人类活动导致海岸带环境日益恶化、自然岸线严重受损、海岸带资源锐减。海岸整治修复成为保护海岸带生态环境、恢复海岸带资源的重要技术手段。为评价人工海岸生态化改造及整治修复工作效果,基于国内外学者对海岸生态修复的研究成果,综合考虑生态指标、经济指标和功能指标三方面,筛选出50项产出性指标构建人工海岸生态化改造及修复效果评价指标体系,力求科学全面、客观合理地评价人工海岸整治修复效果,为人工海岸生态化改造及整治修复工作的检查、考核以及验收提供参考依据。     

我国热带生物海岸的现状及生态系统的修复与重建

评述了以红树林和珊瑚礁为代表的我国热带生物海岸的分布及其面积、生物群落的破坏、海岸保护与管理、科学研究等各个方面的现状，以及生态系统修复与重建技术研究进展，指出热带生物海岸及其上的红树林、珊瑚礁热带海岸生态系统具有特殊的资源价值和生态效益，对热带海岸社会经济可持续发展的十分重要；另一方面对日益频繁的人类开发活动和自然环境变异十分敏感和脆弱，而且其直接经济价值相对较低而通常易于被忽视，随着我国自然环境变异十分敏感和脆弱，而且其直接经济价值相对较低而通常易于被忽视，随着我国社会经济近20年来的快速发展，导致热带海岸地区人口、资源、环境压力加剧，热带生物海岸红树林和珊瑚礁资源已经受到生态破坏性开发活动的极大破坏而急需保护。尽管政府采取了保护管理的各种措施，包括相关法律、自然保护区、科学研究、生态系统修复与重建的实验、研究和推广，但是总体上衰退的趋势尚未扭转，热带生物海岸在我国河口海岸生态环境变异和资源可持续利用研究中具有特别重要要的意义，应该加强我国热带生物海岸的调查、监测、评估、研究，以适应热带生物海岸和相关生态系统的保护、管理、恢复、重建和可持续发展的紧迫要求。     

Shallow structures and evolution of the Ivory Coast and Ghana transform margin

Seismic profiles across the transform continental margin off the Ivory Coast and Ghana (Western Africa) illustrate the structural style resulting from the early Cretaceous phase of shear stress which leads to the final separation between the African and Brazilian continental margins in this area. Most of the characteristic tectonic features observed along this portion of margin (asymmetric grabens on the Ghanean platform, folds of the deep Ivory Coast basin, the Ivory Coast—Ghana marginal ridge) are believed to result from progressive transform contacts between the African and Brazilian continents as their margins were created during early Cretaceous time. A major tectonic unconformity inferred to be of upper Albian-lower Cenomanian age, may be a direct consequence of the final separation of the continental margins. The later evolution of the transform margin is chiefly explained by thermal subsidence.     

海平面上升对长江三角洲附近沿海潮滩和湿地的影响

于１９８８－１９９１年，对长江三角洲附近沿海潮滩和湿地进行较全面的调查，利用高程－面积法、沉积速率法，并引进未来冲淤趋势参数，对全区１４个典型潮滩断面进行海平面上升影响的估算。结果表明，当海平面上升０．５ｍ和１．０ｍ时，全区潮滩面积分别比１９９０年的减少９．２％和１６．７％；湿地面积减少２０％和２８％，并发生高级类型向低级类型的逆向演替。各岸段损失率相差悬殊，以侵岸段较大，淤涨岸段将减缓淤涨，甚至     

布容法则及其在中国海岸上的应用

布容（Ｂｒｕｕｎ）法则是预测海平面上升引起海岸侵蚀最早的方法也是最简单的方法。根据中国砂质和淤泥质海岸的情况,布容法则可定性地解释海平面上升与海岸侵蚀的关系,在满足它要求条件的海岸地段和发育时期,用它预测海岸侵蚀或许是可能的。但是,若不严格审查海岸环境和条件,把它作为海平面上升情况预测海岸侵蚀的普遍模式,有待更多的研究加以证明。     

