四川泸州地区测震台网地震监测能力研究

为加强川南泸州区域的地震监测能力,新建15个流动测震台站,与泸州和荣昌2个固定台站形成泸州台网.根据《地震震级的规定GB 17740-2017》,计算了泸州台网的震级监测能力,并通过实际地震事件的统计分析,验证了震级监测能力计算结果的准确性和合理性.基于D值理论,计算了泸州台网在研究区域的震中定位误差和震源深度定位误差...     

云南省区域数字地震遥测台网远震参数测定

利用云南省区域数字地震遥测台网记录到的资料对远震的定位方法进行了研究。采用“分离变量法”,将震源参数分为发震时间、震中位置和震源深度三类变量,相对独立进行计算,这就减少了Geiger法中,各类变量因不同权重而产生的互相干扰以及因初始解不好引起的迭代不收敛的问题,改善了定位精度。由于大地震的地震波初动清楚,可精确测定初动到时,仅用经过台站高程走时改正和台站综合走时改正后的初动到时即可精确测定零深度时的震中位置。再根据测定的零深度震中位置,查出台网最小到时子台的S波到时S0它与该台的实际S波到时Sh的差可有效判定地震是否深源地震和计算震源深度。为了保持地震震级定义的一致性,采用数字地震仪系统的传递函数(包括幅频特性和相频特性)对实测数字地震记录进行仿真,得到真正的地动速度,再由计算机自动检测定地动速度最大面波振幅并计算震级Ms。     

关于数字地震台网震级偏差原因的分析

引言数字地震台网建成以来,数据传输可靠、事件查取方便、信息公布快捷等优点充分体现出来。但通过一段时间的观测发现,数字地震台网在使用不同定位程序处理同一地震时,在所识别震相不变的情况下,所给出的地震参数不同,且存在较大差异,如地震震级,目前常用的定位程序HYPO81与定位程序Genetic给出的结果相差0.2～0.5级。通过分析我们认为,是定位程序中利用震中距查量规函数的概念不清楚,才导致震级出现偏差。图1震中距与震源距关系1震级偏差原因的分析下面是对发生在天津地区的一次(震源深度为18.6km)地震的计算,在所用台站不变、识别震相…     

测震台网布局对震源参数精度的影响

本文介绍了分析区域地震台网的测震精度的一种通用方法,在分析过程中,对发生在台网中不同地点、不同震级的地震,考虑了能读出P波震相的台站的不同组合数,即子台网。然后利用最小二乘法拟合模型的最优化法和改进的平方根法对事先设定的到时数据标准误差计算出震源坐标误差分布和走时误差分布。并将计算结果根根是否能达到Ⅰ类精度(即ΔR=10km,ΔT=0.5s)绘成监测范围图。     

地震自动定位的综合解决方案

针对已有两类地震自动定位方法各自的优点和限制，提出了综合利用这两类方法以形成一个统一系统的方案，希望以此提高地震自动定位能力。该方案的基本流程是：利用波形相关方法在连续地震波形上检测出地震事件并初定其震源位置和发震时刻；利用初定的震源位置和发震时刻，预测各台站各震相的到时；以预测的各震相到时为参考点，利用单台波形(单道或三分向)在该参考点附近精确测定震相到时；利用修定后的震相到时测定震源位置和发震时刻；根据震中距判定地震类型(地方震、近震、远震)，在预期的波形段自动测定波形最大振幅和相应周期，进而测定相应类型的震级(ML、Ms或mb)。     

2008年5月12日汶川MW 7.9地震的震源位置与发震时刻

综合运用四川省地震台网与紫坪铺水库地震台网的观测资料,精确地测定了2008年5月12日汶川MW7.9地震的震源位置与发震时刻．指出,对汶川地震这样的大地震精准定位,必须克服或尽量减少远台观测对地震精确定位的局限性、地壳介质模型的不完善性以及识别与检测初至波震相的不一致性等因素的影响．通过分析对比、反复试验,从上述台网中精心选取了方位分布均匀、具有近震源台站约束、直达P波震相确系由初始破裂辐射出的15个地震台的直达P波到时数据,反演得出精确度比区域性地震台网常规测定的精确度高一个数量级的汶川大地震的定位结果,即:发震时刻（北京时间）:2008年5月12日14:27:57.59plusmn;0.03 s;震中位置:31.018deg;Nplusmn;0.3 km,103.365deg;Eplusmn;0.3 km;震源深度:15.5 kmplusmn;0.3 km．      

