青藏高原东北缘新近纪晚期构造挤出：来自西秦岭地区安化-成县盆地的证据

西秦岭位于青藏高原东北缘由挤压走滑向走滑伸展构造的转换地带,成为研究青藏高原晚新生代构造扩展过程的重要构造部位。在西秦岭地区发育的一系列新近纪盆地作为高原物质向外扩展的载体,记录了扩展过程中不同阶段的构造活动和演化信息。文中选择位于成县-太白山断裂内的安化-成县盆地,通过对该盆地沉积过程与构造变形方面的详细研究,确定了盆地在新近纪晚期的两阶段构造演化历史。早期受迭部-白龙江、成县-太白山弧形断裂左行走滑的影响,在弧顶及以东位置发生走滑伸展,形成长条形的地堑半地堑盆地。同期沿青川断裂、西秦岭北缘断裂、礼县-罗家堡断裂以及西和断裂分别形成了汉中盆地、武山盆地、天水盆地以及西和盆地。这些走滑断裂向东扩展可能控制了渭河地堑约9 Ma以来的NWSE向伸展,并伴随华山、太白山以及西秦岭东段10~4 Ma的快速隆升。在4.2~2.5 Ma期间,受断裂运动学调整的影响,西秦岭地区新近纪盆地遭受挤压而发生构造反转。新近纪盆地的形成与反转历史清楚地记录了青藏高原东北缘新近纪晚期向东构造挤出的过程。     

vp/vs Estimation in Tibetan Crust From Inversion of Surface Wave Dispersions

v_p/v_s ESTIMATION IN TIBETAN CRUST FROM INVERSION OF SURFACE WAVE DISPERSIONS     

The 1780 seismic sequence in NE Sicily (Italy): shifting an underestimated and mislocated earthquake to a seismically low rate zone

The southernmost sector of the Italian peninsula is crossed by an almost continuous seismogenic belt capable of producing M ∼ 7 earthquakes and extending from the Calabrian Arc, through the Messina Straits, as far as Southeastern Sicily. Though large earthquakes occurring in this region during the last millennium are fairly well known from the historical point of view and seismic catalogues may be considered complete for destructive and badly damaging events (IX ≤ I _o ≤ XI MCS), the knowledge and seismic completeness of moderate earthquakes can be improved by investigating other kinds of documentary sources not explored by the classical seismological tradition. In this paper, we present a case study explanatory of the problem, regarding the Ionian coast between the Messina Straits and Mount Etna volcano, an area of North-eastern Sicily lacking evidence of relevant seismic activity in historical times. Now, after a systematic analysis of the 18th century journalistic sources (gazettes), this gap can be partly filled by the rediscovery of a seismic sequence that took place in 1780. According to the available catalogues, the only event on record for this year is a minor shock (I _o = VI MCS, M _w = 4.8) recorded in Messina on March 28, 1780. The newly discovered data allow to reinstate it as the mainshock (I _o = VII–VIII MCS, M _w = 5.6) of a significant seismic period, which went on from March to June 1780, causing severe damage along the Ionian coast of North-eastern Sicily. The source responsible for this event appears located offshore, 40-km south of the previous determination, and is consistent with the Taormina Fault suggested by the geological literature, developing in the low seismic rate zone at the southernmost termination of the 1908 Messina earthquake fault.     

Explosion seismic P and S velocity and attenuation constraints on the lower crust of the North–Central Tibetan Plateau, and comparison with the Tethyan Himalayas: Implications on composition, mineralogy, temperature, and tectonic evolution

