Soil organic carbon within the vadose zone of a floodplain

Past studies have focused on carbon variation in the upper 1 m of the soil profile. However, there is limited information on carbon variation at deeper depths (e.g., 0–4 m) and mathematical functions to extrapolate carbon content at these depths. The objective of this study was therefore to assess the vertical variation in SOC (reached 4 m) of the Tarim River floodplain in northwestern China. The vertical distribution in SOC was described by exponential and power functions based on (1) soil depth, (2) soil depth and silt content, (3) soil depth and SOC at the shallowest and deepest depths, (4) soil depth, silt content, and SOC at the shallowest and deepest depths, and (5) soil depth and SOC at the shallowest depth. We found SOC content decreased with depth from 6.82 g kg^?1 at 0–0.2 m to?<?1.0 g kg^?1 below 3.2–3.4 m averaged across five locations along the floodplain. Both the power and exponential functions provided a good fit to the measured data in the upper 1 m of the soil profile, whereas the power function provided a better fit to the data when extrapolating to a depth of 3–4 m. The power function describing SOC as a function of soil depth, silt content, and SOC at the shallowest and deepest depths best portrayed the distribution in SOC with depth. Considering the cost and labor in measuring soil properties, our results suggest that SOC at the shallowest depth can provide good estimates of the vertical distribution in SOC in a floodplain.     

南海西沙海域西科1井第四系生物礁: 碳酸盐岩成岩作用特征

以西科1井第四系乐东组生物礁-碳酸盐岩地层为研究对象, 通过偏光显微镜观察、茜素红-S和铁氰化钾混合溶液染色、扫描电镜和矿物阴极发光性观察等分析方法研究了生物礁-碳酸盐岩的岩石学和成岩作用特征.西科1井生物礁-碳酸盐岩成岩作用包括较弱的压实作用、新生变形作用、微生物泥晶化作用、溶解作用、胶结作用.以典型胶结物岩相学产状为标志, 结合矿物阴极发光性特征识别出了大气水和海水成岩环境.其中, 大气水成岩环境以典型的新月形或悬垂形方解石胶结物为识别标志, 海水成岩环境以纤维状-针状文石为识别标志.成岩环境的垂向分布表现为: 0~27 m深度内为显著的大气水成岩环境; 27~42 m深度内以大气水成岩环境为主, 其次为海水成岩环境; 42~105 m深度内以大气水成岩环境为主, 海水成岩环境的影响弱; 105~172 m深度内大气水和海水成岩环境均出现; 172.00~214.89 m深度内为海水成岩环境.      

青藏高原土壤水热过程模拟研究(Ⅱ):土壤温度

模拟青藏高原土壤水分和热量迁移过程的连续变化对于全球变化研究具有非常重要的意义, 其准确模拟是提高陆面过程模拟精度的重要条件. 利用大尺度水文模型对沱沱河站点以1 h为步长, 共399 d的土壤温度模拟结果与观测结果的对比表明, 土壤中共11个不同深度的观测点的模拟温度总体的变化趋势与观测值一致, 可以进行长时间的模拟. 对于地表温度, 模拟的日变化幅度比实测的变化幅度大, 但均值一致, 原因在于模型的土壤参数中没有考虑有机质含量, 在计算能量平衡时需要增加该土壤参数. 对于土壤底部的土壤温度的连续模拟表明, 采用常数的土壤下界算法和倾斜的(damping)土壤下界算法均与观测值的变化具有一定的差别, 而常数的下界算法与观测值更为接近.     