苏南无线传输台网定位能力分析

对区域Ω上设定的震级和震源位置的可能事件,本文作了以下两点考虑:一、对于同一点上的事件,基于遥测台网垂直向地震计记录特征中 P 和 S 震相到时精度上的差异,从而引入了不同的测量标准误差σi。二、对不同位置不同震级的事件,根据子台的监测能力,应确定相应的子台组合。在这基础上,通过模拟地震波走时和奇异值分解方法,计算了估计震源参数精度的参量空间协方差矩阵,给出了震源参数误差理论值等值线图,用此方法讨论了该台网的定位能力。     

2013年甘肃岷县-漳县MS6.6地震余震 序列目录完备性研究 基于对单台记录地震事件震中与震级的估计

中强地震余震序列地震目录编目是否完备、 震源参数是否准确,直接影响余震序列特征分析、 震后趋势快速判断和强余震预测等研究结果的科学性和可靠性. 2013年7月22日甘肃岷县-漳县M_S6.6地震余震序列目录中存在较多单台记录地震事件,地震观测报告仅给出其震级,而未给出震中位置. 由于余震波形间的相互交叠干扰,使得余震最大振幅的测量误差较大,造成地震观测报告给出的单台事件震级误差较大. 精确估计单台记录地震事件的震中和震级,能够补充完善现有地震目录,提高地震目录的完备性. 本文对单台记录地震事件震中和震级的估计不仅限于单个台站,而是通过分析区域台网中多个台站的波形记录实现. 首先以余震序列中震级较大、 波形记录信噪比较高的地震波形作为模板,使用波形互相关震相检测技术,检测单台记录的地震事件在多个台站的震相到时. 如果能在4个以上台站检测到震相,则利用测震台网常用的HYPOSAT方法估计其震中位置,并利用多个台站记录波形与模板地震的振幅比估计其震级. 之后计算主震发生后不同时间的最小完备性震级,并通过线性拟合得到最小完备性震级随时间变化的表达式,以分析此地震余震序列的目录完备性. 经过计算共得到253个单台记录地震事件的震级和其中177个事件的震中位置,其震中空间分布范围与余震序列中其它地震分布范围基本一致. 震级复测以及与人工拾取震相到时误差对比表明,该方法所得震相检测和震级估计结果具有较好的可靠性. 主震及最大余震发生后的短时间内,有较多数量单台事件的目录所给出的震级偏低,分析认为可能受主震与较大余震后续震相以及余震间相互干扰所致. 主震发生0.02—0.3天内,其余震序列最小完备性震级随时间的对数呈线性下降,在0.3天后最小完备性震级稳定在M_L1.1左右.      

利用波速扰动定量分析Hyposat方法的定位误差

以浙江省数字地震台网的台站布局为基础,在浙江省内以0.1°×0.1°网格点作为虚拟地震震中,利用浙江2015地壳速度模型计算了各台站Pn、Sn、Pg、Sg震相到时,对速度模型及各震相走时增加适量扰动,进而使用Hyposat进行地震定位。定位结果与虚拟震源位置对比显示:(1)对于震中位置,当速度模型中速度偏差小于0.1km/s时,所得震中偏差基本在3km以内,但在某些区域会出现无法有效定位的情况;(2)对于震源深度,与仅使用Pg、Sg(或Pb、Sb)震相定位的结果相比,当Pn、Sn震相参与定位时,震源深度的计算结果更接近实际震源深度,且计算结果的一致性更好。     