Modeling erosion of sedimentary coasts in the western Russian Arctic

Morphodynamic modeling is employed in the present work to predict the long-term evolution (over the next 100 years) of typical sedimentary coasts in the western Russian Arctic. The studied objects are the coasts of Varandey (the Barents Sea), Baydaratskaya Bay and Harasavey (the Kara Sea). The model developed takes into account both the short-term processes (storm events) and long-term factors (for example, changes in sea level, inter-annual variations in gross sediment flux, lack or excess of sediment supply). Predicted and observed morphological changes in coastal profiles are shown to agree well for time scales ranging from weeks to decades. It is revealed that under given environmental conditions, the morphological evolution is strongly influenced by storm surges and associated wind-driven circulation. The water level gradient created by a surge generates a seaward flow at the bed. This outflow is shown to be an important destructive mechanism contributing to the erosion and recession of Arctic coasts. The rate of change is found to depend on both the exposure of the coast (relative to the direction of dominant winds) and its height above the sea. The open coast of Varandey is expected to retreat as much as 300–500 m over 100 years, while recession of the less exposed coasts of Baydaratskaya Bay would not exceed about 100 m/century. If long-term sediment losses are insignificant, the rate of erosion decays with time and the morphodynamic system may tend toward equilibrium. It is concluded that the expected relative sea-level rise (up to 1 m over the nearest 100 years) is non-crucial to the future coastal evolution if an erosion activity is already high enough.     

6000年来我国低平海岸线的冲淤变化及其对海岸带开发的影响

自约 6ka前我国海岸轮廓形成以来 ,海岸线主要呈淤进状态。在距今 6～ 3ka前 ,因黄河等河流泥沙主要填淤平原洼地 ,岸线稳定微涨 ;在距今约 3ka至 2 0世纪 60年代 ,河流以巨量泥沙使海岸线 ,尤其是低平的平原海岸线迅速外移 ;最近 30 a来 ,因为黄河等河流入海水沙大量减少 ,造成目前除行水河口处淤涨外 ,多数岸段转为侵蚀或稳定 ,且被侵蚀岸线有逐渐扩大的趋势。这种变化导致了新淤土地的减少 ,也破坏了原有的沙滩、湿地资源 ,需要采取一些措施以减少海岸侵蚀带来的损失     

台湾海峡西北部表层沉积孢粉分布规律及其地质意义

通过对台湾海峡西北部莆田海域沿海338个表层沉积物样品中孢粉的分析,探讨其分布规律及影响因素、孢粉源区、传播机制和沉积环境。研究区内孢粉的分布可划分为沿北西-南东方向展布的4个孢粉区,呈现出高值低值交替分布的状态。孢粉丰度变化受水深和沉积物粒度影响较大。各类孢粉分布的控制因素有所不同。松属花粉的分布受到东北季风和海湾地形的综合影响;栎属等热带亚热带花粉则以河流和沿岸流为主要传播动力;蕨类孢子普遍的高丰度可能是由于其本身易于被海流携带传播,以及人类活动的影响导致沿岸地区蕨类植物广布,从而为其提供了丰富来源,沿岸流可能也为蕨类孢子带来了新来源;以禾本科为主的草本花粉由于不易传播,主要来自于沿岸地区的草本植被。河口或环岸带发生的絮凝作用有利于孢粉的沉积。近海带由于水动力条件减弱,孢粉随着悬浮物的沉积而大量沉积下来。     

福建海岸侵蚀风险评价研究

海岸侵蚀和淤积一直存在于海岸带系统内并塑造着现在的海岸线,近年来不当的人类活动以及全球气候变化加剧了海岸侵蚀,导致沿海土地流失,威胁人类生命财产安全。本文构建了海岸侵蚀风险评价理论体系,阐述了海岸侵蚀风险评价的方法,为海岸侵蚀风险管理提供有效指导。运用层析分析法确定评价指标权重;根据模糊集理论合成海岸侵蚀风险等级。以福建省海岸带为例,进行了海岸侵蚀风险评价,编绘了风险评价图,评价结果与客观情况比较吻合,验证了文中理论方法的适用性。本文构建的海岸侵蚀风险评价理论体系可以推广到其他区域,但应根据实际情况适当调整指标个数以及指标权重。     

