The evolution of Holocene coastal dunefields, Jutland, Denmark: A record of climate change over the past 5000 years

Coastal dunefields have developed on the west coast of Jutland in Denmark over the past 5000 years. The dunefields are situated in a temperate climate zone with frequent high energy wind events. Dunefield development was characterized by repeated periods of transgressive dune formation punctuated by periods of dune stabilization and soil formation. The chronology of dunefield evolution is based on Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating of peaty palaeosols (24 samples) and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating of aeolian sand deposits (19 samples). These dates indicate that the completeness of the stratigraphic record varies considerably, but that the timing of aeolian activity events was identical in the dunefields examined here. Initiation of aeolian activity occurred around 2200 BC, 800 BC, AD 100, AD 1050–1200, and between AD 1550 and 1650. Proxy-climate data from bogs in southwestern Sweden suggest that these periods of dunefield activity were initiated during wet/cool summers. Most likely these climatic situations were associated with a more frequent passage of cyclones across Denmark in the summer seasons (increased storminess) causing aeolian sand movement and dune formation. The continued removal of vegetation in Jutland between 4000 BC and AD 1850 allowed the aeolian sand, when first activated, to move more and more easily across the coastal plains; the final phase of aeolian sand movement between AD 1550–1650 and 1900 had catastrophic implications for many coastal inhabitants in the region.     

沙坡头固定沙丘结皮层的微生物区系动态

对中科院沙坡头沙漠研究试验站的人工植被固定沙丘、红卫自然植被固定沙丘的结皮层和流动沙丘表层(0~ 05cm)中的微生物类群数量的研究结果表明:①好气性细菌数量影响着微生物总数量的变化趋势;②微生物总数量分布依次排列为:自然植被固定沙丘>1956年栽植区>1964年栽植区>自然半固定沙丘>1982年栽植区>流动沙丘;③土壤微生物类群数量与结皮层的形成、植物覆盖度和土壤含水率等因子有密切的关系;④结皮层中的微生物类群数量与流动沙丘的固定程度呈正向关系。     

The Manawatu Dunefield: Environmental Change and Human Impacts

Four stages of environmental change are apparent in the Manawatu coastal landscape: the first stage was that of a world wide sea level rise and initiation of the first major dune phase (Foxton or phase I) in the Manawatu. This was followed by a second dune‐building phase (Motuiti or phase II), which was probably initiated by climate change. The second stage occurred in the last 600 to 1000 or so years when Maori first occupied the area, rapidly causing the extinction of a range of fauna, significantly altering the vegetation cover and potentially initiating or assisting the development of a new dune phase (Waitarere or phase 111). The latter part of the Waitarere phase (phase IV) or episode may have been initiated by Europeans in the last 150 years. The third stage of environmental change occurred in the period 1940 to 1990 when large scale sand sheets and transgressive dunefields were significantly stabilised by humans, and parabolic dunes were created. A fourth stage is just beginning where an entirely new suite (or episode) of parabolic dunes has developed from blowouts within the foredune in the last 10 years. Overall, human impact has wrought major environmental changes to one of the greatest examples of Holocene dunefields in New Zealand.     

不同固沙区结皮中微生物生物量和数量的比较研究

沙地生态系统是温带干旱区、半干旱区的重要草地类型, 沙地的稳定性是生态系统健康的重要条件。在中国科学院沙坡头沙漠试验研究站, 笔者对不同程度固沙区结皮和流动沙丘表层中的微生物生物量和数量进行了比较研究。结果表明: 自然和人工植被固沙区结皮及流沙表层的微生物数量分布不同, 细菌数量比真菌和放线菌数量多数百倍, 在所有微生物类群中, 细菌数量最大, 微生物总数的变化取决于好气性细菌数量的多少, 但生物量却与之不同。在不同程度固沙区结皮中, 微生物生物量大小依次排列为: 自然植被区>1956年人工植被区>1964年人工植被区>1982年人工植被区>流沙区, 微生物生物量在自然植被固沙区中最多, 分别是1956年、1964年、1982年人工植被固沙区和流沙区的2.63、4.17、9.25和44.29倍, 表明微生物生物量随人工植被的栽植年代增加而增大, 在流动沙丘中最小, 而菌丝生物量方面是1956年人工植被固沙区已与自然植被固沙区十分接近。微生物生物量和数量与沙丘固定程度、人工植被栽植年代、结皮厚度、苔藓种类等均呈正相关, 人工植被栽植年代越长, 结皮越厚、微生物生物量和数量也越大。在不同年代人工植被固沙区结皮中, 微生物生物量和数量与相对稳定的自然植被固沙区相比, 仍未达到稳定状态。     

