青藏高原北麓河地区沥青路面辐射特征分析

沥青路面是寒区道路工程主要路面类型之一, 其对热量的吸收易诱发寒区道路病害. 在青藏高原北麓河试验场对沥青路面和天然地表的太阳辐射和地面辐射通量进行了观测, 对比分析了两种地面类型在能量辐射方面的差异. 结果表明: 天然地表的反照率是沥青路面的2~3倍. 沥青路面和天然地表的辐射通量总体呈夏季 >秋季 >春季 >冬季特点. 到达沥青路面的向下长、短波辐射量均大于天然地表, 沥青路面向上的长波辐射通量大于天然地表. 2009年9月-2010年8月沥青路面的净辐射量比天然地表多302.2 MJ·m^-2, 2010年9月-2011年8月向上的短波辐射相对增加, 使得沥青路面的净辐射量仅比天然地表多28.21 MJ·m^-2. 在5 cm深度, 沥青路面的温度比天然地表高约1.15~8.6 ℃. 对短波辐射的削减和对长波的吸收是其净辐射量增加的重要原因, 在能量辐射方面的差异是造成沥青路面吸热的重要原因之一.     

沥青路面高温温度场数值分析与试验验证

利用气象资料预估夏季高温季节沥青路面结构内温度场的分布状况,有助于合理地设计沥青路面结构,在不同结构层使用合适的沥青等级,以防止路面出现过量的车辙。根据传热学基本理论,分析了沥青路面在夏季高温季节的热能传导方式,建立了沥青路面显式格式二维非稳态温度场数值分析模型,并实现了基于有限差分的数值求解。为了解不同地域和气候条件对沥青路面高温温度场的影响,进行了温度场现场试验验证。试验观测结果与数值分析结果的对比,证明了本文数值计算模型的合理性和正确性。     

沥青混凝土路面工程病害及防治技术浅析

本文根据我国的公路越来越多地采用沥青混凝土或改性沥青混凝土路面的实际情况,论述了沥青路面早期病害的原因,指出了我国沥青路面规范的不足,介绍了沥青路面病害因素的分析及预防措施。     

夏炎热地区高速公路沥青路面典型病害及分析

通过对夏炎热地区高速公路沥青路面两阶段的调查分析,结合养护路段的实践,指出夏炎热地区高速公路沥青路面的典型病害有:变形(车辙、拥包、推移、波浪);表面破坏(坑槽、松散)两大类。笔者通过对典型病害进行深入的分析,指出造成沥青路面早期病害的因素有:不利气候条件,施工质量变异性大等。     

大哉,母爱

母亲虽然头发刚刚泛白,今年却已是81岁高龄了。从我记事起,母亲坚强、执著、朴实、勤劳的形象就深深印在我脑海里。母亲是山西一个小县城的人,在烽火连天的抗日战争中,为了躲避日本鬼子的烧杀抢掠,姥姥带着母亲翻山越岭躲进了山沟里。在度日如年的躲避中,     

高速公路沥青路面开裂原因分析与防控措施

正高速公路建设是一个国家基础设施建设的重要组成部分,是带动地区经济发展的关键因素。我们在关注高速公路建设迅猛发展的同时,也需要对公路管理与养护展开深入研究。若没有对路面初期病害及时控制,将会大大缩短沥青路面的使用寿命。沥青路面的最主要受损形式是开裂,庞世华等[1]认为,车荷载是导致沥青路面开裂的主要原因,并针对这一因素制定了防控措施。但这一观点忽略了天气、温度变化等因素对沥青路面产生的影响,     

土工合成材料在沥青路面的应用及其设计

随着交通量和轴载的增加,对路面使用性能的要求越来越高,这也促进了路用土工合成材料产品的不断发展。国内外对土工合成材料应用于沥青路面进行了大量的室内与现场试验及理论分析工作。结果表明,土工合成材料能有效防止各种病害,改善路面的使用性能。对目前土工合成材料在沥青路面结构应用的几种设计方法进行了分析和评价,并根据美国地沥青协会（AI）所提出沥青路面罩面的设计程序,介绍了土工合成材料用于沥青罩面加筋,以减薄罩面厚度的设计方法。     