P and S velocity and attenuation estimates in the lower crust are obtained from a set of wide angle reflection–refraction profiles in the region of active tectonics at the NE edge of the Tibetan Plateau and discussed together with respect to similar data at its Himalaya–south Tibet edge.The quality factor is estimated in the lower half of the crust by accounting for the differential effect on amplitude–frequency observed between waves of different penetrations, and both in P and S modes. Attenuation values allow to exclude a significant proportion of partial melt and to estimate the homologous temperature, ratio of in situ to solidus absolute temperatures. The latter depend on the physical conditions being of dry, wet or dehydration melting, which are found different among the regions of the northern Bayan Har and northern Qang Tang boundaries between blocks, as well as the Tethyan–Himalayas, south of the Indus–Tsangpo suture. Their in situ temperatures differ also as estimated from their different V_p for a similar felsic composition.Joint measurement of several parameters, V_p, V_s, Q_p and Q_s reveals the composition, mineralogy, temperature and hydration conditions of the lower half of the thickened crust of Tibet that may be discussed in terms of evolution. The material presently in the thickened crust, even its lower part, has a felsic composition, upper to middle crustal lithology, and the temperature conditions estimated suggest that basic material that could have underlain it could be eclogitized and not appear anymore above the seismic Moho.Under northern Qang Tang, the felsic material in the lower half of the crust appears as hot and dry. Its burial may have occurred earlier or may have been moderate in the postcollisional phase. This is consistent with a model of indentation of the Qang Tang crust by an originally thinner Bayan Har crust to bring part of its crust to greater depth, suggested from imaging the crustal architecture. Under northern Bayan Har, the material in the lower half of the crust appears as felsic, at low temperature and not dry conditions. This is evidence that it has been transported from a shallower depth, and this recently enough not to be yet dehydrated and temperature equilibrated in a conductive geotherm. It supports a model of recent overriding of the middle crust of the north Kun Lun block to the north independently suggested from the image of crustal architecture. The Tethyan Himalayas case appears bracketed by these two cases in northern Tibet for V_p and temperature conditions, but shows highest attenuation in the lower crust that is colder but less dry than under northern Qang Tang.     

西藏那曲大地电磁数据反演与电性结构分析

西藏地处青藏高原,地质构造复杂,新构造活动强烈。西藏境内蕴藏丰富的地热资源,已发现的地热资源储量居全国之首。青藏高原受南北向强烈挤压,构造活动频繁,随着地质应力的变化,产生了一系列构造带,西藏那曲观测区处于西藏北部的班公错—怒江深大断裂的次级构造带上,主要受控于一组近东西向的断裂和南北向断裂所构成的断裂带,据资料显示,观测区内新构造运动极为活跃,主要表现为深大断裂至今仍有继承性活动,为研究观测区深部电性结构,分析地热在观测区的空间分布特征及形成机理,共部署了3条大地电磁剖面。通过数据维性分析,揭示了观测区浅部主要呈现1D/2D构造,深部2D/3D构造明显,因此进行大地电磁数据2D和3D反演,同时获得观测区3km以浅2D和3D电性模型,十分必要,本文采用连续介质反演方法进行大地电磁法2D反演,采用REBOCC 3D反演代码进行3D反演,综合观测区水文地质调查结果,分析观测区2D和3D电性结构特征。研究结果表明,观测区2D地电结构横向电性梯度带为断层反映,纵向分层明显,高阻层间存在低阻层表明观测区深部地层构造复杂,观测区3D地电结构局部高阻体代表侵入岩活动范围,低阻区域反映了观测区地热的空间分布特征,观测区地热形成于次一级断裂,地热活动受断裂构造控制,由地表河流下渗形成。     

气云区全波形反演约束Q场建模技术

复杂的浅层气云使地下波场严重扭曲,地震剖面呈现模糊带,影响工区的构造认识和储层描述。品质因子Q是地震波在地层中的衰减属性,Q深度偏移是考虑了地层吸收衰减的偏移成像技术,是提高气云区成像质量的有效方法;但是当浅层气云和深层底辟构造复杂发育时,常规Q场建模的精度往往不能满足Q偏移精细建模的需求。为解决以上难题,本文创新性地提出了全波形反演（full wave inversion, FWI）约束Q场建模技术思路：基于常规网格层析建立初始速度模型,利用FWI技术精细刻画速度异常进而约束Q模型的建立。这一“常规层析-FWI-Q反演”迭代的技术思路在白云凹陷Q深度偏移成像中得到成功应用,不仅提高了气云模糊区的成像质量,而且避免了油气勘探认识的多解性,证明了FWI约束Q场建模和Q深度偏移技术方法对改善复杂气云发育区的成像有效性。     

青藏高原东北缘海原-六盘山断裂带现今地壳应力环境的数值分析

海原-六盘山断裂是青藏高原东北缘的大型边界断裂带,是中国大陆典型的地震危险区。地壳构造加载特征的定量研究有助于分析区域孕震环境,参考青藏高原东北缘GPS形变和岩石圈精细结构等资料,本文建立海原-六盘山断裂带周缘的三维岩石圈分层模型,分析现今构造加载作用下区域地壳形变和应力演化特征。数值计算结果显示:青藏高原东北缘现今处于以北东-南西向的水平挤压为主导和北西-南东向的水平引张的变形特征。青藏高原东北缘中-下地壳流变性质影响上覆脆性地壳应力环境,中地壳较低粘滞系数对应的模型地壳应力计算值与研究区实际地壳应力场相近。海原断裂中-西段构造加载作用显著,具有相对较高的库仑应力积累和最大剪应力分布;而六盘山断裂周缘地壳应力和最大剪应力小于海原断裂带。构造应力积累的空间分布差异说明六盘山断裂具有较弱的构造孕震环境,而研究区走滑型断裂的孕震加载作用显著。尽管六盘山处于较低的应力状态,但仍不能轻易忽视其长期存在的强震空区所暗示的发震潜力。     