塔里木沙漠石油公路沿线沙丘移动规律

通过对肖塘南2km试验路段100m×100m沙丘移动监测区1991年10月、1992年10月及1993年10月的3次详测,总体上可以认为,沙丘各几何形态参数间存在着较好的相关性。但限于沙源供应不足,沙丘发育具有不成熟性,从而使有些沙丘几何形态参数间不存在理论上应具有的相关性。沙丘高度与宽度有较好的线性正相关关系,与底面积及体积存在较好的指数正相关关系。从而可以认为,沙丘高度是反映沙丘形成、规模及发育程度的较好示量指征。沙丘移动方向随主风向的改变而改变,并与落沙坡方向有明显的不一致性。沙丘移动强度与高度、底面积成线性负相关关系,而与体积成指数负相关关系。在不同时期,上述关系可用相似的多元线性方程表示。沙丘前移过程中,沙丘形态既有由不成熟到成熟的正向演变又有由成熟向不成熟的逆向演变过程。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘不同发育阶段横向沙丘粒度特征

选取了腾格里沙漠东南缘风沙观测场内经人工平整后流动沙地上出现的新生横向沙丘和观测场外围未经人工干预的原始横向沙丘,采集了其表层的沉积物进行试验分析,探讨了不同发育阶段沙丘之间和沙丘表层不同部位之间沉积物粒度组成的空间差异及其所反映的近地层风沙运动过程.结果表明:腾格里沙漠东南缘横向沙丘以细沙为主(53.87%),其次为中沙(42.57%),粗沙和极细沙含量很少;新生沙丘表层沙粒的平均粒径(1.98 Φ)略大于原始沙丘(2.16 Φ),而分选性都很好.两类沙丘的偏度都表现为近对称,峰度都表现为中等类型;由于沙丘所处发育阶段和尺度不同,即使在同一种风能环境下,两类沙丘及其表层不同部位沙粒的粒径分布也存在明显差异.     

不同类型沙漠化土地差不嘎蒿种群热值研究

在科尔沁固定、半固定及流动沙地上,测定了沙地植被的主要建群植物——差不嘎蒿种群及其无性系构件的热值,得出如下结论:①差不嘎蒿植物种群干物质热值表现为:Q₁^固定沙地 > Q₁^{半固定沙地} > Q₁^流动沙地,且固定沙地和半固定沙地极显著地高于流动沙地。②差不嘎蒿植物种群所有构件的有机干物质比无显著性差异,干物质热值和去灰分热值的变化趋势基本一致,Q₁^固定沙地 > Q₁^{半固定沙地}≥Q₁^流动沙地,Q₂^固定沙地 > Q₂^{半固定沙地} ≥ Q₂^流动沙地。③差不嘎蒿植物种群各发育时期干物质热值、去灰分热值和有机干物质比表现出不同程度的差异。一般干物质热值表现为:Q₁^营养体 > Q₁^生殖枝 > Q₁^生殖枯枝。④营养体不同龄枝去灰分热值在固定沙地随枝龄的增加而显著地提高,流动沙地则随着枝龄的增加而显著地下降;半固定沙地介于两者之间,表现为中龄枝的去灰分热值显著地高于其它龄枝。⑤差不嘎蒿植物种群同一构件的有机干物质比与去灰分热值的相关性,除四龄枝外,其它各构件基本上表现为正相关,尤其是三龄枝最为典型;分析同一生境中处于不同发育状态的有机干物质比和去灰分热值呈现出负相关性,尤以固定沙地最为典型。     

