一方程模型在植被冠层中的应用

利用建立的一方程模式对植被气象场和湍流场进行了模拟计算。结果表明：在植被叶面积密度最大值处，由植被叶面积产生的阻力使风速急剧减小，而后平缓接近地面风速值。Reynolds应力从植被顶部向下剧烈减小，在Z／Hc值为0．4～0．6之间衰减迅速；冠层下部风速小且切变弱，湍流未能充分发展，因而动量输送甚微。由于在植被内部环境中存在着湍流通量的辐散或辐合的现象，湍流强度从植被底部开始由下至上逐渐增强，在冠层上方则基本保持不变。     

FY-2E卫星云导风定高误差及在同化中的应用

FY-2E气象卫星云导风产品观测误差较大的主要原因是高度指定存在较大误差。针对该问题,采用一维变分方法对云导风高度进行调整。统计分析表明:经高度调整后的FY-2E气象卫星云导风产品质量得到很大改善;采用新息向量法,选取零阶Bessel函数模型,在观测空间分离背景误差和观测误差方差得到云导风的观测误差。运用GRAPES全球模式进行数值模拟,结果表明:采用新的观测误差方案和经过高度调整后的云导风产品能提高数值模式在北半球的短期预报能力,高层的改进效果明显好于中低层。并根据云导风反演原理及算法,讨论了FY-2E气象卫星云导风高度指定系统性偏高的主要原因,以求进一步改善云导风产品的质量。     

资料同化方法的理论发展及应用综述

简单介绍了资料同化的概念、功能及分类,回顾了资料同化的发展历程,对各个时期发展的各种方法的理论进行了概述,并指出了每种方法的优缺点及应用进展。目前,三维变分在业务上得到了广泛的应用和推广,随着研究的深入和计算机水平的不断提高,四维变分和集合Kalman滤波在将来业务预报中有广泛的应用前景。     

中国西北地区雨季降水与500 hPa高度场的SVD分析

利用西北地区131个测站(1961~2000年)的逐旬降水量和国家气候中心整编的(1960~2000年)逐月北半球500 hPa 5×10高度场网格资料,分析了西北地区平均雨季起讫时段,并用SVD方法分析雨季降水与500 hPa高度场的关系。结果表明,西北地区多雨期在5~9月,但雨季起讫时间的分布较为复杂,7月上旬至9月上旬可代表主要降水区的雨季。西北地区雨季降水除与同期500hPa环流有关外,还与前期3~5月、12~2月的500 hPa环流有关,但不同时期的影响关键区有很大的不同。     

基于EC观测估算最小冠层阻力分布及其在潜热通量插补中的应用

准确估计水热通量对于认识和理解地气交换与水循环变化过程具有重要意义。利用Penman-Monteith（P-M）模型计算季节尺度水热通量变化的不确定性很大程度上依赖于与冠层变化相关的最小冠层阻力参数,但模型中通常将其设为定值。为此,本文基于多年通量观测采用分段与整体相结合的迭代算法拟合出最小冠层阻力的季节分布。以湖南省宁乡通量观测站为例,针对2012~2015年观测拟合计算最小冠层阻力的季节分布曲线,并利用2016年通量数据进行独立数据验证。结果表明:最小冠层阻力曲线具有鲜明夏低冬高的季节变化特征;利用拟合的具有季节分布的最小冠层阻力改进潜热通量计算,独立数据验证表明其该方法的合理性;相比于原阻力方案得出的潜热模拟结果,其在相关系数、均方根误差和一致性指数都有改进;此外,将该估计方法应用于水热通量的数据插补,较常规统计插补方法,其插补稳定性不随连续缺失数据的增加而降低,而且还能通过模型的微分误差分析量化由于数据输入带来的插补不确定性,在保持通量数据完整性的同时也为数据应用场景提供科学依据。     

基于MODIS的广东省植被指数序列构建与应用

植被指数是衡量植被长势的重要指标,植被指数序列有助于准确地认知植被覆盖、土地利用和土壤水分的时空变化规律,以及进行干旱和植被生长监测.利用2004-2006年的MODIS数据,选择RVI、NDVI和EVI三种植被指数,采用最大值合成法进行广东省植被指数序列构建.按照不同植被覆盖对三种植被指数的年际变化规律进行分析,并通过NDVI进行植被覆盖度计算以及植被覆盖等级分类来分析植被的空间分布.结果表明,建立的植被指数序列能真实地反映植被生长规律,植被覆盖度和广东地区的植被实际分布状况一致.说明建立植被指数序列是动态监测广东省植被长势的及植被环境的变化的有效方法.     