江苏数字地震台网地震定位能力分析

依据江苏数字地震台网的几何布局，对区域上设定的不同震级和震源位置的可能事件，作了以下两点考虑。（1）根据不同震级地震的监测范围，确定了相应的定位子台组合。（2）对同一地震事件，考虑到震相分析P震相和S震相测量精度上的差异，引入了不同的标准误差σP和σS。在此基础上，通过模拟地震波理论走时和对走时矩阵的奇异值分解方法，计算了估计震源参数标准误差的参量空间协方差矩阵值，给出了标准误差理论值等值线图，用此方法讨论分析了江苏数字地震台网的地震定位能力。     

New Data on Aftershocks of the December 7, 1988, Spitak Earthquake

The paper addresses the collection and analysis of new data on aftershocks that occurred within 20 days of the main shock of the December 7, 1988, Spitak earthquake, Mw = 6.8. The data were used to improve the location of aftershock hypocenters and magnitudes. Available data concerning this 20-day period were the least reliable in terms of completeness, representativeness, and the accuracy of hypocenter location and, in particular, estimation of energy classes and magnitudes. New data were retrieved from the records and bulletins of the seismic stations of the regional and global networks. Hypocenter parameters were determined by means of the minimization of wave travel-time residuals and subsequent double-difference hypocenter relocation. Digital records of the Obninsk and Arti seismic stations (Δ = 15°–18°) and five more distant stations (Δ = 34°–53°) were used to more accurately estimate the surface-wave magnitude of the main shock and strongest aftershock. The aftershock catalog of the Spitak earthquake was substantially revised. First, the previous hypocenter locations (Aref’ev et al., 1991) were improved using the double-difference method; second, new data were retrieved from the bulletins of Caucasian seismic stations. The minimum magnitude of completeness (M _c = 1.9) of the new catalog for the first 20 days after the main shock (when there were no epicentral observations) is the same as that for the period from December 7, 1988, to December 31, 1989. The new catalog contains information on 2090 aftershocks with magnitude M = 1.9 and more for the period from December 7, 1988, to December 31, 1989. The double-difference method allowed the location of the epicenters of clustered earthquakes to be reliably estimated with a longitude error of no more than 4.6 km, a latitude error of 4 km, and a depth error of 5 km. The new spatial distribution of the aftershock hypocenters is better correlated with the tectonic setting than the old data. The new catalog can be used to assess seismic hazard after strong earthquakes in the region.     

On the Problem of Deep Earthquakes in Crimea–Black Sea Region

It is a common opinion that only crustal earthquakes can occur in the Crimea–Black Sea region. Since the existence of deep earthquakes in the Crimea–Black Sea region is extremely important for the construction of a geodynamic model for this region, an attempt is made to verify the validity of this widespread view. To do this, the coordinates of all earthquakes recorded by the stations of the Crimean seismological network are reinterpreted with an algorithm developed by one of the authors. The data published in the seismological catalogs and bulletins of the Crimea–Black Sea region for 1970–2012 are used for the analysis. To refine the coordinates of hypocenters of earthquakes in the Crimea–Black Sea region, in addition to the data from stations of the Crimean seismological network, information from seismic stations located around the Black Sea coast are used. In total, the data from 61 seismic stations were used to determine the hypocenter coordinates. The used earthquake catalogs for 1970–2012 contain information on ~2140 events with magnitudes from–1.5 to 5.5. The bulletins provide information on the arrival times of P- and S-waves at seismic stations for 1988 events recorded by three or more stations. The principal innovation of this study is the use of the original author’s hypocenter determination algorithm, which minimizes the functional of distances between the points (X, Y, H) and (x, y, h) corresponding to the theoretical and observed seismic wave travel times from the earthquake source to the recording stations. The determination of the coordinates of earthquake hypocenters is much more stable in this case than the usual minimization of the residual functional for the arrival time of an earthquake wave at a station (the difference between the theoretical and observed values). Since determination of the hypocenter coordinates can be influenced by the chosen velocity column beneath each station, special attention is focused on collecting information on velocity profiles. To evaluate the influence of the upper mantle on the results of calculating the velocity model, two different low-velocity and high-velocity models are used; the results are compared with each other. Both velocity models are set to a depth of 640 km, which is fundamentally important in determining hypocenters for deep earthquakes. Studies of the Crimea–Black Sea region have revealed more than 70 earthquakes with a source depth of more than 60 km. The adequacy of the obtained depth values is confirmed by the results of comparing the initial experimental data from the bulletins with the theoretical travel-time curves for earthquake sources with depths of 50 and 200 km. The sources of deep earthquakes found in the Crimea–Black Sea region significantly change our understanding of the structure and geotectonics of this region.     

