重力梯度张量的球谐分析

深入研究了利用卫星重力梯度数据确定地球重量力场模型的球谐分析方法，导出了由重力梯度张量的球函数展开系数确定扰动位球谐系数的实用解算模型。模拟试算结果验证了本算法的有效性和实用性。     

重力梯度张量的球谐分析

深入研究了利用卫星重力梯度数据确定地球重力场模型的球谐分析方法,导出了由重力梯度张量的球函数展开系数确定扰动位球谐系数的实用解算模型。模拟试算结果验证了本文算法的有效性和实用性。     

地球重力场模型及其应用

本文给出了地球重力场的定义及其内涵,重点论述了确定地球重力场模型的基本理论及其方法,其中包括:1、根据位理论求解拉伯拉斯方程的重力边值问题,导出扰动位的球谐函数级数展开式;2、以莫洛金斯基理论为依据形成的边值问题推求出位系数的表达式;3、依据最小二乘平差方法采用全球或局部地区格网的重力异常平均值推求出位系数值;4、简要叙述了用球冠谐展开式推求局部重力场的概念。本文最后给出了地球重力场模型的某些应用及其发展前景。     

计算低空扰动引力的模型方法比较

针对不同模型方法在低空扰动引力计算中的适用问题,该文选取我国某山地区域,分析比较球谐位系数模型法、点质量模型法和Stokes积分法在低空不同高度的扰动引力计算精度及效率;并且分析误差来源和个别改进办法。结果表明:点质量模型计算低空扰动引力精度较高,且速度最快;去奇异点的Stokes积分法可以解决低空积分时数值溢出的问题,但精度较低;球谐位系数模型法原理简单,但计算速度最慢。     

广义球谐函数定积分计算方法的改进

运用球谐函数定积分的基本递推公式，推导了在重力场球谐综合与球谐分析中出现的广义球谐函数定积分的计算公式；给出了其适用于超高阶次的改良型递推公式。数值试验表明，该改良公式具有较高的计算精度和计算速度，解决了超高阶次广义球谐函数定积分计算的溢出问题，拓展了这类定积分的计算公式。他们的数值实现为利用位模型计算高分辨率扰动重力场元格网平均值、重力场球谐综合分析等奠定了基础。     

扰动位的综合确定

利用地球重力场任意一种有关信息都可以描述地球重力场一定的情况。根据卫星轨道摄动观测求定的引力位球谐系数只能表示地球重力场的长波分量。大地水准面起伏是地球扰动引力场越来越丰富的有用信息，但目前用其计算的引力位系数也只是在低阶较准确。重力异常、垂线偏差、单层密度和纯重力异常都利于求定高阶位系数，其中与大地水准面起伏有关的量，如纯重力异常和单层密度，用它们计算位系数等于联合应用大地水准面和重力异常，故用其计算的位系数在低阶次精度也较好。重力异常垂直梯度是描述扰动引力场细部最有利的信息。本文给出利用各种类型观测资料计算位系数精度估计式，提出综合利用各种资料求定位系数依资料类型的谱特性赋权的方法。     

广义球谐函数定积分计算方法的改进

运用球谐函数定积分的基本递推公式,推导了在重力场球谐综合与球谐分析中出现的广义球谐函数定积分的计算公式;给出了其适用于超高阶次的改良型递推公式.数值试验表明,该改良公式具有较高的计算精度和计算速度,解决了超高阶次广义球谐函数定积分计算的溢出问题,拓展了这类定积分的计算公式.他们的数值实现为利用位模型计算高分辨率扰动重力场元格网平均值、重力场球谐综合分析等奠定了基础.     