基于风云3卫星数据的温度植被干旱指数在重庆地区的应用

为探究风云3卫星数据在重庆地区干旱监测中的适用性,以温度植被干旱指数(Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index,TVDI)为监测指标,利用Aqua/MODIS数据为对比数据,对重庆地区2015年夏季(7～9月)旱情进行监测分析。结果显示,重庆夏季主要受轻旱和中旱的影响,旱情较严重的区域主要集中在西部地区。从7月开始,受旱情影响的范围在逐渐加大,旱情程度也在不断加深。结合高程数据(Digital Elevation Model,DEM)和MODIS土地覆盖类型产品数据,将重庆地区划分为低海拔混交林、中海拔混交林、低海拔小起伏山地作物、低海拔中起伏山地作物四类讨论不同地貌类型受旱情的影响。作物类受旱情影响的面积百分比较混交林类大,低海拔相较于中海拔地区受干旱影响的面积百分比更大。为验证基于TVDI的干旱监测结果的准确性,利用重庆市170个地面站点实测的土壤墒情数据为验证数据,通过相关性分析可知,FY3A/VIRR数据与Aqua/MODIS数据不论是在整体相关性还是按不同地表类型分类后与土壤墒情数据间的相关性都较好,且相关系数在0.1水平(双侧)显著相关,说明利用TVDI能较好的反映出重庆地区土壤中的水分含量情况。但两类数据的相关性又存在一定的差异,整体上,Aqua/MODIS数据与土壤墒情之间的相关性要高于FY3A/VIRR数据;分类后,FY3A/VIRR数据与土壤墒情之间的相关性要高于Aqua/MODIS数据。      

Tree Species Composition in European Pristine Forests: Comparison of Stand Data to Model Predictions

The degree of general applicability across Europe currently achieved with several forest succession models is assessed, data needs and steps for further model development are identified and the role physiology based models can play in this process is evaluated. To this end, six forest succession models (DISCFORM, ForClim, FORSKA-M, GUESS, PICUS v1.2, SIERRA) are applied to simulate stand structure and species composition at 5 European pristine forest sites in different climatic regions. The models are initialized with site-specific soil information and driven with climate data from nearby weather stations. Predicted species composition and stand structure are compared to inventory data. Similarity and dissimilarity in the model results under current climatic conditions as well as the predicted responses to six climate change scenarios are discussed. All models produce good results in the prediction of the right tree functional types. In about half the cases, the dominating species are predicted correctly under the current climate. Where deviations occur, they often represent a shift of the species spectrum towards more drought tolerant species. Results for climate change scenarios indicate temperature driven changes in the alpine elevational vegetation belts at humid sites and a high sensitivity of forest composition and biomass of boreal and temperate deciduous forests to changes in precipitation as mediated by summer drought. Restricted generality of the models is found insofar as models originally developed for alpine conditions clearly perform better at alpine sites than at boreal sites, and vice versa. We conclude that both the models and the input data need to be improved before the models can be used for a robust evaluation of forest dynamics under climate change scenarios across Europe. Recommendations for model improvements, further model testing and the use of physiology based succession models are made.     