西藏甲玛矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床资源量估算

甲玛矿区位于西藏拉萨市区以东约61km处,属拉萨市墨竹工卡县甲玛乡和斯布乡（扎西岗乡）管辖。利用国产自主研发的Minexlporer软件,运用三维可视化和三维建模技术,对矿区深部及外围区域进行三维模型的建立。首先,通过搜集甲玛多源地质勘查资料进行数据库建设,利用3DEM矿体圈定原则——单工程矿体圈定、剖面矿体圈定、三维矿体圈定建立甲玛三维地质体模型。最后,利用地质统计学方法和传统储量计算法对甲玛矽卡岩型矿体进行储量计算。     

应用地理信息进行无资料地区流域水文模拟研究

无资料或资料缺乏地区的流域径流模拟是水文学研究中的一个重要的课题.提出了应用地理信息系统分析流域的地理信息参数,进行降雨径流模拟的水文模型.该模型中,产流计算采用美国水土保持局(SCS)的径流曲线数法,流域汇流则采用经本文作者改进的三角形单位线.着重阐述了利用地理信息系统,从流域的地理信息中分析和确定模型参数,还简要介绍了该模型在爱尔兰Dodder河上的应用情况.     

西藏冈底斯岩带中段南缘韧性剪切带特征

１∶２０万曲水幅区域地质调查中发现了一条东西向巨大韧性剪切带,据几何形态和显微组构特征,该剪切带属于正剪切带性质,是在始新世晚期（４０～４２Ｍａ）印度板块与欧亚大陆发生碰撞时的产物。区内在构造—岩浆作用下,造成地壳不同层次拆离滑脱及韧性剪切带的形成,解释了地壳增厚、构造变形弱及地球物理多层结构不明显的特征。     

Helium and carbon isotope variations in Liaodong Peninsula,NE China

Chemical and C–He isotopic compositions have been measured for N₂-rich hydrothermal gases from the Liaodong (abbreviation of East Liaoning Province) Peninsula from which the oldest crustal rocks in China with ⩾3.8 Ga outcrop. With the exception of one sample containing tritogenic ³He and atmospheric ⁴He in Liaoyang, the observed ³He/⁴He ratios from 0.1 Ra to 0.7 Ra indicate 1–8% helium from mantle, 92–98% from crust and 0.1–0.8% from atmosphere. Despite the lack of Quaternary volcanism, such ³He/⁴He ratios suggest, together with geophysical evidences, the existence of intrusive magmas that contain mantle helium and heat within the Liaodong middle-lower crust. The ³He/⁴He ratios are high along the NE-trending Jinzhou faults and gradually decrease with the increase of distance from the faults. Such a spatial distribution suggests that the mantle helium exsolves from magmatic reservoir in the middle-lower crust, becomes focused into the root zones of Jinzhou faults, and subsequently traverses the crust via permeable fault zones. When transversely migrated by groundwater circulation in near surface, mantle helium with high ³He/⁴He ratio may have been further diluted to the observed values by addition of radiogenic helium produced in the crust. This pattern shows strong evidence that the major faults played an important role on mantle-derived components transport from mantle upwards.     

中国东北及邻区若干地质构造问题的新认识

本文简要叙述了笔者对中国东北及邻区地质构造的新认识,首次提出了该区株罗纪晚期可能发育与现今青藏高原 类似的古高原的初步见解,对前人“古亚洲洋构造体制”和“演太平洋构造体制”等概念进行了讨论,对中朝地块与西伯利亚地台中元古代以来的构造活动性作了简要的比较。     

基于热红外遥感数据的西藏冈底斯东段岩性识别

ASTER数据包含有从太空测量来自地球表面的多光谱热红外辐射数据。通过对JHU光谱库中岩石矿物热红外光谱特征的分析,以及对ASTER影像TIR波段光谱特征进行分析,利用比值法和光谱角制图法SAM相结合进行石英、砂岩和硅酸盐岩类等造岩矿物识别并在西藏冈底斯东段泽当矿田应用,最后将遥感解译分析结果与该区已的地质资料进行比较。结果表明,ASTER影像TIR波段基本上能识别硅酸盐类造岩矿物,并且对于岩性识别具有很大的应用潜力。     