完全正常化缔合勒让德函数及其导数与积分的递推关系

在地球重力场问题中,常用到完全正常化缔合勒让德函数及其导数、积分的递推关系。当前流行的地球扰动位模型均采用完全正常化的缔合勒让德函数,用此类模型可以高效方便计算各种扰动重力场元。随着本世纪多个新一代卫星重力探测计划成功实施,高阶或超高阶地球重力场模型的研究备受学界的关注。有关完全正常化缔合勒让德函数的递推关系对于高阶重力场模型具有特别意义。本文在前人研究的基础上,用初等微积分导出了若干新的递推关系式。同时还推导了正常化缔合勒让德函数及其导数、积分的检核式,这些检核式涉及地球位的球谐级数的数学性质。     

联合高低卫-卫跟踪和卫星重力梯度数据恢复地球重力场的谱组合法

GOCE采用的高低卫-卫跟踪和卫星重力梯度测量技术在恢复重力场方面各有所长并互为补充,如何有效利用这两类观测数据最优确定地球重力场是GOCE重力场反演的关键问题。本文研究了联合高低卫-卫跟踪和卫星重力梯度数据恢复地球重力场的最小二乘谱组合法,基于球谐分析方法推导并建立了卫星轨道面扰动位T和径向重力梯度Tzz、以及扰动位T和重力梯度分量组合{Tzz-Txx-Tyy}的谱组合计算模型与误差估计公式。数值模拟结果表明,谱组合计算模型可以有效顾及各类数据的精度和频谱特性进行最优联合求解。采用61天GOCE实测数据反演的两个180阶次地球重力场模型WHU_GOCE_SC01S（扰动位和径向重力梯度数据求解）和WHU_GOCE_SC02S（扰动位和重力梯度分量组合数据求解）,结果显示后者精度优于前者,并且它们的整体精度优于GOCE时域解,而与GOCE空域解的精度接近,验证了谱组合法的可行性与有效性。     

EGM2008模型计算重力扰动位及相关量的方法研究

地球重力场模型EGM2008提供了计算全球高分辨率和高精度重力场相关参量的可能。本文采用球谐综合的方法,对重力扰动位、重力异常、大地水准面高等物理量的计算步骤和方法进行了研究和分析,并编制了相应的计算程序基于EGM2008无潮模型和零潮模型对以上参量进行了计算,同NGA发布的计算程序计算的结果进行了比对,验证了计算的方法正确性和可靠性。     

Hotine's geopotential formulation: revisited

Hotine's (1969) partially nonsingular geopotential formulation is revisited to study its utility for the computation of geopotential acceleration and gradients from high degree and order expansions. This formulation results in the expansion of each Cartesian derivative of the potential in a spherical harmonic series of its own. The spherical harmonic coefficients of any Cartesian derivative of the potential are related in a simple manner to the coefficients of the geopotential. A brief overview of the derivation is provided, along with the fully normalized versions of Hotine's formulae, which is followed by a comparison with other algorithms of spherical harmonic synthesis on a CRAY Y-MP. The elegance and simplicity of Hotine's formulation is seen to lead to superior computational performance in a comparison against other algorithms for spherical harmonic synthesis.     

Generalization of Laplace’s expansion to the earth’s surface

The external expansion of the Earth's potential V in spherical harmonics is generalized to the Earth's surface. Some additional expansions are also proposed which represent the potential of a finite body practically in the whole space. The series developed can be used for the combined evaluation of the Earth's potential from both satellite and gravimetric measurements.     

采用点质量模型方法反演中国大陆及周边地区陆地水储量变化

研究了反演区域陆地水储量变化的点质量模型方法,采用Tikhonov正则化方法解决了反演过程中参数估计病态问题。利用GRACE（gravity recovery and climate experiment）时变重力场模型数据,用点质量模型方法反演了中国大陆及其周边地区陆地水储量变化,将点质量模型反演结果与球谐系数法反演结果、GLDAS（global land data assimilation）水文模型数据进行了验证分析,并选取了4个特征点计算了陆地水储量变化时间序列。实验结果表明,由于点质量模型方法将研究区域内不同网格质量变化对地球重力场的影响分离开来,所得区域陆地水储量变化局部信号更明显,并且点质量模型方法反演结果与GLDAS水文模型数据相关性更强。     

Comment on Sjöberg (2006) “The topographic bias by analytical continuation in physical geodesy” J Geod 81(5):345–350