Sea Levels and Coastal Inundation Due to Tropical Cyclones in Indian Coastal Regions of Andhra and Orissa

Coastal inundation associated with extreme sea levels is the main factor which leads to the loss of life and property whenever a severe tropical cyclonic storm hits the Indian coasts. The Andhra and Orissa coasts are most vulnerable for coastal inundation due to extreme rise in sea levels associated with tropical cyclones. Loss of life may be minimized if extreme sea levels and associated coastal flooding is predicted well in advance. Keeping this in view, location specific coastal inundation models are developed and applied for the Andhra and Orissa coasts of India. Several numerical experiments are carried out using the data of past severe cyclones that struck these regions. The simulated inland inundation distances are found to be in general agreement with the reported flooding.     

Mapping Vulnerability and Risk of Ghana's Coastline to Sea Level Rise

Coastal erosion and flooding are major threats to coastal dwellers, and the situation is predicted to worsen as a result of the impacts of climate change and associated sea level rise. In order to identify the level of vulnerability of various sections of Ghana's coastline for planning and future hazard management, a coastal vulnerability index approach was adopted for the creation of the relative vulnerability map. The coastal vulnerability variables used include geomorphology, coastal elevation, geology, local subsidence, sea level rise, shoreline change rates, mean tidal range, mean wave height and population density of the coastal areas. Risk factors were assigned to the various variables, and all the factors were combined to calculate the coastal vulnerability for the coastal front of each administrative district along the coast. The outcome was used to produce a vulnerability index map of coastal districts in Ghana. The results revealed that parts of the central coast and the eastern coasts of Ghana were the most vulnerable. It was identified that about 50% of the 540km shoreline of Ghana is vulnerable. This assessment will facilitate the long-term adaptation planning and hazard mitigation to inform the management of Ghana's coast.     

Sea Levels and Coastal Inundation Due to Tropical Cyclones in Indian Coastal Regions of Andhra and Orissa

Coastal inundation associated with extreme sea levels is the main factor which leads to the loss of life and property whenever a severe tropical cyclonic storm hits the Indian coasts. The Andhra and Orissa coasts are most vulnerable for coastal inundation due to extreme rise in sea levels associated with tropical cyclones. Loss of life may be minimized if extreme sea levels and associated coastal flooding is predicted well in advance. Keeping this in view, location specific coastal inundation models are developed and applied for the Andhra and Orissa coasts of India. Several numerical experiments are carried out using the data of past severe cyclones that struck these regions. The simulated inland inundation distances are found to be in general agreement with the reported flooding.     

海岸冲淤动态的理论分析：物质收支、剖面形态、岸线进退

海岸线动态经常被作为海岸冲淤的判据,然而,由于未能涵盖物质收支和海岸剖面形态的双重因素影响,此判据具有局限性。基于沉积物收支方程性质和海滩-潮滩剖面形态的理论分析,认为将物质收支与岸线进退速率或海岸剖面形态相结合,才能准确判别海岸冲淤状态。沉积物收支方程含有沉积体系规模、冲淤强度、系统生长极限等信息;海滩剖面形态决定于物质粒径、波能大小,波能耗散最小原理决定了海滩均衡剖面的存在性,而潮滩剖面形态决定于沉积物供给、粒径组成和潮汐动力。根据沉积物收支方程和海岸剖面理论,融合极端事件（风暴等）和海面变化因素,可获取砂质海岸（以海滩为代表）、泥质海岸（以潮滩为代表）各种侵蚀现象的发生机制、速率和时间尺度信息,海岸线变化速率从低（＜100 m/a）到高（101～102 m/a）有数量级的差异,冲淤过程的时间尺度包括10−2 a（风暴事件）到103 a（海面变化）的范围。根据沉积物收支和海岸线进退的不同组合,可将海滩、潮滩海岸冲淤动态分为4类,其中第一类为堆积海岸,其余三类为侵蚀海岸,与不同的地貌演化方向和时间尺度相联系。高强度、长时间持续侵蚀主要与物质供给中断和海面上升相关,同时也有人为因素影响。     