多年冻土区道路边坡热状况差异对多年冻土融化形态的影响

用数值方法模拟了在气候持续以0.02℃·a^-1速度增温下,50 a运营年限内不同走向路基的融化形态可能发生的变化趋势.计算了在砂砾路面和沥青路面下,不同高度(0~5.0 m)及不同走向(东西、东北-西南、南北、对称)路基的融化形态.结果表明:非对称热边界路基与对称热边界路基的融化形态差异很大.在呈阴阳坡的路基中,砂砾路面和沥青路面下:1)最大融化深度位置与运营时间关系不大,与路基高度、线路走向及路面类型关系密切,且最大融化深度偏离路基中线的距离与路基高度呈线性关系;2)最大融化深度与运营时间、路基高度、路面类型关系比较密切.路基较低时,最大融化深度与路基走向关系不大.路基较高时,最大融化深度与线路走向关系密切,且随着路基高度的增加、气候变暖及增温速率的增大而加剧;3)同一路基高度和线路走向下,砂砾路面的最大融化深度偏离路基中线的距离大于沥青路面的,沥青路面的最大融化深度大于砂砾路面的.相对于砂砾路面,沥青路面在一定程度上部分的抵消了阴阳坡效应,但加剧了路基下最大融化深度.     

从地表能量平衡各分量特点论青藏高原多年冻土工程中的冻土保护措施

多年冻土的形成、发展和存在状态与地表能量平衡中各要素的变化特征密切相关,青藏高原地表能量平衡方程中各要素的变化具有如下特点:1)年总净辐射和年总辐射量均比较高;2)地表反照率一般较低,绝大多数下垫面类型的反照率在0.4以下;3)大部分地区地表的地气热交换总量中,蒸发耗热较小,感热交换量远大于蒸发耗热量,占辐射平衡总量的70%左右;4)目前大部分多年冻土地区的土壤热通量为正值,导致多年冻土处于退化过程中.针对高原地区辐射比较强的特点,在青藏公路五道梁北坡进行了减少沥青路面辐射增温的试验.结果表明:在沥青路面刷涂白色或浅色涂料可以有效保护沥青路面下的多年冻土,其中白色路面可以使路面下4 m处的地温降低1℃以上.     

沥青路面早期病害的成因分析

从路面结构设计问题、现场施工质量控制、投入运营后超载车辆管理等方面,结合本人的工程实践,分析了沥青路面早期破坏的原因。     

半刚性路面基层开裂的力学响应

采用有限元的方法,研究了半刚性路面基层开裂后路面结构的力学响应。研究认为,路表弯沉不能准确反映半刚性路面结构的破坏状态。基层横向开裂后,沥青面层的破坏主要受控于剪应力;基层底部裂缝两侧的纵向拉应力、剪应力迅速增加,将使横缝底部两侧形成严重破坏,这为水损坏后基层形成横缝处板底脱空,进而引起面层沿横缝两侧的开裂、沉陷留下了严重隐患。基层中各层的纵向开裂,不仅使得裂缝向上层进一步扩展,导致路面结构的总体纵向开裂,而且为横向的疲劳开裂创造了条件。当基层板块大于1 m×1 m的临界尺寸时,结构仍属于半刚性路面,当基层板块的尺寸小于此值时,路面结构的应力应变状态趋向于柔性路面。     

如何应用探地雷达技术检测沥青公路的含水状况

根据平面电磁波在具有不同物理性质的介质分界面发生的反射规律,利用雷达实测信号的幅值信息,实现了公路层介电常数的自动计算。并根据物理模型实验结果,建立了沥青材料含水率与介电常数之间的数学关系模型。利用这二项技术可以实现应用探地雷达技术检测沥青公路的含水状况。     

高原多年冻土地区公路修筑技术研究的回顾与展望

通过大量的研究课题实例,回顾了高原多年冻土地区公路修筑技术研究的各个历史阶段,综述了公路修筑技术的研究内容和成果。高含冰量冻土分布规律及工程地质研究、冻土路基设计与冻土路基变形规律研究及保持冻土路基稳定性的路基设计原则和工程措施研究、路面修筑技术研究、桥涵基础研究等。随着高原多年冻土地区公路路面等级的提高和路面使用时间的延续及人为因素的不良影响,高原多年冻土地区的公路路基、路面和桥涵等出现了一些新     