Transverse dune trailing ridges and vegetation succession

We describe the evolution of, and vegetation succession on, a previously undescribed landform: transverse dune trailing ridges at El Farallón transgressive dunefield in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. Three-dimensional clinometer/compass and tape topographic surveys were conducted in conjunction with 1 m² contiguous percent cover and presence/absence vegetation survey transects at eight locations across two adjacent trailing ridges. At the study site, and elsewhere, the transverse dune trailing ridges are formed by vegetation colonization of the lateral margins of active transverse, barchanoidal transverse, and aklé or network dunes. For simplicity, all trailing ridges formed from these dune types are referred to as transverse dune trailing ridges. Because there are several transverse dunes in the dunefield, multiple trailing ridges can be formed at one time. Two adjacent trailing ridges were examined. The shortest length ridge was 70 m long, and evolving from a 2.5 m-high transverse dune, while the longer ridge was 140 m long, and evolving from an 8 m-high dune. Trailing ridge length is a proxy measure of ridge age, since the longer the ridge, the greater the length of time since initial formation. With increasing age or distance upwind, species diversity increased, as well as species horizontal extent and percent cover. In turn, the degree of bare sand decreased. Overall, the data indicate a successional trend in the vegetation presence and cover with increasing age upwind. Those species most tolerant to burial (Croton and Palafoxia) begin the process of trailing ridge formation. Ipomoea and Canavalia are less tolerant to burial and also are typically the next colonizing species. Trachypogon does not tolerate sand burial or deposition very well and only appears after significant stabilization has taken place. The ridges display a moderately defined successional sequence in plant colonization and percentage cover with time (and upwind distance). They are significant geomorphologically as a unique landform in transgressive dunefields, and also because they may be the only remaining indication of transverse dune presence, and net dune migration direction once the dunefield is stabilized and in a final evolutionary state.     

Short-term beach–dune sand budgets on the north sea coast of France: Sand supply from shoreface to dunes, and the role of wind and fetch

Three experimental plots, covering the transition from the upper beach to the dune, on the North Sea coast of France were monitored at various intervals over a period of 18–24 months via high resolution terrain surveys in order to determine inter-site sand budget variability, as well as patterns and processes involved in sand exchanges between the upper beach and dune. The wind regime consists of a fairly balanced mix of moderate (80% of winds are below 8 m/s) onshore, offshore and shore-parallel winds. Sustained dune accretion over several years depends on the periodic local onshore welding of shoreface tidal banks that have developed in the storm- and tide-dominated setting of the southern North Sea. The only site where this has occurred in the recent past is Calais, where bank welding has created a wide accreting upper beach sand flat. At this site, significant sand supply from the subtidal sand bank reservoir to the upper beach flat occurred only once over the 18-month survey following a major storm. The bulk of the sand deposited over this large flat is not directly integrated into the adjacent embryo dunes by onshore winds but is progressively reworked in situ into developing dunes or transported alongshore by the balanced wind regime, thus resulting in alongshore stretching of the embryo dune system. The Leffrinckoucke site near Belgium shows moderate beach–dune mobility and accretion, while the Wissant site exhibits significant upper beach bedform mobility controlled by strong longshore currents that result in large beach budget fluctuations with little net budget change, to the detriment of the adjacent dunes. Accretion at these two sites, which are representative of the rest of the North Sea coast of France, is presently constrained by the absence of a shore-attached sand bank supply reservoir, while upper beach–dune sand exchanges are further limited by the narrow wave-affected upper beach, the intertidal morphology of bars and troughs which segments the aeolian fetch, and the moderate wind energy conditions. The balanced wind regime limits net sand mobilisation in favour of either the beach or the dune, and may explain the relatively narrow longshore morphology of the dune ridges bounding this coast.     