Permafrost Change Under Natural Sites Along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway During the Years of 2006-2015

Permafrost changes under natural sites along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway were investigated based on the ground temperature monitored from the year of 2006 to 2015. Among these sites, mean permafrost table was 3.54 m, with a range of 0.88 to 9.14 m. Among the sites with decreasing permafrost table, mean decreasing amplitude of permafrost table was 0.51 m, with a range of 0.05 to 2.22 m; mean decreasing rate of permafrost table was 0.07 m/a, with a range of 0.01 to 0.25 m/a. Decreasing amplitude and decreasing rate of permafrost table in high temperature regions were 0.47 m and 0.06 m/a greater than those in low temperature regions, respectively. In general, ground temperatures at permafrost table and 15 m depth presented rising tendency. Mean rising amplitude of ground temperature at permafrost table was 0.16 ℃, with a range of 0.01 to 0.60 ℃; mean rising rate of ground temperature at permafrost table was 0.018 ℃/a, with a range of 0.001 to 0.067 ℃/a. Rising amplitude and rising rate of ground temperature at permafrost table in low temperature regions were 0.12 ℃ and 0.014 ℃/a greater than those in high temperature regions, respectively. Mean rising amplitude of ground temperature at 15 m depth was 0.10 ℃, with a range of 0.01 to 0.48 ℃; mean rising rate of ground temperature at 15 m depth was 0.011 ℃/a, with a range of 0.002 to 0.054 ℃/a. Rising amplitude and rising rate of ground temperature at 15 m depth in low temperature regions were 0.11 ℃ and 0.012 ℃/a greater than those in high temperature regions, respectively. Due to the effect of local factors, increasing of permafrost table and decreasing of ground temperature were observed under several sites.     

Regularities of Hydrocarbon Distribution in the Deepwater Part of the West African Margin

It is revealing a clear tendency of the fields layered in producing belt of oil-pays, extending in the limit of the sea depth from 400 m to 3000 m at the continental slope and possibly 4000 m at the continental rise.     

井中激电测井在金属矿勘探中的应用

通过在陕南平利某工区ZK301孔及东、南、西、北4个方向分别布极,极距约100m,进行激电测井工作所取得的井中物探测井曲线图,结合工区的岩（矿）石电性参数特征进行分析,得出在该井深112～137m及202～215m两阶段均为弱矿化带,主要由黄铁矿化引起,而在井深225～245m及320～330m两阶段均为强矿化带,主要由闪锌矿化引起。由于钻孔的原因未做其他极距的激电测井工作。并对激电测井工作中应注意事项进行了简单的描述。     

Dissolved inorganic and organic selenium in the Orca Basin

The vertical distributions of Se (IV), Se (VI) and dissolved organic Se have been determined in the oxic and non-sulfide-bearing anoxic zones of the Orca Basin. In the oxic waters, the concentration of Se (IV) increases with depth gradually from 0.25 nmole/kg at the surface to a maximum of 0.46 nmole/kg at 750 m and then decreases with depth to a relatively constant concentration of 0.39 nmole/ kg below 1,230 m. The concentration of Se (VI) is rather uniform in the top 250 m at about 0.24 nmole/ kg. Below 250 m it increases with depth to 0.50 nmole/kg at 1.230 m, and it stays relatively constant below this depth. The concentration of organic Se increases from 0.50 nmole/kg at the surface to 1.39 nmole/kg at 78 m. A pronounced broad maximum of organic Se exists between 78 and 250 m. The concentration decreases with depth below 250 m, dropping sharply between 250 and 380 m and more gradually at greater depths. It becomes undetectable at 1,230 m. Organic Se is the dominant species above 250 m. Se (IV) is the most abundant between 250 and 1,000 m while Se (VI) becomes the dominant species below 1,000 m. The distributions of these three species can be explained by the biological uptake of Se in the surface waters and the multi-step regeneration of Se from biogenic particles at greater depths. In suboxic waters at the oxic-anoxic interface, the concentration of Se (IV) increases while that of Se (VI) decreases reflecting a change in redox conditions in the environment. In the anoxic brine, the concentration of Se (IV) is around 0.25 nmole/kg while Se (VI) is undetectable. The concentration of organic Se increases sharply in the suboxic waters and reaches 2.6 nmole/kg in the anoxic brines probably as a result of the decomposition of organic matter and/or a diffusive flux from the underlying sediment.     