The analytical, or harmonic, downward continuation of the external gravity potential into the topographic masses gives rise to a bias, which is called the analytical (downward) continuation (ADC) bias (Ågren in J Geod 78:314–332, 2004a) or the topographic bias (Sjöberg in J Geod, 2006). In Sjöberg (J Geod, 2006), a proof is presented that this bias is exactly equal to a simple two-term expression, which depends only on the topographic height and density in the evaluation point P. The expression is simple and inexpensive to evaluate. In this paper, we wish to question the validity of the expression given in Sjöberg (J Geod, 2006) for realistic terrains. The topographic bias is commonly defined as the difference between the true (internal) and the analytically downward continued external geopotential, evaluated at sea level. Typically both are evaluated as external or internal spherical harmonic (SH) expansions, which may however not always converge. If they do converge, they have been well known in the literature (e.g., Ågren (J Geod 78:314–332, 2004a), Wang (J Geod 71:70–82, 1997)) to produce a bias that contains additional terms over and beyond the simple expression. Below we analyze the additional terms that arise when applying the method to realistic terrains. Also, for realistic terrains, analytical downward continuation may not even be strictly possible. In practice, for discrete data sets, it is always possible, but then, an implicit smoothing of the terrain, or terrain potential, always takes place.     

对应各类重力场边值的调和性扰动场源解

从实际应用的需要出发，本文对现代物理大地测量学及地球物理学研究中日益关注的高和性扰动场源问题的求解模式进行了推演和分析。建立起在边界条件分别为扰动位、扰动重力、重力异常以及其中两类以上同时作为边界输入的情况下，对应的调和性扰动场源的球谐函数表达式及封闭解式。进而对调和性扰动场源在物理大地测量及地球物理中应用的有关问题进行了评注。     

Evaluation of deflections of the vertical using topographic-isostatic and astrogeodetic data for the area of Greece

The evaluation of deflections of the vertical for the area of Greece is attempted using a combination of topographic and astrogeodetic data. Tests carried out in the area bounded by 35°≤ϕ≤42°, 19°≤λ≤27° indicate that an accuracy of ±3″.3 can be obtained in this area for the meridian and prime vertical deflection components when high resolution topographic data in the immediate vicinity of computation points are used, combined with high degree spherical harmonic expansions of the geopotential and isostatic reduction potential. This accuracy is about 25% better than the corresponding topographic-Moho deflection components which are evaluated using topographic and Moho data up to 120 km around each station, without any combination with the spherical harmonic expansion of the geopotential or isostatic reduction potential. The accuracy in both cases is increased to about 2″.6 when the astrogeodetic data available in the area mentioned above are used for the prediction of remaining values. Furthermore the estimation of datum-shift parameters is attempted using least squares collocation.     

The relation between degree-2160 spectral models of Earth’s gravitational and topographic potential: a guide on global correlation measures and their dependency on approximation effects

