地质公园保护利用协调的理论模式--以陕西省为例

国家地质公园的建立使得地质遗迹资源的利用得到了重视,但是如何协调好保护与利用之间的关系,则是当前亟需解决的问题。以陕西省的国家地质公园为例,分析了由决策型协调、管理型协调、技术型协调三个层次构成的地质公园保护利用协调的理论模式,并就这三种协调的含义、相互关系和协调方略等进行了论证和分析,最后利用这一思路和模式具体对三个国家地质公园亟需解决的主要问题侧重进行了分析,并提出相关对策、建议。     

Wilderness survey and evaluation in Australia

Increasing pressures on and interest in remote and natural lands have necessitated the formulation of wilderness protection and management policies by many Australian nature conservation authorities. Planners and managers require detailed information on variation in wilderness quality and the capacity to assess the impact on wilderness of development proposals or management strategies. To meet these demands advances have been made in techniques of wilderness identification and analysis, and a national inventory of remote and natural land in Australia has been commenced. This paper reviews these developments, discussing the newly established National Wilderness Inventory and its implications for wilderness protection in Australia.     

衡水湖保护区的基本特点及其有效管理

衡水湖保护区原为一片天然湿地,经过长期反复的放水、蓄水工程,原来的水文系统已遭破坏,自然河流的水源补充几乎枯竭,只能靠引水来维护湿地的存在。但华北平原特别是衡水市非常需要这片湿地提供其工业和农业灌溉用水以及作为潜在饮用水的水源。本文就衡水湖保护区管理目标、保护任务、科研监测、资源利用等现状,提出了保护区有效管理的方法和途径。     

浅析全球水危机及水资源可持续利用行动纲领

水对人类的生活和社会经济发展来说是必不可少的。随着人类社会的发展和自然生态的变化,使淡水资源和干净卫生的饮用水日益缺乏,水质不断恶化,加之不健全的用水管理体系使水资源短缺成为全球性的资源危机,并且这种趋势正越发明显。列举目前存在的水危机问题,在分析其原因的基础上,提出了建立水资源可持续利用行动纲领的建议,包括淡水资源评估,实行水资源统一管理,建立水资源价值体系等。     

水资源经济政策CGE模型及在北京市的应用

水资源经济政策的研究对于解决突出的水问题具有重要意义,本文采用2002 年北京市投入产出表和有关 的水资源公报等数据,通过单列水行业和废污水行业建立了基于一般均衡理论的水资源经济CGE(Computable General Equilibrium)模型和相应的42×53 多部门水资源投入产出表,利用GEMPACK 软件包,对北京市水资源经济 政策进行了模拟和分析。模拟显示,当水价增加10%时,行业产出和销售量变化呈现不同的特点和变动趋势;当水 量增加10%时,造成行业产出的变化和销售量的变动也值得深虑。该成果可为制定和实施水资源政策提供决策参 考及模拟平台。     

农村居民点空间模式调整研究——以江苏省为例

以江苏省为例,将农村居民点空间模式划分为低密度块状、低密度点状、高密度点状、高密度条带状4种类型,指出农村居民点空间发展存在着规模小、布局分散、空心化、设施缺乏与重复建设等问题.这些空间发展中的问题与自然环境、经济社会条件及政策制度密切相关,可以根据不同农村居民点空间模式类型采取设施集中型、聚落整合型、资源整合型、综合整治型等不同的调整思路,实现农村空间可持续发展.     

POWER, NATURE AND NEOLIBERALISM: THE POLITICAL ECOLOGY OF WATER IN CHILE

Since the 1990s, international water sector reforms have centred heavily on economic and market approaches. In regard to water resources management, tradable water rights have been promoted, often supported by the neoliberal model adopted in Chile. Chile's 1981 Water Code was reformed to comprise a system of water rights that could be freely traded with few restrictions. International financial institutions have embraced the Chilean model, claiming that it results in more efficient water use, and potentially fosters social and environmental benefits. However, in Chile the Water Code is deeply contested. It has been criticised for being too permissive and has produced a number of problems in practice. Moreover, attempts to modify it have become the focus of a lengthy polemic debate. This paper employs a political ecology perspective to explore the socio‐environmental outcomes of water management in Chile, drawing on a case study of agriculture in the semi‐arid Norte Chico. The case illustrates how large‐scale farmers exert greater control over water, while peasant farmers have increasingly less access. I argue that these outcomes are facilitated by the mode of water management implemented within the framework of the Water Code. Through this preliminary examination of social equity and the environmental aspects of water resources management in Chile, I suggest that the omission of these issues from the international debates on water rights markets is a cause for concern.     