川西郭达山隧道水平孔地应力测量与工程意义

新建川藏铁路穿越鲜水河活动构造带,沿线构造应力场极其复杂,隧道围岩工程破坏问题突出。为了揭示该区构造应力场特征,为深埋隧道设计、施工提供基础参数,采用新型水压致裂地应力测量系统在川西郭达山隧道水平孔获得10段有效地应力测量数据,最大测量深度达508.10 m,创造了水平孔地应力测量最深记录。测量结果表明,在148.4~508.1 m测量深度范围,郭达山隧道水平孔截面上最大主应力值为3.59~13.72 MPa,最小主应力值为3.28~8.36 MPa。根据印模实验结果,除浅部钻孔截面上最大主应力倾角较大外,深部钻孔截面上最大主应力倾角近水平。根据地应力状态将0~280 m段划分为应力释放区,280~330 m段为应力集中区,大于330 m段为原地应力区。基于地应力测量结果对郭达山隧道水平孔围岩稳定性进行了预判分析,在孔深292.9 m、508.10 m处隧道围岩有轻微至中等程度岩爆可能,其余段无岩爆可能性。     

祁连山区黑河上游多年冻土分布考察

高山多年冻土的分布及土壤季节冻融过程对地表水文过程、 生态系统、 碳循环及寒区工程建设等都有很大的影响. 黑河上游地处祁连山中东部, 属于高原亚寒带半干旱气候, 研究黑河流域多年冻土分布对于系统理解该区域的生态-水文过程、 气候与环境变化以及水资源评价、 工程建设等非常重要. 2011年6-8月对黑河干流源头西支开展了多年冻土调查, 沿二尕公路(S204)在热水大坂垭口至石棉矿岔口之间区域, 完成测温孔7眼, 并布设测温管进行地温监测. 根据勘察、 钻探及测温资料, 确定了黑河源头地区山地多年冻土下界为海拔3 650~3 700 m之间. 受高度地带性的控制, 随着海拔的降低, 活动层厚度由在海拔4 132 m时的1.6 m增加至在多年冻土下界处的约4.0 m, 多年冻土年平均地温也相应的由-1.7℃增加到0.0℃左右, 而多年冻土厚度由100 m以上减小到多年冻土下界处的0.0 m. 同时, 坡度和坡向、 岩性、 含水(冰)量、 地下水、 河水等局地因素对多年冻土温度和厚度也有重要的作用.     

Fission track analysis and thermotectonic history of the main borehole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling project

The Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) project, part of the International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP), has completed drilling a 5158 m hole in the eastern part of the Dabie-Sulu ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt. This study reports on an apatite fission track analysis of core samples from 0 to 4000 m depth in the CCSD main hole (CCSD-MH). We determined the fission track ages of 38 apatite samples from different depths. The ages range between 98.6 ± 17.0 and 3.2 ± 1.3 Ma, showing a general decreasing trend with depth, from 87.1 ± 11.2 Ma at the surface to 3.2 ± 1.3 Ma at 3899 m depth. As a first approximation, an average uplift rate of ~ 35 m/Ma is calculated for the period 90-30 Ma. The trend in ages within the borehole shows some fluctuations, and indicates movements along major faults. It is inferred that the highest-level major normal fault occurs at a depth of ~ 350 m, recording a vertical displacement of ~ 400 m. Movement along another prominent normal fault at a depth of ~ 2150 m occurred subsequent to ~ 25 Ma. Three major reverse faults occur at about 2450, 3050 and 3250 m depth. Testing geological constrains against the fission track data set indicated an agreement with a reheating of the area during the late Cretaceous and Eocene, followed by cooling to ~ 80 °C during the Eocene and a low cooling until the samples reached their present-day position in the Donghai area.     