Comparisons between high-degree models of the Earth’s topographic and gravitational potential may give insight into the quality and resolution of the source data sets, provide feedback on the modelling techniques and help to better understand the gravity field composition. Degree correlations (cross-correlation coefficients) or reduction rates (quantifying the amount of topographic signal contained in the gravitational potential) are indicators used in a number of contemporary studies. However, depending on the modelling techniques and underlying levels of approximation, the correlation at high degrees may vary significantly, as do the conclusions drawn. The present paper addresses this problem by attempting to provide a guide on global correlation measures with particular emphasis on approximation effects and variants of topographic potential modelling. We investigate and discuss the impact of different effects (e.g., truncation of series expansions of the topographic potential, mass compression, ellipsoidal versus spherical approximation, ellipsoidal harmonic coefficient versus spherical harmonic coefficient (SHC) representation) on correlation measures. Our study demonstrates that the correlation coefficients are realistic only when the model’s harmonic coefficients of a given degree are largely independent of the coefficients of other degrees, permitting degree-wise evaluations. This is the case, e.g., when both models are represented in terms of SHCs and spherical approximation (i.e. spherical arrangement of field-generating masses). Alternatively, a representation in ellipsoidal harmonics can be combined with ellipsoidal approximation. The usual ellipsoidal approximation level (i.e. ellipsoidal mass arrangement) is shown to bias correlation coefficients when SHCs are used. Importantly, gravity models from the International Centre for Global Earth Models (ICGEM) are inherently based on this approximation level. A transformation is presented that enables a transformation of ICGEM geopotential models from ellipsoidal to spherical approximation. The transformation is applied to generate a spherical transform of EGM2008 (sphEGM2008) that can meaningfully be correlated degree-wise with the topographic potential. We exploit this new technique and compare a number of models of topographic potential constituents (e.g., potential implied by land topography, ocean water masses) based on the Earth2014 global relief model and a mass-layer forward modelling technique with sphEGM2008. Different to previous findings, our results show very significant short-scale correlation between Earth’s gravitational potential and the potential generated by Earth’s land topography (correlation +0.92, and 60% of EGM2008 signals are delivered through the forward modelling). Our tests reveal that the potential generated by Earth’s oceans water masses is largely unrelated to the geopotential at short scales, suggesting that altimetry-derived gravity and/or bathymetric data sets are significantly underpowered at 5 arc-min scales. We further decompose the topographic potential into the Bouguer shell and terrain correction and show that they are responsible for about 20 and 25% of EGM2008 short-scale signals, respectively. As a general conclusion, the paper shows the importance of using compatible models in topographic/gravitational potential comparisons and recommends the use of SHCs together with spherical approximation or EHCs with ellipsoidal approximation in order to avoid biases in the correlation measures.     

Global ionospheric electron density estimation based on multisource TEC data assimilation

GPS Solutions - We developed a parameterized ionospheric electron density model based on the IRI-2012 model by spherical harmonic expansions in the horizontal and empirical orthogonal functions in...     

A synthetic Earth for use in geodesy

 A synthetic Earth and its gravity field that can be represented at different resolutions for testing and comparing existing and new methods used for global gravity-field determination are created. Both the boundary and boundary values of the gravity potential can be generated. The approach chosen also allows observables to be generated at aircraft flight height or at satellite altitude. The generation of the synthetic Earth shape (SES) and gravity-field quantities is based upon spherical harmonic expansions of the isostatically compensated equivalent rock topography and the EGM96 global geopotential model. Spherical harmonic models are developed for both the synthetic Earth topography (SET) and the synthetic Earth potential (SEP) up to degree and order 2160 corresponding to a 5′×5′ resolution. Various sets of SET, SES and SEP with boundary geometry and boundary values at different resolutions can be generated using low-pass filters applied to the expansions. The representation is achieved in point sets based upon refined triangulation of a octahedral geometry projected onto the chosen reference ellipsoid. The filter cut-offs relate to the sampling pattern in order to avoid aliasing effects. Examples of the SET and its gravity field are shown for a resolution with a Nyquist sampling rate of 8.27 degrees. Received: 6 August 1999 / Accepted: 26 April 2000     

The temporal variation of the spherical and Cartesian multipoles of the gravity field: the generalized MacCullagh representation

 The Cartesian moments of the mass density of a gravitating body and the spherical harmonic coefficients of its gravitational field are related in a peculiar way. In particular, the products of inertia can be expressed by the spherical harmonic coefficients of the gravitational potential as was derived by MacCullagh for a rigid body. Here the MacCullagh formulae are extended to a deformable body which is restricted to radial symmetry in order to apply the Love–Shida hypothesis. The mass conservation law allows a representation of the incremental mass density by the respective excitation function. A representation of an arbitrary Cartesian monome is always possible by sums of solid spherical harmonics multiplied by powers of the radius. Introducing these representations into the definition of the Cartesian moments, an extension of the MacCullagh formulae is obtained. In particular, for excitation functions with a vanishing harmonic coefficient of degree zero, the (diagonal) incremental moments of inertia also can be represented by the excitation coefficients. Four types of excitation functions are considered, namely: (1) tidal excitation; (2) loading potential; (3) centrifugal potential; and (4) transverse surface stress. One application of the results could be model computation of the length-of-day variations and polar motion, which depend on the moments of inertia. Received: 27 July 1999 / Accepted: 24 May 2000