The Effects of Vegetation Density on Coherent Turbulent Structures within the Canopy Sublayer: A Large-Eddy Simulation Study

Large-eddy simulation has become an important tool for the study of the atmospheric boundary layer. However, since large-eddy simulation does not simulate small scales, which do interact to some degree with large scales, and does not explicitly resolve the viscous sublayer, it is reasonable to ask if these limitations affect significantly the ability of large-eddy simulation to simulate large-scale coherent structures. This issue is investigated here through the analysis of simulated coherent structures with the proper orthogonal decomposition technique. We compare large-eddy simulation of the atmospheric boundary layer with direct numerical simulation of channel flow. Despite the differences of the two flow types it is expected that the atmospheric boundary layer should exhibit similar structures as those in the channel flow, since these large-scale coherent structures arise from the same primary instability generated by the interaction of the mean flow with the wall surface in both flows. It is shown here that several important similarities are present in the two simulations: (i) coherent structures in the spanwise-vertical plane consist of a strong ejection between a pair of counter-rotating vortices; (ii) each vortex in the pair is inclined from the wall in the spanwise direction with a tilt angle of approximately 45°; (iii) the vortex pair curves up in the streamwise direction. Overall, this comparison adds further confidence in the ability of large-eddy simulation to produce large-scale structures even when wall models are used. Truncated reconstruction of instantaneous turbulent fields is carried out, testing the ability of the proper orthogonal decomposition technique to approximate the original turbulent field with only a few of the most important eigenmodes. It is observed that the proper orthogonal decomposition reconstructs the turbulent kinetic energy more efficiently than the vorticity.     

High-Resolution Fibre-Optic Temperature Sensing: A New Tool to Study the Two-Dimensional Structure of Atmospheric Surface-Layer Flow

We present a novel approach based on fibre-optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) to measure the two-dimensional thermal structure of the surface layer at high resolution (0.25 m, ≈0.5 Hz). Air temperature observations obtained from a vertically-oriented fibre-optics array of approximate dimensions 8 m × 8 m and sonic anemometer data from two levels were collected over a short grass field located in the flat bottom of a wide valley with moderate surface heterogeneity. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the potential of the DTS technique to study small-scale processes in the surface layer over a wide range of atmospheric stability, and to analyze the space–time dynamics of transient cold-air pools in the calm boundary layer. The time response and precision of the fibre-based temperatures were adequate to resolve individual sub-metre sized turbulent and non-turbulent structures, of time scales of seconds, in the convective, neutral, and stable surface layer. Meaningful sensible heat fluxes were computed using the eddy-covariance technique when combined with vertical wind observations. We present a framework that determines the optimal environmental conditions for applying the fibre-optics technique in the surface layer and identifies areas for potentially significant improvements of the DTS performance. The top of the transient cold-air pool was highly non-stationary indicating a superposition of perturbations of different time and length scales. Vertical eddy scales in the strongly stratified transient cold-air pool derived from the DTS data agreed well with the buoyancy length scale computed using the vertical velocity variance and the Brunt–Vaisala frequency, while scales for weak stratification disagreed. The high-resolution DTS technique opens a new window into spatially sampling geophysical fluid flows including turbulent energy exchange.     

On Dry Deposition Modelling of Atmospheric Pollutants on Vegetation at the Microscale: Application to the Impact of Street Vegetation on Air Quality

A Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes model is used to investigate the impact of urban canopy vegetation on air quality, with particular emphasis on the comparison between the positive effect induced by deposition versus the negative effect due to a reduction of ventilation. With this aim, a series of simulations over a simplified urban geometry with different vegetation designs are carried out. The problem is tackled at two scales. From the mesoscale point of view, the relevant variable is the total deposition flux of pollutant as a function of the pollutant concentration above the canopy (e.g. the “mesoscale” deposition velocity). This is assessed within the Monin–Obukov similarity theory framework, and a modification of the classical formulation is proposed based on the numerical results. At the microscale, the distribution of concentration within the urban canopy is investigated for the different configurations. The main conclusion is that the height of the vegetation and the magnitude of the microscale deposition velocity are key parameters that determine which of the two effects (deposition or reduction of ventilation) prevails.     