Local‐government data sharing: Evaluating the foundations of spatial data infrastructures

This paper presents a typology of local‐government data sharing arrangements in the US at a time when spatial data infrastructures (SDI) are moving into a second generation. In the first generation, the US National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) theoretically involved a pyramid of data integration resting on local‐government data sharing. Availability of local‐government data is the foundation for all SDI‐related data sharing in this model. However, first‐generation SDI data‐sharing activities and principles have gained only a tenuous hold in local governments. Some formalized data sharing occurs, but only infrequently in response to SDI programmes and policies. Previous research suggests that local‐government data sharing aligns with immediate organizational and practical concerns rather than state or national policies and programmes. We present research findings echoing extending these findings to show that local‐government data sharing is largely informal in nature and is undertaken to support existing governmental activities. NSDI principles remain simply irrelevant for the majority of surveyed local governments. The typology we present distinguishes four distinct types of local‐government data sharing arrangements that reflect institutional, political, and economic factors. The effectiveness of second generation, client‐service‐based SDI will be seriously constrained if the problems of local government take‐up fail to be addressed.     

Sociodemographic characteristics,cultural biases,and environmental attitudes: An empirical application of grid-group cultural theory in Northwestern China

Natural resource-management studies have become increasingly attentive to the influences of human factors. Among these,cultural biases shape people's responses to changes in natural resource systems. Several studies have applied grid-group cultural theory to assess the effects of multiple value biases among stakeholders on natural resource management. We developed and administered a questionnaire in the Heihe River Basin(n = 364) in northwestern China to investigate the appropriateness of applying this theory in the Chinese context of natural resource management. The results revealed various cultural biases among the respondents. In descending order of prevalence, these biases were hierarchism(46.98%), individualism(26.65%), egalitarianism(18.96%), and fatalism(2.78%), with the remaining respondents(4.67%) evidencing no obvious bias. Our empirical study revealed respondents' worldviews and the influence of sociodemographic characteristics on cultural biases, as theoretically posited. Among the variables examined, age had a positive and significant effect across all biases except individualism. The correlation of income to all cultural biases was consistently negative. Only education had a negative and significant effect across all biases. Women were found to adhere to egalitarianism, whereas men adhered to individualism and hierarchism. Thus, grid-group cultural theory was found to be appropriate in the Chinese context, with gender, age, education, and income evidently accounting for cultural biases. Relationships between environmental attitudes and cultural biases conformed with the hypothesis advanced by grid-group cultural theory. This finding may be of value in explaining individuals' environmental attitudes and facilitating the development and implementation of natural resource-management policies.     

Scenarios for Community-based Approaches to Biodiversity Conservation: a case study from the Wet Tropics,Queensland, Australia

Natural resource management approaches that deliver biodiversity conservation remain elusive, with evidence of a persistent implementation gap between biodiversity science and conservation projects. Scenarios have been identified as potentially useful in addressing the complex issues underlying this implementation gap, but have been infrequently applied to biodiversity conservation. Our paper reports on action co-research to develop, apply and assess the efficacy of scenarios within a community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) approach to biodiversity conservation at Mission Beach, a key site within the globally significant Wet Tropics bioregion. We focused on the capacity of scenarios to address the issues of contested interests and uncertainty, aiming specifically to engage the community to build a cohesive vision. The scenarios' headline messages included a projected substantial loss of habitat in coastal vegetation communities that are highly valued by all stakeholders. Our assessment identified that the use of scenarios fulfilled the intended aims, resulting in a vision for biodiversity conservation that has substantial community support. Three factors contributed to this efficacy of the scenarios: (1) the focus on threat; (2) biodiversity science integration; and (3) simplicity in presentation. Further investigation of the potential of scenarios as tools to overcome the implementation gap in biodiversity conservation is recommended.     

