松科2井东孔营城组高放射性异常层测井响应特征及成因初探

松科2井东孔是松辽盆地科学钻探工程的主体钻孔,按照计划在全井段进行地球物理测井资料采集,为深部资源勘探及白垩纪古气候、古环境研究提供准确和全面的地球物理信息.在诸多测井方法中,自然伽马测井和自然伽马能谱测井能够测量地层的天然放射性强度和铀、钍、钾元素含量等参数,被有效地应用于放射性矿床勘查,尤其是铀资源的勘查与研究;电阻率、声波、密度和中子测井等常规测井和核磁共振成像、电阻率成像、元素俘获谱测井等特殊测井能够获取地层岩性和物性参数等信息,为铀矿勘查提供有力支持.本文利用松科2井东孔自然伽马测井资料来识别高放射性异常层;基于常规测井与特殊测井资料,结合前人的地质研究成果,分析放射性异常层的特征和成因.核测井曲线指示营城组存在两段高放射性异常层,深度分别为3096.8~3102.8 m（I号层）、3168.3~3170.9 m（Ⅱ号层）.I号层自然伽马值最高达360 API,铀含量范围20.5~29.3 ppm,综合测井和岩心资料判断该层为砾岩,具有铀成矿潜力;分析表明,构造条件和后生改造作用是影响I号层铀富集的关键因素,推测断裂-火山活动和盆地抬升剥蚀为含铀地下水及油气运移至I号层提供了通道,油气的后生还原作用最终导致了I号异常层的铀富集.Ⅱ号层自然伽马值最高达250API,钍含量22.4~37.3 ppm,铀含量5.9~11.0 ppm,为集块熔岩及凝灰岩,高放射性异常可能是高钍含量的流纹质成分和粘土矿物对铀的吸附作用导致的.松科2井东孔营城组高放射性异常层具有埋藏深度深、铀含量高等特点,表明松辽盆地深部具有找铀矿前景.     

放射性勘探工作中的反褶积分层解释法

本文简要地叙述了放射性矿层的饱和度关系式,反褶积分层解释法的原理,特征参数α（或）的现场测定方法。并将反褶积法的分层解释结果与逐次迭代法、逆矩阵法和平均含量法的解释结果作了对比。大量的对比结果（超过1500m矿层厚度）表明,反褶积分层解释法不仅可以查明矿层内铀、钍含量的变化形态,区分矿层群中各个矿层和夹层,而且具有分层清楚,计算方法简单,生产效率高（比其它分层解释法高20-30倍）,为今后放射性勘探工作的数字化和自动化创造了必要的条件。     

伽玛能谱探管设计

N761四道γ能谱测井探管是用于测量总计数率及铀、钍、钾放射性元素含量的测井仪器,配接在核工业北京地质研究院开发的HD-4002测井系统中,本探管采用双CPU结构,提高了系统的集成度,主CPU进行测量和自动稳谱,辅CPU对来自主CPU的测量数据进行并/串转换和码形变换,经铠装电缆传输到地面系统中,通过采用改进的自动稳谱技术,探管能够在较宽的环境温度范围(0℃～50℃)内自稳,各参数的记数偏差在8%以下,测井探管工作稳定,本探管经野外试验考核达到设计标准.     

自然伽玛及自然伽玛能谱测井在沉积盆地古环境反演中的应用

对山东东营凹陷牛38井古近系沙河街组三段的自然伽玛和自然伽玛能谱测井的初步实验研究表明,在比较稳定的还原性古环境中,能谱测井中的铀（U）含量和钍、铀含量比(Th/U),能作为古环境研究的重要指示参数,而伽玛总量则不然．U及Th/U与有机碳含量（co）存在良好相关性,在比较安静、还原性的古环境中（有机碳含量大于4．0%时）,两参数具有较强的应用性,而随着古环境的开放性及动荡性增强,其应用能力减弱．     

基于伽马能谱的元素测井发展历程及技术展望

随着对油气勘探开发的不断深入,勘探对象复杂,给测井解释评价带来极大的挑战.基于伽马能谱的元素测井是通过测量地层元素自发产生或中子源激发的次生伽马能谱,利用谱解析方法获得地层元素含量,为复杂储层测井评价提供一种有效手段.本文全面归纳总结了伽马元素能谱测井的发展历程,认为其可分为四个大的阶段:自然伽马能谱测井、地球化学测井、元素俘获能谱测井和基于脉冲中子源的元素能谱测井;并对其测井技术进行展望,认为基于伽马能谱的元素测井应遵循"三多"发展趋势,即:多功能仪器设计、多参数成果解释和多方位近钻头测量.     

航空能谱测量数据在砂岩型铀矿找矿预测中的应用

以澳大利亚弗罗姆湖地区砂岩型铀矿为例,利用航空能谱测量铀、钍、钾元素之间的地球化学特征差异,建立并计算古铀量、活性铀、地球化学活动性指数等特征参数,综合研究区盆地构造、古河道展布及地层岩性等特征,识别研究区的铀源区、铀元素迁入区、氧化-还原地球化学障等成矿预测要素,在ARCGIS 10平台上融合这些要素,最后圈定出研究区砂岩型铀矿找矿的有利远景区.研究表明航空能谱测量可以作为一种预测砂岩型铀矿有利远景区的有效方法.     