巴丹吉林沙漠潜水蒸发的数值模拟研究

为了确定巴丹吉林沙漠潜水蒸发强度与地下水埋深的关系,基于巴丹吉林沙漠的气候背景、砂土特征和不同地下水埋深时的典型植被特点设计了54种情景,利用Hydrus-1D建立不同情景下的SPAC水分运移模型,对周期性气象条件驱动下的潜水蒸发开展数值模拟。模拟结果表明:多年平均潜水蒸发量有着随地下水埋深增大而非线性减小的趋势;不同情景的极限埋深都大于3m,在埋深等于3m时潜水蒸发量都小于最大值的5%;当地下水埋深为0.5~1.5m时,潜水蒸发量对地下水埋深的变化最为敏感;当地下水埋深为1m时,潜水蒸发量对包气带岩性的变化也很敏感;在地下水埋深小于0.5m和大于1.5m的区间,气候、岩性、地下水埋深的变化对潜水蒸发量的影响变得微弱。另外,多年平均潜水蒸发量和地下水埋深的这种非线性关系可以用一个新提出的经验公式进行较为准确的拟合,将这个研究结果用于评价巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊集中区地下水的蒸发消耗,发现潜水蒸发总量显著大于湖面蒸发总量,前者约为后者的2.5~2.6倍,必须在沙漠水分平衡的分析中加以考虑。     

塔里木盆地海相石油的真实勘探潜力

塔里木盆地古生界蕴藏了丰富的海相油气资源,储集层目前埋深在5500～10000m。深部流体的相态或者说液相石油大量消失的深度下限是学术界比较关心的理论问题,而塔里木盆地海相到底富油还是富气也是关系到塔里木油田未来产能规划的现实问题。通过对塔里木盆地原油的热稳定性分析,特别是低地温梯度和晚期快速深埋过程的补偿效应研究,认为液态石油大量消亡(油裂解成气)的深度下限在9000～10000m以下,对应的储层温度大于210℃,在此深度之上液态石油可以大量存在。通过对油气聚集与保存的关键地质科学问题的研究,认为晚海西期是台盆区油藏的主要成藏期,烃源灶区生成的油气主要分布在稳定的古隆起及其围斜区域;而晚海西期这些古隆起及其围斜区碳酸盐岩储层埋藏深度在800～2500m范围内,岩溶储集体发育,这是台盆区形成大面积层状油气聚集的基础,也决定了现今埋深在7000～9000m深度范围内的斜坡区将成为黑油和凝析油的重要勘探接替区。     

西沙西科1井第四系生物礁-碳酸盐岩的岩石学特征

从西科1井生物礁-碳酸盐岩的岩心观察和岩石学特征的分析入手, 重点刻画了第四系全新-更新统乐东组生物礁-碳酸盐岩的岩石类型和生物礁类型.543片铸体薄片分析和214.89 m岩心观察表明: 岩石类型主要为粒泥灰岩、泥粒灰岩和骨架灰岩, 其次为粘结灰岩、颗粒灰岩、漂砾灰岩和砾屑灰岩.在纵向上, 埋深0~10 m层段以颗粒灰岩为主, 埋深10~22 m层段为生物碎屑砂分布段, 埋深22.00~214.89 m层段以粒泥灰岩、泥粒灰岩和骨架灰岩为主.生物礁类型以骨架礁为主, 造礁生物为珊瑚和少量珊瑚藻.骨架礁在埋深0~214.89 m均有发育, 丛状和块(段)状礁仅分布于埋深83~98 m.      

Wellbore breakouts of the main borehole of Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) and determination of the present tectonic stress state

The Sulu-Dabie high-pressure (HP)-ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic belt as the product of subduction-collision between the northern China plate and Yangtze plate underwent a process of formation and evolution from deep subduction→exhumation→extension→slow uplift. The study of its modern tectonic stress field has great significance for a complete understanding of the process of formation and evolution of the HP-UHP metamorphic belt, especially the exhumation and uplift of the belt. Wellbore breakouts are the most visual tectonic phenomenon which can characterize the modern stress action in the main borehole of Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD). Ultrasonic borehole televiewer reflection wave data show that wellbore breakouts began to occur at 1216 m depth of the main borehole. A total of 143 borehole televiewer images were collected from 1216 to 5118 m depth (hole completion depth). After data processing and statistics, the average azimuth of the long dimension of the wellbore breakout obtained was 319.5° ± 3.5°, indicating that the average azimuth of the maximum horizontal principal stress causing wellbore breakout initiation was 49.5° ± 3.5°. The maximum and minimum horizontal principal stress values at 52 depths in the interval of 1269 to 5047 m were estimated using the elements of wellbore shapes (wellbore depth and width), combined with the cohesive strength and internal frictional angle of the rock obtained by rock mechanical tests on samples, and the static load stresses at corresponding depths were calculated according to the rock density logging data. The results indicate that: the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stresses are 41.4 and 25.3 MPa at 1269 m depth respectively and 164.7 and 122 MPa at 5047 m depth respectively; the maximum vertical stress is 141.3 MPa at 5047 m depth with a density of 2.8 g/cm³; the in-situ stresses increase nearly linearly with depth. The magnitudes and directions of the three principal stresses reflect that the regional stress field around the CCSD main borehole is mainly in a strike-slip state, which is consistent with the basic features of the regional stress field determined using other methods.     

