线弹性问题与牛顿流体问题的对应关系

讨论了线弹性问题与牛顿流体问题的对应关系,说明建立两问题之间的对应关系仅考虑本构方程是不够的。通过对比两个问题的所有基本方程,证明了牛顿流体问题在满足（１）不可压缩;（２）小雷诺数;（３）温度变化对粘度的影响可忽略３个条件时,等价于一个准静态不可压线弹性问题．这一等价关系应用于构造应力场数值模拟中,可利用弹性程序求解岩石围的粘性流动问题．     

线弹性问题与牛顿流体问题的对应关系

讨论了线弹性问题与牛顿流体问题的对应关系,说明建立两问题之间的对应关系仅考虑本构方程是不够的。通过对比两个问题的所有基本方程,证明了牛顿流体问题在满足（１）不可压缩;（２）小雷诺数;（３）温度变化对粘度的影响可忽略３个条件时,等价于一个准静态不可压线弹性问题．这一等价关系应用于构造应力场数值模拟中,可利用弹性程序求解岩石围的粘性流动问题．     

快速有效的转换波共转换点叠加技术

转换波共转换点(Common Conversion Point简称CCP)叠加的关键在于CCP抽道集和非双曲线正常时差校正NMO(Normal MoveOut). 目前方法的精度限制了其在中-浅层或大炮检距情况下的应用. 我们对CCP叠加技术进行了系统研究,导出了新的CCP位置计算公式和非双曲线时距关系式,并给出了具体的CCP抽道集方法. 理论模型试验和实验资料处理表明本文方法精度高、简便易行,特别是对于中-浅层和大炮检距情况也能得到良好的叠加效果.     

一种生命线工程地震直接经济损失预测的改进算法——以水池和供水管网为例

生命线工程对区域内的经济和社会功能维系起到重要作用,一旦遭到地震破坏,将带来巨大的经济损失和诸多次生的负面影响。因此,生命线工程的地震损失评估工作是十分重要的。针对传统的生命线工程地震直接经济损失预测的计算方法时常会带来的缺乏区分度的问题,利用线性插值法,提出了一种改进公式。并以水池和供水管网为例,进行了计算和比对。证明了改进方法具有以下优点:能够克服传统方法缺乏区分度的问题,对某一地震破坏等级对应的震害指数的变化导致预测结果展现出足够的区分度;足够简便,不会带来过多的运算量上升;没有引入新的概念,能够较好地融入现有震害评估体系。     

快速有效的转换波共转换点叠加技术

转换波共转换点(Common Conversion Point简称CCP)叠加的关键在于CCP抽道集和非双曲线正常时差校正NMO(Normal MoveOut). 目前方法的精度限制了其在中-浅层或大炮检距情况下的应用. 我们对CCP叠加技术进行了系统研究,导出了新的CCP位置计算公式和非双曲线时距关系式,并给出了具体的CCP抽道集方法. 理论模型试验和实验资料处理表明本文方法精度高、简便易行,特别是对于中-浅层和大炮检距情况也能得到良好的叠加效果.     

Construction of ray synthetic seismograms using interpolation of travel times and ray amplitudes

The seismic wave field, in its high-frequency asymptotic approximation, can be interpolated from a low- to a high-resolution spatial grid of receivers and, possibly, point sources by interpolating the eikonal (travel time) and the amplitude. These quantities can be considered as functions of position only. The travel time and the amplitude are assumed to vary in space only slowly, otherwise the validity conditions of the theory behind would be violated. Relatively coarse spatial sampling is then usually sufficient to obtain their reasonable interpolation. The interpolation is performed in 2-D models of different complexity. The interpolation geometry is either 1-D, 2-D, or 3-D according to the source-receiver distribution. Several interpolation methods are applied: the Fourier interpolation based on the sampling theorem, the linear interpolation, and the interpolation by means of the paraxial approximation. These techniques, based on completely different concepts, are tested by comparing their results with a reference ray-theory solution computed for gathers and grids with fine sampling. The paraxial method holds up as the most efficient and accurate in evaluating travel times from all investigated techniques. However, it is not suitable for approximation of amplitudes, for which the linear interpolation has proved to be universal and accurate enough to provide results acceptable for many seismological applications.     