库姆塔格沙漠羽毛状沙垄形成机理研究

库姆塔格沙漠像一把扇子覆盖在了阿尔金山山前的倾斜平原上,沙丘类型复杂,而尤以羽毛状沙垄最为独特成为我国独有的沙丘形态。有关羽毛状沙垄形成发育机理研究,近几十年来进展甚微。通过野外观测、高精度航片解译和风洞模拟实验研究,结果表明：羽毛状沙垄形成条件是：①具有广大平坦倾斜的地面。②地表沙物质不甚丰富。③两组相近风向是其形成动力条件。④舌状沙丘是在新月形沙垄形成之后的次一级沙丘形态。二者组合成羽毛状沙垄。羽毛状沙垄形成过程可以归纳为下列图式：新月形沙丘→新月形沙垄→舌状沙丘→羽毛状沙垄。     

新月型沙丘的移动和固定过程——对风成沙古环境意义的指示（英文）

Paleo-dune deposits have been widely used as a proxy indicator of past dune activity, which is further used to reconstruct paleoclimates. However, recent studies have critically examined the reproducibility of dune chronologies and the complexity of paleo-dune deposits as paleoenvironmental records. This paper addresses questions on the paleoenvironmental implications of dune chronostratigraphies that have been raised by those reviews, in the specific case of crescentic dunes, using a case study from the Mu Us dune field, north-central China. The processes of turn-over and stabilization of relatively small crescentic dunes are first investigated by observational evidence. In combination with the analysis of a simplified sand preservation model and stratigraphic records, the effect of dune morphodynamics on sand preservation is demonstrated. It is especially evident that thick, nearly instantaneously deposited sand units record dune stabilization near the very end of a dune activity episode, while thin sand units may signal the preservation of sand deposited earlier in episodes of activity. Interpreting the distribution of luminescence ages that indicate sand deposition over time is not as simple as assumed in some previous work. Low frequency of sand ages could indicate an interval of either dune field stabilization or extensive dune activity but poor sand preservation. A peak of sand age frequency likely represents a shift in dune field activity towards stabilization, not a peak of active dune extent, especially if it partially overlaps with an independently identified interval of stabilization(e.g. one recorded by paleosols). The nature and magnitude of these biases in the distribution of sand ages over time are strongly affected by the magnitude of net sand accumulation, which is in turn related to sand supply, transport capacity and sand availability, and ultimately climate change. Relatively short dune stabilization and turn-over time(10~1 to 10~2 yrs) indicate that dune geomorphic processes can quickly respond to short-term disturbance, but the chronology of that response must be interpreted in light of how those processes influence age distributions.     

Crescentic dune migration and stabilization: Implications for interpreting paleo-dune deposits as paleoenvironmental records

Paleo-dune deposits have been widely used as a proxy indicator of past dune activity, which is further used to reconstruct paleoclimates. However, recent studies have critically examined the reproducibility of dune chronologies and the complexity of paleo-dune deposits as paleoenvironmental records. This paper addresses questions on the paleoenvironmental implications of dune chronostratigraphies that have been raised by those reviews, in the specific case of crescentic dunes, using a case study from the Mu Us dune field, north-central China. The processes of turn-over and stabilization of relatively small crescentic dunes are first investigated by observational evidence. In combination with the analysis of a simplified sand preservation model and stratigraphic records, the effect of dune morphodynamics on sand preservation is demonstrated. It is especially evident that thick, nearly instantaneously deposited sand units record dune stabilization near the very end of a dune activity episode, while thin sand units may signal the preservation of sand deposited earlier in episodes of activity. Interpreting the distribution of luminescence ages that indicate sand deposition over time is not as simple as assumed in some previous work. Low frequency of sand ages could indicate an interval of either dune field stabilization or extensive dune activity but poor sand preservation. A peak of sand age frequency likely represents a shift in dune field activity towards stabilization, not a peak of active dune extent, especially if it partially overlaps with an independently identified interval of stabilization (e.g. one recorded by paleosols). The nature and magnitude of these biases in the distribution of sand ages over time are strongly affected by the magnitude of net sand accumulation, which is in turn related to sand supply, transport capacity and sand availability, and ultimately climate change. Relatively short dune stabilization and turn-over time (10¹ to 10² yrs) indicate that dune geomorphic processes can quickly respond to short-term disturbance, but the chronology of that response must be interpreted in light of how those processes influence age distributions.     