齐家北地区高台子油层油水层识别方法

齐家北地区高台子油层为高含钙致密储层,钙质发育导致部分水层的电阻率大幅提高,高阻水层、油水同层、油层在电测曲线上具有相同的电性特征,给以电测特征为解释基础的油层、油水同层的判别带来极大的困难.针对上述解释技术难题,本文在储层"四性"关系研究的基础上,提出了剥层法:其核心思想是根据各流体类型储层典型的电性特征,将干层、水层、油水同层从其他储层中逐一剥离出来.即依据干层的电性特征,首先将干层与产层区分开;再利用水层识别图版,将水层特别是钙质水层与油水同层区分开;最后利用油层与油水同层解释图版,再将油层与油水同层区分开来.该方法尽可能地降低干层、水层特别是钙质水层对油水同层和油层解释的干扰,提高测井解释符合精度.研究表明:感应测井曲线可反映致密砂岩孔隙中低阻可动水含量,是钙质水层、油水同层解释的敏感曲线;多曲线联合定性识别方法与解释图版相结合可提高油水层测井解释符合率;所建立的测井解释图版精度均达到了90%以上,经过3口实际试油井进行的背对背验证,油层的测井解释符合率达到了100%.     

提高碳氧比能谱测井分辨率的反褶积法

在地层孔隙度比较低的情况下,由于受放射性统计涨落以及地层中其它核反应所产生的伽马射线的影响,传统的碳氧比能谱测井解释的分辨率不高。这些伽马射线形成了碳氧比能谱测井的本底,本底越高,碳氧比值精度越差。因此,必须设法降低本底值来提高谱线的分辨率。本文通过反褶积技术来提高谱线的分辨率,应用修正的高斯函数作为系统响应函数对测井曲线进行反褶积;采用修正的 Blackman 窗函数来消除放射性统计涨落的高频噪声,通过实际资料验证,利用"反褶积-开窗"法对碳氧比能谱测井的谱线进行处理以及用变系数法求取非弹性散射伽马谱,提高了测井资料对油、水储集层的分辨率,对油田的合理开发及油藏管理具有重要的现实意义。     

HDP—4型四道γ能谱仪

便携式HDP—4 四道γ能谱仪，是核工业北京地质研究院物化探中心近几年开发研制的一种功能全、性能较高的四道γ能谱测量仪器.仪器由探头和操作台两部分组成.操作台采用双单片机结构，分别负责数据处理和数字自动稳谱，其中的自动稳谱技术比以往的能谱仪有了很大的改进；本仪器设置了多种测量方式，用户可根据测量目的进行选择；图形液晶显示器的使用克服了数据循环显示的弊端，可以同时显示铀、钍、钾、总道四个参数；设有微型打印机接口和RS232串口，方便了数据输出.     

基于解释单元的水淹层原始电阻率反演及应用

注水开发油田储层水淹后的电性特征主要表现为电阻率下降,准确恢复其原始电阻率是进行水淹级别判断的关键.研究区渤海LD油田地层原始电阻率受沉积环境和构造高度影响,因此提出了基于解释单元进行水淹层原始电阻率反演方法.该方法以测井资料为基础,首先通过图论多分辨率聚类分析结合沉积微相将关键井划分测井相,接着在此基础上细分解释单元,然后建立每一个解释单元原始地层电阻率模型,最后将建立的方法模型应用于实际新钻的调整井.准确恢复地层原始电阻率后求取原始含油饱和度,并结合目前剩余油饱和度得到储层的驱油效率,达到水淹级别定量评价的目的.新钻21口井的资料处理表明:水淹层定量解释与实际生产情况符合率高达93.7%,是渤海油田复杂水淹层定量解释的一种有效手段.     

微机γ能谱比活度测量仪

介绍了研制H\|90B微机(能谱比活度仪的目的意义、仪器的定位、组成特点及主要技术指标，并对仪器的工作原理做了必要的描述.文章还对有关测量方法及选用的仪器等进行了讨论.该仪器既可用于放射性(能谱测量并自动运算钾、铀、钍含量，又可用于现场快速检测建材放射性核素226Ra，232Th，40K的比活度.探头配置低本底铅室后，该仪器还可用于室内样品的放射性比活度的精确测量.     