福建沿岸6000年来的海平面波动

本文通过35个~(14)C测年数据进行评价,建立一条福建省沿岸过去6000年海平面变化曲线,该线表明海平面在现代位置上下呈振荡性变化,最高和最低海平面分别出现距今5000年前和4000年前左右,海平面高度分别为约+2m,-2m。     

Evaluation of GEV model for frequency analysis of annual maximum water levels in the coast of United States

The three-parameter generalized-extreme-value (GEV) model has been recommended by FEMA [FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency of the United States), 2004. Final Draft Guidelines for Coastal Flood Hazard Analysis and Mapping for the Pacific Coast of the United States. http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=2188] for frequency analysis of annual maximum water levels in the Pacific coast of the United States. Yet, the GEV model's performance in other coastal areas still needs to be evaluated. The GEV model combines three types of probability distributions into one expression. The probability distributions can be defined by one of the three parameters of the GEV model. In this study, annual maximum water levels at nine water-level stations with long history data (more than 70 years) were chosen for analysis in five coastal areas: Pacific, Northeast Atlantic, East Atlantic, Southeast Atlantic, and Gulf of Mexico coasts. Parameters of the GEV model are estimated by the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method. Results indicate that probability distributions are characterized by the GEV Type III model at stations in the Pacific, Northeast, and East Atlantic coastal areas, while they are described by GEV Type II in stations of the Southeast Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastal areas. GEV model predictions of extreme water levels show good correlation to observations with correlation coefficients of 0.89 to 0.99. For predictions of 10% annual maximum water levels, the GEV model predictions are very good with errors equal to or less than 5% for all nine stations. Comparison of observations and GEV model estimations of annual maximum water levels for the longest recorded return periods, close to 100 years, revealed errors equal to or less than 5% for stations in the Pacific and Northeast Atlantic coastal areas. However, the errors range from 10% to 28% for other stations located in the East and Southeast Atlantic coasts as well as Gulf of Mexico coastal areas. Findings from this study suggest caution regarding the magnitudes of errors in applying the GEV model to the East and Southeast Atlantic coasts and Gulf of Mexico coast for estimating 100-year annual maximum water levels for coastal flood analysis.     

辽东湾两侧砂质海岸侵蚀灾害与防治

自20世纪60年代至90年代，由于多种原因，辽东湾东西两侧的初始沙质海岸侵蚀范围逐年扩大，侵蚀不断加剧，给当人民的生产和生活带来严重危害。由多年监测资料发现，侵蚀严重的熊岳岸线以2～4m／a的速率而大幅度后退，特别严重的地区最大后退达10km；辽西绥中某些岸段平均每年后退1～2m。20世纪90年代后期，由于一些海域管理措施的出台和相应的海岸防护工程的建设，海岸侵蚀逐渐减弱。通过现场调查和多年监测，分析了辽东湾东西两侧砂质海岸侵蚀的特点，认为海岸组成物质松散与海岸动力作用强烈是本区现代海岸侵蚀的基本条件，人为活动是关键因素，并提出了海岸侵蚀灾害的防治对策。     

Human empowerment: Opportunities from ocean governance

Stimulus to reach the millennium goals of poverty abatement and empowerment, including education and employment, for the large part of the population in the coastal zone can be found in the resources and services of oceans and coasts; the required financial means, given political will and right priorities, can be provided through implementation of the related international conventions, in particular UNCLOS with the EEZ, the Common Heritage of Mankind and other provisions, Agenda 21 [1] of UNCED and the WSSD 2002 Ocean Targets; the motivation is the necessity to address over-exploitation, depletion and destruction of resources, habitats and coastal ecosystem services, global changes, as well as economic transformations and social conditions of poverty, employment and unequity. Achieving adequate management and protection of natural assets as ecosystems and their services, habitats, biodiversity requires that the socio-economic and human security needs of the coastal populations are met. One way to reach the goal is to enable them, representing about 50% of the global population and increasing, to fight poverty and cope with uncertainties and changing conditions of employment, environment and sustainability through proper governance of the coastal and ocean assets. This includes provision of education and knowledge as regards these assets and their proper uses. They include energy, water, food, transportation and trade, communication, coastal developments, tourism, recreation and ecosystem services, as well as the need to properly manage them.The present economic system cannot fully harmonize with the required governance, partly since the ecosystem resources and services are not internalised in the market-oriented system. This calls for a revised education and training system, more comprehensive than the present, taking into account the social, cultural and environmental requirements, and stressing the sustainable development paradigm. In order to achieve ocean governance and comprehensive human security an understanding of the system is needed. This is substantiated through the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development as well as the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.The aim here is to discuss some of the issues in context of implementation of related ocean conventions and commitments, which include achieving ocean governance, and to elucidate opportunities given by oceans and coasts, also in generating employment and providing for basic human needs.     