The use of soft shore protection measures in shallow lakes: Research methodology and case study

Shore protection in lakes is an issue of major importance in Switzerland where several big lakes in plains suffer from a pronounced bank erosion. For the moment, in shallow lakes, soft and biotechnical protection measures proved their reliability. Unfortunately, the scientific basis for the design of such techniques does not exist in some cases or not appropriate enough in order to have an optimized effect. Therefore, the aim of an on-going research project is to study, on the basis of physical and numerical modeling, the impact of such measures on the shores regarding bank erosion, and to establish the main basis for their dimensioning. A 2-D numerical model was used to simulate the eroded beach of Préverenges on the North coast of Lake Geneva. Hence, this case study allowed a better understanding of the numerical capacities of the program by modelling wave effect on bedload sediment transport and shore erosion as well as wind role in the generation of littoral currents.     

磁流变阻尼器的两种力学模型和试验验证

本文根据我们设计制作出的磁流变阻尼器的阻尼特性试验结果，提出了描述阻尼器动态特性的两种新的力学模型。一种称之为修正的Bingham模型，它由Bingham单元（库仑摩擦单元与粘滞单元并联）与弹簧单元串联组成。该弹簧单元与磁流变液屈服前区的初始剪切模量和蓄能器的刚度等有关。另一种称为修正的Dahl模型，它采用Dahl模型来模拟库仑摩擦力，克服了常用的Bouc-Wen模型需要确定的参数过多的缺点。为了使模型在阻尼器的电流强度（磁场强度）改变的情况下仍然有效，引入一个内变量描述模型参数与电流强度（磁场强度）的关系。最后，通过理论分析与试验结果的比较，证明本文提出的两种力学模型能够较为精确地描述大多数的磁流变阻尼器在改变电流强度（磁场强度）情况下的动态特性。     

人为干扰过的工程场地类别的判定

如何用原位剪切波速测试结果判定人为干扰(包括改造)过的场地的工程场地类别,各个版本的相关规范、文献中均未涉及到,以致于工程界一直存在着混乱和错误。通过对工程场地类别物理涵义的揭示及常年实测经验的总结,本文给出解决问题的理论依据与实际方法:首先要评价这种人为干扰的范围及深度是否会影响到地震波对该场地的振动作用,评价的依据是该场地被人为干扰体量的大小。若被改变的场地体量足够大,要用改变后的原位剪切波速测试数据评价场地类别;反之,则不能简单地运用原位波速测试结果,而是要用人为扰动层下面约1m范围内原状土的原位波速测试值的85%替代整个扰动层的波速平均值,进而做场地类别的统计计算和判定。因为少量的人为扰动不足以改变场地的工程类别,却有可能改变直接的原位波速测试结果,从而导致误判。     

新发现的唐山地震大断层

在对唐山地面塌陷的研究中发现了一条与唐山地震相关的大断层,该断层至少长90km,地面垂直错距3m,明显具有铲形正断层特点。该断层倾向NW,可分为南、北2段。南段的确定主要依据震后地面形变野外调查、水准形变资料、航片解译和石油地球物理勘探资料;北段的存在则有强烈线状喷沙冒水分布以及地震反射测深资料作为证据。唐山地震主震的余震大致分布在该断层地表出露迹线的NW侧,这种位置关系显示了新发现的断层对唐山地震的控制性     