Field compaction control studies on road bases in a new settlement area in Ghana

Summary Among the major causes for failure of roads in the tropics is inadequate compaction during construction. There is, therefore, the need to strictly control the compaction of the pavement layers if the design life of the road is to be attained; thereby eliminating large maintenance costs.This note reports on pavement compaction control studies undertaken on the road bases of service roads in a new settlement area in Ghana. These roads were to be provided with bituminous surfacing immediately after compaction. Studies concerning particle breakdown during field compaction by two contractors executing the works under the same conditions have been made, together with an assessment of contractor efficiency.It was found that the placement moisture contents varied greatly from the optimum. One contractor was compacting the gravels on the dry side of optimum, consequently achieving relatively high densities. The other contractor was compacting on the wet side and achieving lower density levels. This was still the case even after initial test sections were found to have been undercompacted.Compaction levels achieved in the crowns were generally found to be higher than those at the shoulders of the road test sections. The breakdown of coarse particles due to compaction was quite significant. There is therefore the need for highway material engineers to ensure that in addition to meeting the grading requirements, road base materials must adequately meet the requirements on weathering and mechanical strength properties.     

老挝含煤地层与煤炭资源

老挝的煤炭资源以褐煤为主,烟煤次之。烟煤的含煤地层为石炭系乍奎组（Cz）、中二叠统南康尚组（P2nk）、上三叠统。褐煤产于新近系中。煤炭资源主要分布在沙拉湾（Samvane）石炭系烟煤成矿远景区,万荣（Vang Vieng）中二叠统烟煤成矿远景区,丰沙里（Phong Saly）-孟赛（Muang Xay）上三叠统烟煤成矿远景区,南塔（Nam Tha）新近系褐煤成矿远景区,桑怒（Xam Nua）-孟佩（Muang Pek）中新统褐煤成矿远景区。     

燕山地区冀北坳陷元古界下马岭组沥青砂岩岩石学特征和沉积环境

通过对冀北坳陷中新元古界下马岭组进行剖面实测,对下马岭组底部的沥青砂岩进行室内薄片鉴定和扫描电镜分析,观察与分析了下马岭组沥青砂岩的出露分布特征,镜下研究了此砂岩的碎屑颗粒和填隙物的组分特征和磨圆、分选、粒度等结构特征,依据岩石学特征、粒度分析系列参数等研究了沥青砂岩的沉积环境。结果表明此砂岩为成分与结构成熟度均高的纯石英砂岩和石英砂岩,硅质与沥青质填隙、沥青含量达5%~15%,细粒为主,分选好到极好。粒度分析是本段松散状沥青砂有效环境判别标志。综合分析认为下马岭沥青砂岩形成于无障壁海岸体系的滨浅海环境,形成于前滨到临滨的海相高能环境,可能的沉积位置是前滨下部到中上临滨;此砂岩主要来自临滨潮下高能带的沉积物、含部分前滨下部沉积物、也夹少量潮汐水道沉积物。不同剖面位置所处的沉积环境不同,凌源地区和平泉地区为临滨带的中上部的水下高能带沉积为主,宽城地区为临滨带上部沉积和前滨下部沉积,凌源地区和宽城地区也包含少量的潮汐水道沉积。     

Sequential solvent extraction for the modes of occurrence of selenium in coals of different ranks from the Huaibei Coalfield, China

Forms of selenium in bituminous coal, anthracite, and cokeite (natural coke) from Huaibei Coalfield, Anhui, China, have been determined by sequential solvent extraction. The selenium content in bulk samples is 4.0, 2.4, and 2.0 μg/g in bituminous coal, anthracite, and cokeite, respectively. The six forms of selenium determined by six-step solvent extraction are water-leachable, ion-exchangeable, organic matter-associated, carbonate-associated, silicate-associated, and sulfide-associated. The predominant forms of selenium in bituminous coal are organic matter-associated (39.0%), sulfide-associated (21.1%), and silicate bound (31.8%); these three forms account for 92% of the total. The organic matter bound-selenium decrease dramatically from bituminous coal (39.0%) to anthracite (11.6%) and to cokeite (0%), indicating that organic matter bound selenium is converted to other forms during metamorphism of the coal, most likely sulfide-form. The sulfide-associated form increased remarkably from bituminous coal (21.1%) to anthracite (50.4%) and cokeite (54.5%), indicating the formation of selenium sulfide, possibly in pyrite during the transformation of bituminous coal to anthracite and cokeite. The silicate-associated selenium in bituminous coal (31.8%) is much higher than that in anthracite (16.4%) and cokeite (15.8%), indicating that silicate-associated selenium is partly converted to sulfide during metamorphism.     