Mexico’s coasts: Half-way to sustainability

Sustainability was estimated through a Sustainable Capacity Index defined as the combination of three aspects (state of the environment, quality of life of the human population, and pressure applied by human activities), used as a guideline for the differentiation of sustainability situations. We identified five different municipality groups, in terms of sustainability, as well as two thresholds, beyond which sustainable capacity was not present: below the sustainable capacity lower threshold, close to the sustainable capacity threshold, optimum situation, close to the sustainable capacity higher threshold, and above the sustainable capacity higher threshold. In general Mexico was found to be in an apparent balanced situation, in the sense that it is not overweighed around extreme values, the majority of the coastal municipalities falling in the optimum sustainable situation, within the cross comparison, characterized by medium coastal cities. We can conclude that Mexico has reached a critical point where it has to decide about the direction its coastal development has to take, since our results suggest that Mexican’s municipalities are half way to sustainability. The ideal situation would be that the optimum situation would maintain its actual low pressure with high state, but could increase its quality of life. This work provided a rapid monitoring and cross comparison tool for an estimation of the sustainable situation of Mexico’s coasts, repeatable in time, and in phase with the recent national coastal zone management principles and strategies.     

中国河口海岸面临的挑战

河口海岸是地球四大圈层交汇、能量流和物质流的重要聚散地带。该区域经济发达、人口集中、开发程度高，导致严重的环境变异、资源破坏，对区域持续发展造成重大影响，特别是我国流域高强度开发河口和邻近海岸带有直接和深远的影响。新世纪我国的河口海岸面临着4个方面的挑战：入海泥沙量急剧减少；入海污染物质显著增加；滨海湿地丧失；全球海平面上升对中国低海岸的严重威胁。为此，开展河口海岸环境变异的研究，为解决国家目标和海岸带资源可持续利用，无疑是非常重要而迫切的问题。     

Contrasting perspectives on mangroves in arid Northwestern Mexico: Implications for integrated coastal management

Mangroves in Northwestern Mexico are vital to maintain coastal environments healthy, to provide nutrients for several food chains, and to supply valuable goods and services that sustain and improve human livelihoods. Many of these values offer a range of opportunities for economic development that attract workers, investors and developers. Recently, federal privatization policies have promoted an accelerated coastal development of this region to obtain large profits in short times, creating competing and overlapping interests to use coastal environments and control key resources. Such intense developments are modifying the ecological conditions of many coastal areas, threatening the provision of important ecosystem services to society. After years of centralized decisions, new paradigms are needed to achieve a coastal management that ensures long-term ecosystem maintenance, fair resource use and social equity. Recognizing the multiplicity of actors involved in coastal management and using a qualitative research methodology, we identified and explored the perspectives of different key stakeholders in the states of Baja California Sur and Sonora, Mexico, to better understand their views on mangroves use and management as well as the interaction among them. We discuss similarities and/or discrepancies found among stakeholders’ perceptions by describing their central ideas and identifying overlapping interests that may create conflicts when defining development and conservation programs or formulating policies. This information also intends to encourage further research on the social-ecological system of the coasts in Northwestern Mexico and to contribute to address coastal management issues in integrated ways that consider the social dimension through documenting stakeholders’ narratives in the future.