500 hPa气候高度场强度及谱结构的季节变化与半球际差异

用半球气候场强度指数(Ic)及球函数分析改进方案，分析了北、南半球500hPa气候高度场的环流特征，得到如下主要结论：1)半球500hPa气候高度场强度冬强于夏，南半球强于北半球；半球环流向夏季的转换速度北南半球相当，而向冬季的转换北半球较南半球快。2)半球500hPa气候高度场具有简单的球函数谱结构，它们主要由超长波波段的球函数(0≤m、κ≤3，m、κ不全为0)、特别是其中的带状球函数(m=0)构成，因而具有低阶、低维的特征。3)对北半球用约20个重要球函数分量(按-↑rm,κ^*≥0．05％标准)即可相当精确地拟合其500hPa气候高度场，而对南半球仅用10个重要球函数分量即可相当精确地拟合其500hPa气候高度场；因此，北半球气候高度场球函数谱结构较南半球复杂。4)北半球500hPa气候高度场的季节变化较南半球明显。     

The Validity of Similarity Theory in the Roughness Sublayer Above Forests

Flux-gradient relationships based upon similarity theory have been reported to severely underestimate scalar fluxes in the roughness sublayer above forests, as compared to independent flux estimates (for example, eddy covariance or energy balance measurements). This paper presents the results of a unique three-month investigation into the validity of similarity theory in the roughness sublayer above forests. Eddy covariance and flux-gradient measurements of carbon dioxide (CO²) exchange were compared above a mixed deciduous forest at Camp Borden, Ontario, both before and after leaf senescence. The eddy covariance measurements used a Li-Cor infrared gas analyzer, and the flux-gradient (similarity theory) measurements featured a tunable diode laser Trace Gas Analysis System (TGAS). The TGAS resolved the CO² concentration difference to 300 parts per trillion by volume (ppt) based upon a half-hour sampling period. The measured enhancement factor (the ratio of independent flux estimates, in this case eddy covariance, to similarity theory fluxes) was smaller and occurred closer to the canopy than in most previous investigations of similarity theory. Very good agreement between the eddy covariance and similarity theory fluxes was found between 1.9 and 2.2 canopy heights (h^c), and the mean enhancement factors measured before and after leaf senescence were 1.10 plusmn; 0.06 and 1.24 ± 0.07, respectively. Larger discrepancies were measured closer to the canopy (1.2 to 1.4 h^c), and mean enhancement factors of 1.60 ± 0.10 and 1.82 ± 0.11 were measured before and after leaf senescence, respectively. Overall, the Borden results suggest that similarity theory can be used within the roughness sublayer with a greater confidence than previously has been believed.     

近40年高层温度场和高度场的时空变化特征

用4种方式对NCEP／NCAR全球再分析资料中1958－1997年300hPa月均温度、100hPa月均高度资料序列进行对比分析，发现300hPa温度资料可靠性高于100hPa高度资料；详细考察近40a高层温度场、高度场的时空变化特征，并通过Morlet小波进一步分析两要素场的周期变化发现，温度场和高度场的EOF第1模态具有很好的空间整体民生和明显的年际和年代际变化，以10a左右和3a左右的周期为主要周期。     

半球月平均位势高度场的若干环流指数及其变化特征

给出了表征半球月平均位势高度场性质的若干环流指数：气候场强度Ic、气候异常场平均强度Ia、气候场不稳定度Ius。用NCEP／NCAR40a再分析月平均位势高度场资料作了计算和分析，结果表明，这些环流指数存在清晰的时空结构和北、南半球差异，它们概括地给出了地球大气位势高度场气候及其异常的基本特点。     

Atmospheric Surface-Layer Response to the Annular Solar Eclipse of 15 January 2010 over Thiruvananthapuram,India

On 15 January 2010, Thiruvananthapuram in India (8.5°N, 76.9°E) witnessed one of the longest possible noontime annular solar eclipses spanning a period of about 7 min centred at 1314 local time. Here, we present a case study on the behaviour of the atmospheric surface layer by comparing the eclipse-induced observations with similar measurements recorded on cloud-free/clear-sky days. During the peak period of the eclipse, the incoming solar irradiance was reduced by 87% of its normal values, resulting in an air-temperature decrease near the surface of 1.2°C in association with a significant reduction in turbulent kinetic energy, momentum flux and sensible heat flux. The rate of instantaneous decay in solar radiation and sensible heat flux from the first contact of the eclipse to its annularity was greater than that seen during normal evening hours.     