青藏高原高寒草甸区土壤水分的空间异质性

通过网格(10m×10m)取样,用地统计学方法研究了青藏高原高寒草甸覆盖区域(110m×90m)浅层剖面(0~40cm)土壤水分的空间异质性特征。结果表明:在高寒草甸覆盖区0~30cm深度范围内,土壤水分均存在高度空间异质性,其中87.3%~74.9%的空间异质性是由空间自相关部分引起的,主要体现在201m以下尺度,10m以下随机因素对空间异质性作用较小;30~40cm土壤水分空间异质性由10m以下尺度随机因素导致的占42.3%,而自相关部分的空间异质性(57.7%)体现在10~87.2m尺度。随土层深度的增加,分维数D有逐渐增大的趋势,说明随深度增加高寒草甸区土壤水分自相关空间异质性程度在降低,而随机因素导致的空间异质性程度在增加。从4层的C₀/(C+C₀)值来看,10~20cm这一层的值最小,表明在这一层的系统变量的空间自相关性程度最高。说明高寒草甸区0~30cm土层的土壤水分含量是受降水、植被发育、根系分布、土壤特性和人为干扰等影响,其空间异质性主要受自相关因素控制,而30cm以下的土壤水分受自相关因素和随机因素共同控制。     

Diagenesis of late Cenozoic diatomaceous deposits and formation of the bottom simulating reflector in the southern Bering Sea*

Diatom ooze and diatomaceous mudstone overlie terrigenous mudstone beds at Leg 19 Deep Sea Drilling Project sites. The diatomaceous units are 300-725 m thick but most commonly are about 600 m. Diagenesis of diatom frustules follows a predictable series of physical and chemical changes that are related primarily to temperature (depth of burial and local geothermal gradient). During the first 300-400 m of burial frustules are fragmented and undergo mild dissolution. By 600 m dissolution of opal-A (biogenic silica) is widespread. Silica reprecipitates abundantly as inorganic opal-A between 600 and 700 m sub-bottom depth. Inorganic opal-A is rapidly transformed by crystal growth to opal-CT. The result is formation of silica cemented mudstone and porcelanite beds. A regional acoustic reflector (called the bottom-simulating reflector, or BSR) occurs near 600 m depth in the sections. This acoustic event marks the upper surface where silicification (cementation) is active. In Bering Sea deposits, opal-A is transformed to opal-CT at temperatures between 35° and 50°C. This temperature range corresponds to a sub-bottom depth of about 600 m and is the area where silicification is most active. Thus, the BSR represents an isothermal surface; the temperature it records is that required to transform opal-A to opal-CT. Deposition of at least 500 m of diatomaceous sediment was required before the temperature at the base of the diatomaceous section was appropriate (35°-50°C) for silica diagenesis to occur. Accordingly, silica diagenesis did not begin until Pleistocene time. Once silicification began, in response to sediment accumulation during the Quaternary, the diagenetic front (the BSR) moved upsection in pace with the upward migrating thermal boundary. X-ray diffractograms and SEM photographs show three silica phases, biogenic opal-A, inorganic opal-A’, and opal-CT. These have crystallite sizes of 11-16 A, 20-27 A, and 40-81 A, respectively, normal to 101. The d(101) reflection of opal-CT decreases with depth of burial at DSDP Site 192. This occurs by solid-state ordering and requires at least 700 m of burial. Most clinoptilolite in Leg 19 cores forms from the diagenesis of siliceous debris rather than from the alteration of volcanic debris as is commonly reported.     