基于GF 1光谱数据的青藏地区冰川资源现状遥感调查

以2014—2015年的GF 1为主、少量OLI影像为基础,参考第二次中国冰川目录等文献资料,修编完成青海省和西藏自治区两省区的现代冰川编目,查明青藏两省区目前共有冰川24 796条,总面积约2624×104 km2,约占青藏两省区区域面积的137%,冰川储量为2027×103~2121×103 km3。调查区冰川数量以面积<10 km2、冰川面积介于10~100 km2之间的冰川为主,其中面积<10 km2的冰川有19 983条,占总数量的8059%,面积介于10~100 km2之间的冰川面积为11 96240 km2,占总面积的4559%;面积最大的中锋冰川的面积达23737 km2。调查区内的山系(高原)均有冰川分布,念青唐古拉山冰川数量最多,其次是喜马拉雅山和冈底斯山,这3座山系冰川数量占调查区内冰川总数量的6333%;念青唐古拉山、喜马拉雅山和昆仑山的冰川面积和冰储量位列前3位,其冰川面积和冰储量分别占总数的6809%和7344%;然而昆仑山和羌塘高原的单条冰川的平均面积大于念青唐古拉山和喜马拉雅山的平均面积。从冰川海拔分布来看,海拔5 000~6 500 m之间是冰川集中发育区域,约占调查区冰川数量和冰川总面积的85%以上。调查区的冰川在各流域的分布差异显著,恒河流域是冰川分布数量最多、面积最大的一级外流区,其数量占冰川总量的47%以上,面积占总面积的52%以上;青藏高原内陆流域的冰川数量、面积次之,其冰川数量占总数量的21%,面积占总面积的24%以上,并且内流区单条冰川的平均面积略大于外流区的平均面积。总体上,西藏的冰川数量、面积和冰储量分别占西藏和青海两省区的8492%、8492%、8668%,单条冰川的平均面积两省区相近。     

气温对西藏冰湖溃决事件的影响

西藏冰湖溃决是多因素引发的突发事件。由于溃决冰湖多位于高海拔、人烟稀少的地方,对于其独特的地貌因素、构造成分提取十分困难,所以作者仅研究气温这一易获取的重要因素对西藏冰湖溃决的影响。冰湖溃决与气候的波动变化有着密切联系,在全球平均地表温度持续上升的背景下,研究气温对于西藏冰湖溃决的影响,是十分重要的。考察了西藏的14次溃决事件,结合邻近12个溃决冰湖的9个气象站的年值气象资料和日值气象资料进行分析,发现冰湖溃决是年均温剧烈波动后区域响应的结果,波动越大,冰湖溃决发生的几率越大。还研究了溃决当年和溃决前一年的正积温值(T) 和积温增长速度（积温拟合曲线指数a),发现溃决事件发生当年的正积温值和积温增长速度普遍大于溃决的前一年。根据正积温值与积温拟合曲线指数,建立幂函数曲线公式来界定易溃决事件和不易溃决事件。根据上述分析,推荐选择长序列的正积温值与积温曲线指数,作为考量指标以研究西藏冰湖溃决事件。     

西藏南部郎杰学群碎屑物质来源的古水流证据

新近对西藏山南琼果和贡嘎地区(特提斯喜马拉雅北亚带)弱变质的上三叠统深海—半深海沉积地层——郎杰学群地质填图调查,在出露槽模沉积构造的37个古水流点获得了43组数据。赤平投影数据恢复后发现,这一地区主力古水流有南东140°～160°和南西190°～210°两个方向。这一分析结果为郎杰学群沉积物来自北边(未知块体)而非印度次大陆的观点提供了有力证据。     

序贯高斯模拟在西藏尼木岗讲矿区的应用研究

利用Sgems和Micromine软件,应用序贯高斯模拟方法对西藏尼木岗讲铜多金属矿北区铜矿体的变化性进行了研究。首先根据钻孔柱状图整理出了矿区的钻孔数据,建立了钻孔数据库和钻孔三维模型,然后对钻孔中的样品分析数据进行了正态性分析,分析得出数据基本服从对数正态分布。对数据进行了标准正态变换,计算了变差函数,利用序贯高斯模拟方法对品位数据进行了10次模拟。最后根据模拟结果分析了矿体的变化性。矿体整体为东西走向,向南缓倾,但钻孔间矿体形态不定,可以有多种连接方式,多次结果的平均值可指示矿体最可能的形态。     

浅议西藏区域地层区划及其含煤地层

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