Designing a unified wireless system for vibration control

This research aims to develop a unified wireless control system which would successfully control the vibration of bridges, and also to evaluate its performance. In this unified wireless control system, a wireless measurement control system is developed independently from the central system, and it controls the structure by feedback on the basis of the measured signals transmitted from the control device. Also this independent control system wirelessly monitors the general performance of the control device on the site and reports to the central control system. Embedded with control algorithm and made into a system with the control device, it continuously controls the vibration by feedback. Since this independently made wireless measurement-control system does not have enough memory space for effective control, all signals can be made to communicate wirelessly with the central control system which has more memory space. When needed, a user can directly intervene in the control process. When the possible disconnection of wires due to earthquake or some other disasters can cause troubles in data transmission or power supply, the wireless control system can safely perform its function. The performance of this unified wireless control system is evaluated in comparison to a wired control system by means of vibration control experiments on bridges. In these experiments, a semi-active control method is selected, and all outputs are quantitatively compared and evaluated. As a result, this unified wireless control system with a central control system is proved to be effective for vibration control and also overcome the shortcomings of the wired system.     

Normalization of seismic quantities and units

In the seismological field, attention paid to the problem concerning the normalization of seismic quantities and their units has not been enough all along.     

防屈曲开斜槽耗能钢板剪力墙的滞回性能分析

防屈曲开斜槽耗能钢板剪力墙（简称开斜槽剪力墙）是通过在钢板上开设一定数量斜槽,并在其两侧外挂混凝土板而形成的一种新型高层钢结构抗侧耗能构件。根据开斜槽钢板剪力墙的承载机制,采用理论推导的方法得到其承载力计算公式,利用ANSYS有限元方法对开斜槽剪力墙进行模拟,并通过改变不同参数验证了计算公式的准确性。同时,采用ANSYS建立有限元模型,对开斜槽剪力墙和普通薄钢板剪力墙的滞回性能进行了对比分析。结果表明,在提供足够约束（钢板与混凝土板间隙适宜,混凝土板厚度足够）的前提下,相对于普通薄钢板剪力墙,开斜槽剪力墙改善了钢板的捏缩现象,具有更稳定的耗能能力。     

Validation of a Hydrological Model Intended for Impact Study: Problem Statement and Solution Example for Selenga River Basin

The study is aimed to evaluate a hydrological simulation model intended for assessing climate change impact. A new test was suggested and applied to evaluate the performance of a physically based model of Selenga River runoff generation. In this test, to calibrate the model, an enhanced Nash–and-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) criterion was used, including trend-oriented reference (benchmark) models instead of the simple reference model used in the original NSE criterion. Next, modifications were made in the Differential Split Sample test (DSS-test) of V. Klemeš (1986), focused on differences in the model performance criteria for climatically contrasting periods, and a new statistical measure was proposed to estimate the significance of these differences. After that, model performance was evaluated for four sites within the catchment, three indicators of interest (daily, monthly, and annual discharge series), and the model ability to reproduce the observed trends in annual and seasonal discharge values was assessed. The model proved robust enough to be applied to assessing climate change impact on the annual and monthly runoff in different parts of the Selenga River basin.

     

某全钢结构地震模拟振动台试验和理论研究

对体型不规则的全钢结构建筑进行了地震模拟振动台试验研究和理论分析，这种结构体系是由内椭球塔与外框筒连接而成的特殊结构体系。地震模拟试验结果表明这种结构体系仍然以主振型为主，内椭球塔与外框筒连接方式能够满足设计要求。文末采用SAP2000程序对结构模型进行三维受力分析，沿最不利加振方向的理论分析结果与振动台试验结果显示该结构在设计地震作用下，具有足够的安全性。     

FINITE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF SHALLOW TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES*

Finite-element analysis has been used in calculating shallow temperature anomalies due to both the presence of salt domes and near-surface faults. The results of the numerical analysis are in good agreement with field observations reported earlier by Poley and van Steveninck. The calculations show how surface emissivity must be responsible for the pronounced temperature anomalies above salt domes. Faulting is a mechanism that disorders the layering sequence of sedimentary deposits. If the disordered sedimentary layers show notable differences in heat conductivity, the layers are thick enough and the displacements along the fault plane large enough, temperature anomalies close to the free surface may be apparent because of the surface-emissivity mechanism. In order to explain certain characteristic temperature anomalies where a fault reaches or approaches the free surface, an additional mechanism has to be assumed; namely a distortion of texture, and consequently a change in the heat conductivity of the rock material surrounding the fault plane. The consequences of both a reduced and an increased heat conductivity of the surroundings of a near-surface fault have been calculated, and they show remarkable agreement with temperature anomalies observed in various parts of the world.     