2020年7月12日唐山MS5.1地震预警处理能力分析

2020年7月12日,河北唐山发生M_S5.1地震,河北省地震预警系统成功地处理并产出了这次地震预警各种结果数据,本文借助此次地震对河北地震预警网内震中距200km范围内台站产出质量以及地震预警前5次处理结果进行详细分析。此次地震发生在河北地震预警网内,平均台间距为10km,首台触发后3s、震后6s发布首次处理结果,与编目结果相比,震级偏差为-1.3,震中位置偏差为2.6km,盲区半径为18km。随着参与定位台站数量增多,震级与位置偏差越来越小,但震级仍整体偏小。河北地震预警网台站产出质量整体较高,其中烈度台作为地震预警最重要的组成部分,是决定预警效果的关键因素。本次地震震中距200km范围内,烈度台平均信噪比为48,震中距50km范围内平均信噪比为112,符合预警系统对信噪比的要求。本次地震预警结果表明,河北地震预警网内台站布局基本合理,波形质量较高,地震预警系统处理软件在本次地震中预警产出效果较好,已经具备了一定的地震预警能力。     

A new prototype system for earthquake early warning in Taiwan

A new prototype earthquake early warning (EEW) system is being developed and tested using a real-time seismographic network currently in operation in Taiwan. This system is based on the Earthworm environment which carries out integrated analysis of real-time broadband, strong-motion and short-period signals. The peak amplitude of displacement in the three seconds after the P arrival, dubbed P_d, is used for the magnitude determination. Incoming signals are processed in real time. When a large earthquake occurs, P-wave arrival times and P_d will be estimated for location and magnitude determinations for EEW purpose. In a test of 54 felt earthquakes, this system can report earthquake information in 18.8±4.1 s after the earthquake occurrence with an average difference in epicenter locations of 6.3±5.7 km, and an average difference in depths of 7.9±6.6 km from catalogues. The magnitudes approach a 1:1 relationship to the reported magnitudes with a standard deviation of 0.51. Therefore, this system can provide early warning before the arrival of S-wave for metropolitan areas located 70 km away from the epicenter. This new system is still under development and being improved, with the hope of replacing the current operational EEW system in the future.     

一种修定震源参数的方法

本文描述了空间域中的一种定位方法。此方法的主要特点是:1.震中位置与震源深度、发震时刻分离求解;2.震中位置的确定是采用Romney提出的曾融生改进的台偶到时差来建立最小平方条件方程,几乎不受结构的影响;3.震源深度和发震时刻的确定是采用慢度定深度、到时曲线时间截距定发震时刻的方法来实现的。本文用四川境内的5个工业爆破资料,作了方法试验并修定了近年发生的50个天然地震。修定后的震中位置更加靠近断裂带,走时残差减小了,震源深度呈现出沿龙门山断裂由北东向南西逐渐加深的规律性。     

三维复杂速度模型的交切法地震定位

地震定位是地震监测与减灾研究重要基础.基于均匀或横向均匀介质模型,利用震源轨迹确定震源位置的交切法具有稳健和效率高的优点,但定位精度较低,特别是震源深度.为提高震源定位精度,我们提出适用于三维复杂速度模型的地震定位交切法.将地壳速度模型由均匀或横向均匀介质模型扩展为三维复杂速度模型;均匀或横向均匀介质模型对应的原假设为球面或双曲面的震源轨迹通过最小走时树射线追踪技术予以确定.确定震源位置的震源轨迹以到时差作为约束条件;将震源定位于震源轨迹交汇最密集的点处,即总的到时差残差(RDT)最小的点处.定位结果的不确定性可通过RDT值较小节点的空间分布予以定性表示.考察了准确速度模型、扰动速度模型、扰动观测到时及地震在台网外等4种情况下改进方法的地震定位效果,结果表明改进的交切法可用于三维复杂速度模型的地震定位;综合利用P波与S波的到时差信息,可明显改善震源位置约束;使用多条震源轨迹进行定位,有助于减少由随机因素导致的定位误差.     