等效沙厚度研究进展

风、沉积物和地表覆盖是控制沙丘地貌的三大要素.沉积物尤其是沙源供应对沙丘地貌的影响仍有待深入研究.沙丘体积的研究促使了等效沙厚度(equivalent sand thickness,EST)概念的提出.EST研究经历了多个沙丘和亚沙丘尺度2个研究阶段.多个沙丘EST研究发现,EST与沙丘高度之间具有较好的一致性,其与方...     

毛乌素沙地沙障环境下的沙丘迎风坡植被及土壤养分变化

沙障在固定流沙、促进植被恢复和改良土壤等生态建设方面起着重要作用。对毛乌素沙地设置沙柳（Salix psammophila）沙障6、8、10、11、12年的沙丘迎风坡（裸露沙丘地作为对照）开展了植被调查和土壤养分测试分析。结果显示：设障8年后的沙丘迎风坡0—30 cm深度内的土壤有机质、全氮含量显著（P<0.05）高于流动沙丘,且设障10—11年沙丘迎风坡植被盖度、0—80 cm深度内土壤有机质和全氮含量达到最大,但全磷和全钾含量无明显的变化,所有样地间和3个深度层间的全磷、全钾含量均无显著性差异;植被总盖度、0—80 cm深度内土壤有机质含量及全氮含量相互之间存在极显著线性正相关关系（P<0.01）,而且土壤pH值随有机质含量增加而线性降低。沙柳沙障固沙地的植被盖度、土壤有机质和全氮相互之间存在趋同性,且布设10年的沙障土壤改良和植被恢复成效达到最大,之后表现出下降趋势。据此建议活体沙柳沙障在维持其固沙功效的前提下以10年为限需进行平茬处理。     

科尔沁沙地植物功能性状的尺度变异及关联

调查了科尔沁沙地流动沙丘、半固定沙丘和固定沙丘18个样地的物种组成,测定了28种植物的叶面积(LA)、比叶面积(SLA)和叶干物质含量(LDMC)等3个植物功能性状,并用性状梯度分析法对3个功能性状在群落水平上的变化进行了分解,研究了沙丘固定过程中的植物功能性状的尺度变异及其与生境变化的关系。结果表明:(1)随着沙丘的固定,群落平均LA逐渐增大,群落平均SLA及LDMC在半固定沙丘上最小;(2)群落平均SLA的生态位宽度随着沙丘固定程度依次减小,流动、半固定沙丘植物群落的适应能力较固定沙丘更强;(3)沙丘固定过程中物种性状值的变化与群落内共生植物种性状间变异的关联相比于群落间性状的变异更密切。沙丘固定导致了物种LA与LDMC较强的正相关关系,两性状在群落间的依赖性比群落内的强。物种在群落内和群落间采取不同的策略来适应沙丘固定过程生境的变化。     

塔里木沙漠公路不同固沙体系的性能和成本比较

建立固沙体系是保障塔里木沙漠公路畅通的首要条件。通过比较塔里木沙漠公路不同沙体系的性能和成本后认为，尽管采用植物固沙的成本比采用机械固沙或化学固沙的成本高1－3倍，但植物固沙体系的固沙性能、防护年限要远优于机械固沙体系和化学固沙体系；在塔里木沙漠公路固沙工程中，机械固沙应作为一种临时性的、辅助性的固沙手段，植物固沙（栽植灌木固沙带）适于作为塔里木沙漠公路永久的固沙体系，化学固沙在塔里木沙漠公路的边坡固沙及零断面处固沙有较好的应用背景。     

巴丹吉林沙漠北部风沙地貌形态类型的分区研究

在研究区内选取具有典型形态类型沙丘的8个样区N₁~N₈,通过统计和研究样区内各种形态的沙丘可以看出,研究区内由西北向东南沙丘的排列顺序出现沙丘由简单形态的沙垄和新月形沙丘到复杂形态的复合型沙山最后达到成熟的星状沙丘。由此着重探讨了研究区内由西北-东南方向沙丘的形成演化特征,以沙丘的空间分布序列来反映沙丘形成的时间序列这样一种时空替代的序列,因而能直观地分析和研究沙丘形成发育的整个发展过程,表明西北部沙漠年轻,东南部沙漠较老。     