资源环境承载能力预警的超载成因分析方法及应用

建立资源环境承载能力监测预警机制和对超载区域实行限制性措施是中央全面深化改革的一项重大任务,而超载成因分析既是资源环境承载能力监测预警技术方法的重要组成内容,也是制定超载区域限制性政策的基础。本文在搭建超载成因分析总体框架、阐述关键因素识别和成因分析方法的基础上,梳理总结了陆域/海域基础和专项评价结果以及综合预警超载成因分析的要点,进而在京津冀地区进行了实证应用。研究结果表明,导致京津冀地区资源环境超载的因素涉及自然、发展和管理各个类别,但关键因素的作用程度及其组合叠加状况在基础评价结果、专项评价结果和综合预警超载成因方面存在较大差异;水资源严重短缺、地形和气象等自然条件是导致超载的基础原因;人口和产业过度集聚以及低端产业、能源消费结构等发展类因素是超载的首要原因;内海净化能力差和海域生态退化、海岸开发强度大综合导致了海域生态环境超载;现行的资源环境管理政策尚不具备有效遏制和解决资源环境超载的能力。既有的超载成因分析框架、方法及要点可供各省、市、自治区开展资源环境承载能力监测预警借鉴。     

环境整治与农业经营矛盾中的农户行为和行政调控——基于日本佐渡岛农户调查

随着我国经济的高速发展,生态环境问题越来越突出。在推进国内区域研究的同时,从微观的角度,研究发达国家面临的促进持续发展和保护环境的实际问题对完善我国区域发展理论和施政思路意义重大。本研究基于2006～2008年在日本佐渡岛的实地调研和深度访谈,揭示了政府推进朱鹳野生环境治理的过程中,农户农业经营条件的恶化以及农户的意识...     

鹤庆县天然林保护工程地理信息系统设计与实现

长江上游天然林资源保护工程已经全面启动,鹤庆县作为云南省金沙江流域首批试点县已经实施了近5年,工程进展十分顺利。为了加强对天然林资源保护工程的管理,应用GIS技术建立了鹤庆县天然林保护工程地理信息系统。系统采用PowerBuilder8.0和MapObjects2.2进行集成二次开发,实现了对县级范围内的天然林资源保护工程地理信息的输入、存储、显示、查询、分析和应用,为天然林资源的信息管理、合理利用、工程规划与实施以及辅助决策等提供多方面的数据信息,为政府部门保护天然林资源提供了手段和依据。     

广东湛江红树林国家级自然保护区资源管理策略

阐述了广东湛江红树林国家级自然保护区的资源管理现状,分析了资源管理方面存在的问题,探讨积极的保护策略和自然保护新思维。     

海滨旅游目的地竞争力影响因素实证分析

为把握海滨旅游目的地竞争力各影响因素之间的逻辑层次关系以及影响因素与竞争力的相关性,通过问卷调查,借助SPSS13.0统计软件进行因子分析。结果表明,海滨旅游目的地竞争力的影响因素可归纳为11项公共因子,按其对海滨旅游目的地竞争力影响程度大小依次为自然吸引物、资源与环境维护、社会灾难、目的地可进入性与知名度、目的地经营管理、旅游服务设施、旅游发展保障因素、目的地组织及其相关政策、目的地基础设施、人文吸引物、物价水平。     

OPINIONOpen‐minded Geographers: Their Potential Role in Integrated Adaptive Environmental Management

There are three key factors to be considered in comprehensive environmental management: (a) integration across disciplines and interests; (b) flexibility and adaptability based on feedback; and (c) interactions between policy and implementation at different scales. Successful management is both integrated and inclusive, and also adaptive and flexible. It involves a synthesis of work, requiring empathy among contributors and active synthesis. Furthermore, there is a need for a dialectical consideration of processes acting at various scales. Geographers who are not too narrowly specialised have a key role to play, and, collectively, might have been more centrally involved in environmental management than they have been.     