Initial volatilization temperatures and average volatilization rates of coal — Their relationship to coal rank and other characteristics

Two thermal parameters, initial volatilization temperature (IVT) and average volatilization rate (AVR), have been determined by thermogravimetric analysis in argon for 38 coal samples ranging in rank from lignite to low-volatile bituminous. Both IVT and AVR are correlated with percent volatile matter and vitrinite reflectance.The IVT values increase gradually from about 250 to 445°C with increasing rank; however, a change in slope is observed in the region of high-volatile bituminous coals (from about 340°C to about 380°C) when IVT's are plotted against percent volatile matter or percent fixed carbon. The changes in slope near 340°C and near 380°C occur at “coalification jumps” recognized on the basis of changes in the optical and chemical character of the macerals. In general, AVR values decrease gradually with increasing rank for the lignite and sub-bituminous coals and for the medium- and low-volatile bituminous coals; however, a sharp increase in AVR occurs in high-volatile bituminous coals. The change in slope of the IVT curves and sharp increase in the AVR values for high-volatile bituminous coals reflect the development of new, higher vapor pressure organic compounds produced during this stage of the coalification process.A plot of AVR vs IVT reveals three regions which correspond to: (1) lignite and sub-bituminous coals; (2) high-volatile bituminous coals; and (3) medium- to low-volatile bituminous coals.     

Liquefaction, fluidization and erosional structures associated with bituminous sands of the Bracklesham Formation (Middle Eocene) of Dorset, England

ABSTRACT At Hengistbury Head, Dorset, the Boscombe Sands (Middle Eocene, Bracklesham Formation) are of estuarine channel facies. A mud-filled channel is exposed, the banks and eastern flank of which have a black carbonaceous stain, the degraded remains of a bitumen. At the time of deposition, the bitumen rendered the sediment firm and it was extensively burrowed by a Thalassinoides -forming organism (crustacean). The bituminous sand on the eastern channel bank suffered brecciation and dilation as a result of liquefaction and flowage of the underlying sediments. This is thought to have been due to rapid expulsion of pore water, possibly as a result of seismic shock. The layers of bituminous sand below the surface were ruptured during water-escape, resulting in localized zones of rapid flow causing fluidization and the development of dewatering pipes up to 1.2 m long. The estuarine sediments were subsequently transgressed during which the bituminous sand was exposed on the seafloor, when it was eroded into a hummocky topography and heavily burrowed. Blocks of bituminous sand were reworked into the marine basal conglomerate, composed mainly of flints, demonstrating the remarkable strength of the bituminous cement.     

民用燃煤烟尘特征及环境矿物材料固硫剂开发

通过对北京某地区居民炊事用型煤和散装烟煤煤岩和元素分析 ,表明烟煤和型煤含碳量分别为 70 %和 5 9% ,烟煤中可燃性高变质活性组分为 87% ,而型煤有较高的粘土成分 ,约达 2 0 %。对它们燃烧产生的烟尘进行物相分析、组分定量、粒度测试、显微形貌和微观结构等矿物学研究 ,表明型煤和烟煤的烟尘均含有较高碳质组分 ,分别占 2 5 %和 2 8% ;烟煤烟尘只有型煤烟尘含更高的烧蚀残渣 ,两者的粘土 (包括石英等矿物 )类组分均相当多 ,约占 5 0 % ;烟尘平均粒径都很小 ,型煤烟尘只有烟煤烟尘的 1/ 4左右 ,约为 6 5 μm ,而比表面积大 2倍多 ;烟煤烟尘呈碎屑状 ,型煤烟尘为粉末状 ;烟尘中均含有较多的均质体 ,并有铁质侵染现象 ;石英小颗粒在烟尘中大量存在。为促使燃煤充分燃烧 ,达到固硫、助燃和降尘的目的 ,本实验室开发研制了效果良好的民用燃煤环境矿物材料固硫添加剂 ,并对山东肥城高硫烟煤进行了型煤固硫实验 ,在 85 0℃ ,95 0℃和 10 5 0℃燃烧条件下固硫率高于目前国内同类水平 ,固硫率达 70 % 80 %。