Variable vegetation cover and episodic sand movement on longitudinal desert sand dunes

Longitudinal (linear) sand dunes of the Simpson and Strzelecki dunefields in eastern central Australia present a paradox. Low levels of activity today stand in contrast to luminescence dating which has repeatedly shown deep deposits of sand on dune crests dating to within the late Holocene. In order to investigate the nature of dune activity in the Simpson–Strzelecki dunefield, vegetation and sand mobility were investigated by detailed vegetation survey and measurement of rippled area and loose sand depth of dunes at three sites along a climatic gradient. The response of both vegetation and sand movement to inter-annual climate variability was examined by repeat surveys of two sites in drought and non-drought conditions. Projected plant cover and plant + crust cover were found to have inverse linear relationships with rippled area and the area of deep loose sand. No relationship was found between these measures of sand movement and the plant frontal area index. A negative exponential relationship between equivalent mobile sand depth on dune surfaces and both vascular plant cover and vascular + crust cover was also found. There is no simple threshold of vegetation cover below which sand transport begins. Dunes with low perennial plant cover may form small dunes with slip faces leading to a positive feedback inhibiting ephemeral plant growth in wet years and accelerating sand transport rates. The linear dunefields are largely within the zone in which plant cover is sufficient to enforce low sand transport rates, and in which there is a strong response of vegetation and sand transport to inter-annual variation in rainfall. Both ephemeral plants (mostly forbs) and crust were found to respond rapidly to large (> 20 mm/month) rainfall events. On millennial time-scales, the level of dune activity is controlled by vegetation cover and probably not by fluctuations of wind strength. Land use or extreme, decadal time-scale, drought may destabilise dunes by removing perennial plant cover, accelerating wind erosion.     

Dynamics of nebkhas superimposed on a parabolic dune and their effect on the dune dynamics

We report here on a bare barchan dune in Israel that converted over the last 60 years to a shrub-covered parabolic dune due to changes in land use. Thirty nebkhas (sand mounds) that were formed by sand trapped around shrubs growing on the dune were monitored during winter of 2004–2005. The rates of erosion or deposition were measured at five points in the nebkhas by erosion pins. All nebkhas were shown to undergo erosion or deposition activity. Nebkhas on the windward slope of the dune experienced primarily erosion. Those on the lee slope grew slowly by the light accumulation of sand. The largest nebkhas were found on the dune crest; they built up through the accumulation of sand that was eroded from the windward slope. There were no significant differences between the rates of erosion/deposition of the five study points placed in each nebkha. However, there were significant differences between the rates of erosion/deposition of the nebkhas on the three dynamic segments of the dunes (windward, crest and lee). A change in dune dynamics was observed by the emergence of shrubs on the crest. These shrubs trapped sand and increased the crest height. The sand trapped on the crest was not deposited on the lee side. In that case, the dune becomes narrower, higher, with a concave shape (of the windward slope), during the transformation from a barchan to a parabolic dune.     

Estimating the Time Since Final Stabilization of a Perched Dune Field Along Lake Superior

The Nodaway dune field is perched along Lake Superior in Upper Michigan. This study uses absolute and relative‐age dating methods to test the hypothesis that the dune field finally stabilized after the Nipissing high stand, about 4,000 years ago. Surface soils on snouts of all dunes are moderately developed Spodosols, indicating that dunes stabilized within a few hundred years of each other. One thermoluminescence date provided an age of 8 ka from soil parent material, but is probably overestimated due to residual thermoluminescence. Subsequent optical stimulated luminescence and accelerator mass spectrometry age estimates indicate that the most recent accumulation of sand occurred between ?3.7 and 3.0 ka. This interval suggests one of three possibilities: 1) that the dune field was reactivated during the Algoma high stand and then stabilized; 2) that the dune field stabilized gradually, probably as sand supply diminished after the Nipissing high stand; and 3) that a combination of these two processes occurred.