Climate and Vegetation Drivers of Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes:A Global Data Synthesis

The terrestrial carbon(C) cycle plays an important role in global climate change, but the vegetation and environmental drivers of C fluxes are poorly understood. We established a global dataset with 1194 available data across site-years including gross primary productivity(GPP), ecosystem respiration(ER), net ecosystem productivity(NEP), and relevant environmental factors to investigate the variability in GPP, ER and NEP, as well as their covariability with climate and vegetation drivers.The results indicated that both GPP and ER increased exponentially with the increase in mean annual temperature(MAT)for all biomes. Besides MAT, annual precipitation(AP) had a strong correlation with GPP(or ER) for non-wetland biomes.Maximum leaf area index(LAI) was an important factor determining C fluxes for all biomes. The variations in both GPP and ER were also associated with variations in vegetation characteristics. The model including MAT, AP and LAI explained 53%of the annual GPP variations and 48% of the annual ER variations across all biomes. The model based on MAT and LAI explained 91% of the annual GPP variations and 92.9% of the annual ER variations for the wetland sites. The effects of LAI on GPP, ER or NEP highlighted that canopy-level measurement is critical for accurately estimating ecosystem–atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide. The present study suggests a significance of the combined effects of climate and vegetation(e.g.,LAI) drivers on C fluxes and shows that climate and LAI might influence C flux components differently in different climate regions.     

Characterisation and Simulation of the Multiscaling Properties of the Energy-Containing Scales of Horizontal Surface-Layer Winds

The multiscaling statistics of atmospheric surface-layer winds at low wavenumbers above farmland and in the lee of a mountain range were examined using a hot-wire and lightweight cup anemometer. It was found that the horizontal velocity spectra could be broken into high and low-wavenumber regimes according to the parameters given by this analysis. The low-wavenumber end of the spectrum possessed a spectral slope parameter that varied between values of 0.8 and 1.35 at the farmland site during the period of the experiment, and the high-wavenumber end – corresponding to the inertial range – possessed a spectral slope slightly greater than -5/3. The larger values for this parameter for the low-wavenumber end appeared to coincide with unstable conditions. In the lee of the mountain range, the low-wavenumber spectral slope parameter was larger still, at 1.45. The low-wavenumber signals over farmland were much less intermittent than inertial-range signals, but in the lee of the mountain range the intermittency increased. From this analysis, it was shown that the statistical properties of the recorded wind signal could be reproduced using a bounded random multiplicative cascade. The model was successfully used to simulate the wind velocity field directly, rather than simulating the energy dissipation field. Since the spectral slope parameter for low wavenumbers appeared to be a function of atmospheric stability, the method presented is a simple way of generating wind signals characteristic of a variety of atmospheric conditions.     

动态冠层模型ICM的改进及其对中高纬地区植被季节和年际变化的模拟试验

植被动态冠层模型Interactive Canopy Model(ICM)考虑了生态系统中较完整的碳氮循环过程,能够较为客观真实地描述较短时间尺度上植被的动态变化特征.本文在ICM原有碳氮分配方案基础上,考虑了植物花、果实等新生组织对碳氮分配的影响,假设新生组织碳库是花期以后植物的主要碳汇之一,并利用物候模型Fore-...     

邹城市抬高气象观测场与地面观测场数据对比分析

利用2006年1,4,7月邹城市东关气象局抬高观测场与邹城市市区体育公园观测场3个月的对比观测资料,对温度、湿度、风速和风向4种气象要素进行数据对比分析,并探讨了两者数据差异的诸多原因。结果表明：抬高观测场与地面观测场的气象要素数据均有一定差异,特别是气温差异较大,湿度、风速、风向的差异较小。