重庆荣昌诱发地震区精细速度结构及2010年M_L5.1地震序列精确定位

根据重庆市地震台网和流动地震台网记录到的天然地震资料,利用接收函数反演得到荣昌地区的精细一维速度结构。在此基础上用双差定位法对2010年9月10日重庆荣昌M_L5.1地震序列进行了精定位。结果表明,地震定位精度得到极大提高,震中分布与区域地质构造的关系更加清晰。多数地震集中在主要断层附近并呈条带状分布,震源深度集中在2km附近,与主要储藏层及注水井深度吻合,初步认为该地震序列为注水活动所诱发的构造地震活动。文中获得的精准的速度结构及地震空间分布对于进一步深入研究震区深部地质构造特征、注水诱发地震的机理等具有重要意义。     

Variations of the specific barrier model—part II: effect of isochron distributions

The specific barrier model (SBM) is a particular case of a composite earthquake source model where the seismic moment is distributed in a deterministic manner on a rectangular fault plane on the basis of moment and area constraints. It is assumed that the fault surface is composed of an aggregate of subevents of equal diameter, the ‘barrier interval’. Furthermore, the subevents are assumed to rupture randomly and statistically independent of one another as the rupture front sweeps the fault plane. In the formulation of the far-field source spectrum of the SBM the ‘arrival time’ of the seismic radiation emitted by each subevent is specified via a probability density function (PDF). In the SBM the subevents are assumed to be of equal sizes (an assumption relaxed in a companion paper, referred to as Part I) and the PDF of ‘arrival times’ is assumed to be uniform. In this study we investigate the effects of different PDFs of ‘arrival times’ on the far-field source spectrum of the SBM. Different PDFs of ‘arrival times’ affect the source spectra primarily at the intermediate frequency range (between the first and second corner frequencies). Such effects become more pronounced as the earthquake magnitude increases. The far-field spectrum of seismic energy observed/recorded at a site depends on the location of the site relative to the causative fault plane, the location of rupture initiation (hypocenter) and the onset times of the rupturing subevents. All the above factors are effectively taken into account by the ‘isochrons’, which vary with source-site geometry. We investigate the selection of the appropriate PDF of seismic energy arrival times at a given site by computing isochrons for a grid of stations surrounding the earthquake fault, represented by the SBM. We show that only for stations located in a direction normal to the fault plane is the assumption of uniform PDF of ‘arrival times’ valid. At other sites non-uniform PDFs of ‘arrival times’ are observed. We identify and categorize the prevalent types of PDFs by directivity (forward vs. backward vs. neutral) and source-site distance (near-fault vs. far-field), show examples in which we group the stations accordingly. We investigate the effects of the different PDF-groups on the SBM source spectrum. Selection of the appropriate PDF for a given source-site configuration when simulating strong ground motions using the SBM in the context of the stochastic method is expected to yield more self-consistent, and physically realistic simulations.     

1991年9—10月北京马坊地震活动的观测与研究

1991年9月28日至10月上旬在北京市平谷县马坊地区出现了一些小地震活动,其中包括9月28日北京时间08时37分和18时48分相继发生的两次M_L=4.0地震。本文叙述了这两次地震的宏观调查结果和使用数字地震台网进行近场监测的情况。利用这些小地震活动期间所得到的数字记录确定了4次小地震震源的精确位置,利用矩张量反演方法求解了这几个地震的震源机制。根据研究的结果判断这些地震是马坊—夏垫断裂带北部的构造运动。