降水入渗补给量随地下水埋深变化的实验研究

利用冉庄8m定埋深地中蒸渗仪的观测资料，根据蓄满产流理论，采用分层计算还原的方法，研究降水入渗补给量随地下水埋深的变化规律。揭示了最佳埋深和稳定点的形成机理。在试验条件下，最佳埋深出现在3m左右，降水入渗补给量随地下水埋深的增大而减小，6m以后趋于稳定。     

西藏纳木错流域冻土环境初步研究

利用在西藏纳木错流域念青唐古拉山北坡（NQN,海拔5 400 m）和西北保吉乡（BJ,海拔4 730 m）布设的两台带有四层土壤探头自动气象站(AWS)2005—2006年冬季10个月观测数据进行了统计分析。结果表明：观测期间NQN日及月平均气温均低于BJ,但变化幅度均小于BJ,土壤冻结时间比BJ长,两处的气温梯度为0.31℃/100 m。与安多月平均气温比较,推断NQN存在高山多年冻土。NQN大气—土壤及土壤内热传输速度快于BJ;冻结期内土壤中未冻水含量在0～-2.5℃时发生跃变且与土壤温度存在较好的线性关系;相同深度处NQN土未冻水含量较小。土壤温度日变化在0～40 cm深度处较明显,40cm深度以下变化很小,未冻水含量日变化在5 cm深度较明显,20 cm以下变化微弱。利用两观测点冻结深度（Df）与冻结积温（Tg）的良好相关建立模型,NQN为：Df n= 0.0016Tg+ 1.69,R2=0.9958;BJ为：Df b= 0.002 Tg+ 1.13,R2= 0.9424,并由此推断出两观测点最大季节冻结深度分别为1.69 m和1.13 m。     

基于瞬变电磁法(TEM)的西昆仑地区多年冻土厚度探测与研究

多年冻土厚度对于多年冻土的区域分布和环境效应具有重要控制和指示意义. 应用瞬变电磁法(TEM)对青藏高原西昆仑地区的多年冻土下限进行了探测, 并结合钻孔资料分析了该研究区域多年冻土厚度的分布特征. 结果表明:研究区域多年冻土厚度随地形、地质条件的差异表现出显著的空间差异性. 沿着219国道从509道班到奇台达坂的高山峡谷区, 随着海拔的升高, 多年冻土从无到有, 而且, TEM探测到的多年冻土厚度从不到10 m到接近100 m, 平均厚度约为55 m; 自界山达坂向东到拉竹龙的低山丘陵区, 除部分区域发育融区外, 多年冻土厚度一般在50 m左右, TEM探测显示多年冻土平均厚度约为58 m; 进入甜水海盆地, 多年冻土厚度普遍超过60 m, TEM探测到靠近湖泊的盆地中心地带多年冻土平均厚度可达110 m. 多年冻土厚度随地温的降低呈显著的线性增加趋势, 10 m深度地温平均每降低1 ℃, 多年冻土厚度增加29 m. 多年冻土的厚度随海拔的升高显著增加, 同时局地因素对多年冻土的发育有显著影响, 其内在机制需要进一步研究.     

利用包气带环境示踪剂评估张掖盆地降水入渗速率

降水入渗补给速率是干旱半干旱地区地下水资源评价和保护中的重要参数。长期以来在河西走廊中游盆地地下水资源评价中,一直认为地下水位埋深>5m的地带难以产生降水入渗补给。本文在黑河流域中游的张掖盆地分别选择沙丘区和裸地区,综合运用包气带同位素和水化学信息,开展了降水入渗补给研究。包气带氯质量平衡法结果表明:现代气候条件下,张掖盆地地下水位埋深>5m的地带仍存在降水入渗补给,在沙丘覆盖区,地下水位埋深6.3m时,降水入渗补给速率为13.3～14.4mm/a,入渗系数0.10～0.11;在裸地区,地下水位埋深8.6m时,降水入渗补给速率为16.8～18.4mm/a,入渗系数0.13～0.14。