SMA三维隔震复合支座单层柱面网壳结构的地震响应

大跨空间结构具有空间跨度大,结构整体刚度大、受力合理、耗材少、重量轻等优点,在世界各地应用前景非常广阔。但在强震作用下,此种结构破坏严重,经济损失惨重。震害经验与理论研究表明地震动是一种复杂的多维运动,只考虑单分量水平地震作用是不够的,还应考虑竖向地震分量对整体结构的影响。在作者研制的SMA-叠层橡胶支座的基础上,针对竖向刚度大、竖向隔震效果不明显的问题,研制一种在上部串联加入碟形弹簧的新型三维隔震支座,并建立一典型的单层柱面网壳结构模型,在输入不同峰值地震动情况下,通过时程反应分析可见,SMA三维隔震支座下结构位移、加速度峰值与普通橡胶支座对比明显降低,时程曲线趋于平缓,典型的杆件轴力也有明显降低,说明了SMA三维隔震复合支座隔震效果更好。     

Why utilities respect geomagnetically induced currents

It has been well known for more than 50 years that electric utilities in northern latitudes can have geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) flowing in their transmission lines and transformer ground points, and that these are caused by geomagnetic storms. Initially, these GICs were considered harmless and very little attention was paid to them. However, in the last 40 years it was realized that large GICs can flow in power systems and become problematic and even severe enough to cause a complete system shutdown. Utilities susceptible to GIC do not expect to rely on luck that the geomagnetic storm will not affect them, or if it does, the loading conditions at the time will allow enough margin to ride through it. This is precisely why many utilities today are studying the cause, effect, and mitigation of GICs and why utilities respect GICs. This paper presents a detailed discussion on how electric utilities are affected by GICs and what can be accomplished to mitigate the harmful effects.     

Magnetohydrodynamic waves in the erath's liquid core

Summary The possibility of generation of magnetohydrodynamic waves in a rotating spherical system under the efect of small disturbances of the medium velocity is investigated. The initial stationary state of the system has been chosen with a view to known geophysical facts, and the effect of the solid inner core is considered. It is proved that two types of waves with distinctly different frequencies can be generated in the liquid region. The behaviour of longperiod magnetic waves is also studied in detail, and it is proved that the direction in which they propagate at a certain point depends on the position of this point in the meridional plane and on the configuration of the initial magnetic field. The phase velocities of the longperiod magnetic waves, propagating towards the west, have been computed within a selected network of points and the region in which they are generated has been defined. It is proved that the phase velocities of these waves are compatible with the observed velocity of the westward drift of the geomagnetic dipole.     

Magnetic analysis of some large seamounts in the North Atlantic

An analysis of the magnetic structure of Plato and Atlantis seamounts in the North Atlantic was made using the phase-shifting technique of Schouten [9]. The possibility of distinguishing the age of the seamounts from the age of their adjacent seafloor using magnetic data was investigated. The method described proved simple and effective, but showed that age determinations cannot reliably be made from magnetics for the seamounts in question, since the variation of the position of the palaeomagnetic poles during the Cainozoic is not large enough to produce appreciable phase-shift differences in this part of the Atlantic.The polarization is normal. Since smaller seamounts also show a predominance of normal magnetization, this may mean that viscous remanent magnetization (VRM) dating from the present normal period, the Brunhes, is involved. VRM may lead to strong magnetizations in coarse-grained rock as shown by DSDP results. This may result into a general overprinting of thermoremanence (TRM) by VRM, thus glossing over reversed thermoremanent polarizations. Large seamounts thus may appear as normally polarized bodies. The statistics of reversely versus normally polarized seamounts may be explained by the same effect. This implies that palaeomagnetic pole and age determinations based on apparent magnetization directions modelled from the magnetic anomaly pattern over seamounts may be inaccurate.