基于空天地一体化的黑河流域自然资源要素综合观测网络构建

立足自然资源管理的新要求,全国自然资源要素综合观测网络工程已于2020年全面启动和建设。黑河流域作为西北地区第二大内陆河流域,且处于丝绸之路经济带的核心地段,迫切需要在黑河流域开展试点研究。依托黑河流域现有观测研究基础,采用融合共建、改建升级和空白添建3种方式,分流域、分级别布设观测台站13个,基本覆盖了黑河流域草原、森林、河流、湖泊、荒漠、湿地、农田等主要地表资源类型。结合遥感观测和人工样地调查,初步构建起黑河流域自然资源要素综合观测网络。通过建立统一的运行维护和质量管理体系,确保观测数据的真实性和可靠性。从应用效果来看,黑河流域自然资源要素综合观测网络已基本形成了局部控制的立体化观测能力,可有效获取资源间耦合作用过程、变化趋势和速度等关键数据,对提高黑河流域自然资源认知能力、科学管理和战略决策具有十分重要的意义,对其他流域开展自然资源观测研究也具有重要的借鉴和示范意义。     

Free satellite imagery and digital elevation model analyses enabling natural resource management in the developing world: Case studies from Eastern Indonesia

Decentralization of governance and natural resource management is an ongoing process in many parts of Africa and Asia. Natural resource management requires spatial land resource data for planning. However, currently the financial and human capacity for natural resource mapping, monitoring and modelling remains low in local governments. In this context, this paper explores how new opportunities provided by the increasing availability of free satellite imagery, digital elevation data and open source spatial analysis software, can be applied by local government and NGOs to conduct sophisticated natural resource mapping and modelling in ways that meet their needs and incorporates local knowledge. Reported are cases of a local government using free geospatial data and GIS software to improve evidence‐based natural resource management in the developing world with a focus on raster data applications for satellite image analysis and terrain modelling. It is argued that, through removing barriers to uptake, such applications provide a means of decentralizing landscape analysis skills to improve local natural resource management. This hypothesis is supported through examples of a local government applying these tools in eastern Indonesia, and within this context barriers to wider adoption are explored.     

不同资源要素对我国地区经济增长的作用

我国经济经过近三十年的高速增长后,对自然资源开发和利用的速度成倍增长,从而出现了自然资源短缺、对经济增长约束增强的趋势。哪种资源对我国经济的限制性更强,哪些地区对资源具有更强的依赖性,这是我国现阶段不得不重新思考的问题。该文选择水资源、资本资源和人力资源分别代表自然资源、经济资源和社会资源,通过其使用效率和供给产出弹性等特点,分析经济对其依赖性及其对我国经济的约束程度,以重新认识不同资源要素在我国经济增长中的作用,探寻我国现阶段经济发展对资源选择的基本途径。     

湿地公园建设管理问题的探讨

湿地公园是指生态旅游和生态环境教育功能的湿地景观区域兼有物种及其栖息地保护。它的特点是湿地景观典型,自然风景优美,可供人们观赏、旅游、娱乐、休息或进行科学、文化、教育活动。湿地公园的宗旨是,科学合理地利用湿地资源,充分发挥湿地的生态、经济和社会效益,为人们提供游憩和享受优美的自然景观的场所。发展建设湿地公园,既有利于调动社会力量参与湿地保护与可持续利用,又有利于充分发挥湿地多种功能效益,同时满足公众需求和社会经济发展的要求,通过社会的参与和科学的经营管理,达到保护湿地生态系统、维持湿地多种效益持续发挥的目标。对改善区域生态状况,促进经济社会可持续发展,实现人与自然和谐共处都具有十分重要的意义。目前,我国湿地公园建设处于初始阶段。规划建设湿地公园是一项新的工作,牵涉面广,政策性强,我们既要大胆实践,又要积极稳妥地做好各项工作,使之统筹有序,积极健康的发展。