低能自然γ能谱测量的初步研究

提出在全谱测量基础上对自然γ能谱的低能谱段进行研究，将天然γ射线谱的低能部分看作是天然γ射线与物质作用的结果，增加反映岩石物质成分的参数。这样，测量结果提供的不仅有放射性元素分布的数据，而且还有直接反映岩性变化的资料，可用于地质填图及金属矿地质工作。     

综合物探在柳林铀矿勘查中的应用效果

为进一步认识柳林铀矿区地质构造、地下矿体赋存位置及发育情况,对该矿区先后进行了以放射性勘探为主,辅以常规电法勘探等综合物探工作,对测得数据解释推理和成果验证,重点分析了物探异常和铀矿体空间分布的关系,取得了良好效果。结果表明高辐射、高极化和有一定规律的铀、钍、钾放射性核素次生晕异常是本区铀矿的主要找矿标志。     

自动提取反应谱特征参数的人工神经网络方法

本以反应谱的特征提取为主题,讨论了被估计目标特征的自动提取问题,中给出了反应谱特征参数提取的神经网络模型,该应用模型通过学习积累有关特征的知识,然后利用已学到的知识自动完成新目标相应特征的提取,体现出神经网络设计智能系统的潜力。     

Heat production data from airborne and laboratory measurements of gamma-ray activity of rocks

Summary The paper discusses the obvious experimental relation between the laboratory determinations of total gamma-ray activity, expressed in equilibrium uranium concentration, and heat production due to radioactive decay. The heat production data were calculated by means of the concentrations of uranium, thorium and potassium determined spectrometrically, together with the conversion factors into the rate of heat generation. The obtained relation may help define the typical heat production for characteristic surface rocks and estimate their contribution in heat flow study. Between the gamma-ray activity recorded during aeroradiometric mapping and the laboratory radiometric measurements of surface rock samples, there is also an experimental relation, which can be used further in estimating the value of surface heat production at a chosen locality.     

地震反应分析中的主时段

在计算反应谱及土层反应时,发现反应谱的形态和大小只受时程的主要部分控制,由此给出主时段的定义和确定主时段的方法。主时段的应用不仅可以大大缩短计算时间,而且能够成为持时的一种有物理意义的度量。     

Gamma ray spectrometric analysis of hydrothermally altered dacite samples from the PACMANUS hydrothermal field: Implications for the interpretation of gamma ray wireline measurements

Spectral gamma ray wireline logging derives the concentrations of potassium, thorium, and uranium of the formation by measuring the gamma ray spectrum under the assumption of secular equilibrium. These measurements were carried out in a number of boreholes drilled by Ocean Drilling Program Leg 193 at the PACMANUS hydrothermal field. Spectral gamma ray logs from several of these holes show intervals of increased radioactivity, associated with high uranium values of up to 60 ppm (Snowcap hydrothermal field) and 25 ppm (Roman Ruins hydrothermal field). Nine samples of hydrothermally altered dacite were analyzed using gamma spectrometry to examine the origin of elevated radioactivity and to test for distortion of secular equilibrium. Core spectrometry indicates that secular equilibrium is distorted. Distortion can be explained by either an uptake of nuclides of the lower part of the ²³⁸U decay series, or by removal of ²³⁸U or ²³⁴Th from the rocks. In all cases wireline uranium logs and core spectrometry do not reflect true uranium concentrations of the formation but uranium is overestimated by a factor of 3–4. At Roman Ruins, uranium values from wireline logging show higher uranium concentrations over large intervals than uranium values from core spectrometry and from published core geochemistry, even when a possible leaching of uranium is taken into account. Wireline logs indicate that depth intervals of increased radioactivity are related to the occurrence of stockwork mineralization. In these depth intervals, core recovery was extremely low. In addition to the distortion of secular equilibrium, low core recovery and preferential loss of softer and more altered material cause a sampling bias between core samples and wireline data and may explain the observed difference in uranium concentrations between core and wireline logs.     

Heat flow studies: Constraints on the distribution of uranium,thorium and potassium in the continental crust

To study the amount of heat generated by radioactive decay in the continental crust, the usual practice in the literature is to fit to the heat flow and radioactivity data a relationship of the form: Q = Q_r + D · A where Q and A are the observed heat flow and radiogenic heat production. Q_r is the “reduced” heat flow and D is a depth scale. This procedure implicitly assumes that uranium, thorium and potassium have identical distributions in the crust. We suggest that significant information may be lost as the three radioelements may in fact be affected by processes operating over different depths.Data published for four heat flow provinces throughout the world are used to estimate the distributions of uranium, thorium and potassium in the continental crust. These distributions are characterized by a depth scales defined as follows: D_i =∫0h C_i(z)C_i(0)dz where h is the thickness of the layer containing the bulk of radioactivity and C_i(z) the concentration of element i at depth z. Three depth scales are computed from a least-squares fit to the following relationship: Q = Q_r + D_U · A_U + D_T · A_T + D_K · A_T where Q is the observed heat flow and Q_r some constant (a reduced heat flow). A_i is the heat generation rate due to the radioactive decay of element i, and D_i is the corresponding depth scale.The analysis suggests that the three distributions are different and that they have the same basic features in the four provinces considered. The depth scale for potassium is large in granitic areas, that for thorium is small and that for uranium lies between the other two.We propose a simple model according to which each radioelement essentially provides a record for one process. Potassium gives a depth scale for the primary differentiation of the crust. Thorium gives the depth scale of magmatic or metamorphic fluid circulation. Finally, the uranium distribution reflects the late effects of alteration due to meteoric water. We show that the heat flow and radioactivity data are compatible with this model.Our analysis and numerical results are supported by data from deep boreholes and by geochemical evidence, such as detailed investigations of plutonic series and studies of U-Th-Pb systematics.