筼筜湖绿潮期间颗粒有机物及沉积有机物的来源研究

以原子碳氮比C_at/N_at、TOC/Chl a、δ13C和δ15N等为指标,分析了筼筜湖绿潮爆发期间悬浮颗粒有机物(POM)和沉积有机物(SOM)的来源。结果显示,筼筜湖的POM主要以外源输入为主。在靠近海水入口的引水渠,POM主要来自厦门西海域的陆源有机碎屑;位于筼筜湖上游的干渠,生活污水及餐饮业废水的有机质是其POM的主要贡献者;内、外湖POM的C_at/N_at(6.94~7.08)与浮游植物接近,但它们并不以浮游植物为主,而主要来自引水渠和干渠有机质的输入。以内湖为例,它们对内湖POM的联合贡献高达54%~97%。筼筜湖SOM的潜在来源多样,但不同湖区差异显著:在大型海藻覆盖区,主要以大型海藻和POM为主,而在无海藻覆盖的区域,则主要来自POM的自然沉降或与底栖微藻的联合贡献。结果表明,在来源复杂的潟湖系统,有机物的化学组成并不能很好的指示有机物的来源和成因,它在有机质的示踪方面并不如稳定同位素来得有效可靠。不过,基于多种指标的分析结果可能更准确。     

δ13C analyses of oceanic particulate organic matter

Seventy-nine δ¹³C analyses of oceanic particulate matter (> 0·μ) from semi-tropical (Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and Atlantic) and polar (South Indian Ocean) waters showed that the carbon isotope composition of the particulate matter from the cold polar surface waters was lighter ($\text{?24·7}\text{to}\text{?26·0‰}$) than that from the surface in the semi-tropical regions ($\text{?19·8}\text{to}\text{?22·3 ‰}$), reflecting the temperature effect on the photosynthetic fixation of carbon. δ¹³C for deep samples (> 330 m) were generally more negative than the surface samples, except in some well-mixed polar areas.A difference both in organic carbon isotopic composition and percentage organic carbon in the POM and the tops of sediment cores was also apparent; a loss of approximately 95 % of incoming carbon and an increase in ¹³C of several per mille being observed during deposition of particulate matter. This indicates that after settling on the bottom there is extensive diagenesis of the POM by organisms, indicating the non-refractory nature of the organic matter.     

Alkaline phosphatase activity and phosphatase hydrolyzable phosphorus for phytoplankton in hiroshima bay, Japan

We investigated the seasonal variability of free alkaline phosphatase activity in seawater and alkaline phosphatase hydrolysable phosphorus (APHP) at 3 stations in Hiroshima Bay using alkaline phosphatase extracted from the dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense and Gymnodinium catenatum. The dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) was lower than 1 μM in all samples; the lowest values were in May. The amount of APHP was high at the surface and bottom waters of all stations in May, showing DIP-depleted conditions. In August and November, the amount of APHP was much less than the amount of APHP in May, indicating that the availability of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) for these species was low and/or uptake during the dinoflagellate blooming might have occurred in the area. The results obtained from short-term variations of AP activity might suggest that the growth of dinoflagellates in this season may be partly supported by the AP produced by other diatoms.     

Dynamics and sources of suspended particulate organic matter in the Marennes-Oléron oyster farming bay: Insights from stable isotopes and microalgae ecology

The aim of this study was to distinguish between sources of the complex variety of Marennes-Oléron Bay suspended particulate organic matter (SPOM) contributing to the tropho-dynamics of the Marennes-Oléron oyster farming bay. Basic biomarkers (Chl a, C/N and POC/Chl a ratios), carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes from SPOM were analyzed and the microalgae community was characterized. The sampling strategy was bimonthly from March 2002 to December 2003; samples were taken from an intertidal mudflat. Four main sources contributed to the SPOM pool: terrigenous input from rivers, neritic phytoplankton, resuspended microphytobenthos and periodic inputs from intertidal Zostera noltii meadows. Seasonal fluctuations were observed in both years of the study period: (1) SPOM collected in the spring of 2002 (δ¹³C = −25‰ to −23‰) was mainly composed of fresh estuarine inputs; (2) SPOM from the summer and fall of 2002 and 2003 was predominantly neritic phytoplankton (δ¹³C = − 22‰ to −19‰); (3) SPOM from the winter of 2002, spring of 2003 and winter of 2003 (δ¹³C = −21 to −23‰) was composed of a mixture of decayed terrigenous river inputs and pelagic phytoplankton, which was predominantly resuspended microphytobenthos. In the summer of 2003—the warmest summer on record in southern France and Europe—SPOM was particularly enriched for ¹³C, with δ¹³C values ranging from −14‰ to −12‰. Pulses in δ¹³C values, indicative of ¹³C-enriched decaying materials, extended into the fall. These were attributed to benthic intertidal inputs, including both resuspended microphytobenthos and Z. noltii detritus. Changes in SPOM sources in Marennes-Oléron Bay may lead to differences in the quality of the trophic environment available for reared oysters.     

Composition of the inorganic fraction of the particulate organic matter in seawater

Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Mn have been measured in both naturally occurring particulate matter and artificially created aggregates taken from water from the Nova Scotian coastal region and from the North Atlantic Ocean. The order of concentration of these elements is the same in both the aggregates and the natural particulate matter as it is in seawater. There is an inverse relationship between depth of the water and the amount of inorganic matter in artificially created aggregates, while a direct relationship is found with the naturally occurring particles. This direct relationship may reflect the utilization of organic material in the surface waters. Iron and manganese are enriched in both kinds of particles.     

Petroleum hydrocarbons and particulate organic matter in the Sea of Azov waters

The paper discusses the results of investigations on contamination of the Sea of Azov by petroleum hydrocarbons and particulate organic matter. After cessation of open sea observations in 1992, the contamination of the sea by petroleum hydrocarbons is predicted for the period from 1993 to 1997. Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

Variations in the composition of particulate organic matter in a time-series sediment trap

A time-series sediment trap was used to collect material for organic geochemical analyses as part of the Sediment Trap Intercomparison Experiment. The flux of particulate matter was more likely related to a change in current direction during the course of the experiment than to small-scale changes in surface productivity. Of the compounds measured, the n-alkanes reflected this change most dramatically, decreasing with the change in current direction.Amino acid and lipid components were measured in the samples. Amino acids made up 15–35% of the total organic carbon flux and 35–75% of the total organic nitrogen flux collected in the traps. Specific amino acids indicative of bacterial biomass or activity suggested that microbial growth occurred in the traps, probably as a result of incomplete poisoning by NaN₃. However, the effect of this growth on the bulk composition of particulate matter appeared to be minimal.The amino acid distribution of particulate organic material collected by large volume filtration (LVF) was not significantly different from the sediment trap material, except that the LVF material did not appear to be affected by bacterial growth.     

Practical wet oxidation experiment to determine concentrations of particulate organic matter in seawater

The report presents results of experiments testifying to the possibility of using wet oxidation to determine the concentrations of organic carbon in marine particulate matter. We describe a method for eliminating the measurement error caused by the influence of chlorides on the processes of dichromate oxidation of organic matter. We present an equation to calculate the concentration of organic carbon depending on that of sodium chloride.     

Phosphorus and nitrogen cyclings in the pelagic system of hiroshima bay: Results of numerical model simulation

A numerical ecosystem model expressing both phosphorus and nitrogen cyclings in the pelagic system of Hiroshima Bay, Japan, was developed in order to investigate the seasonal variations of these elements and their annual budgets. Based on the geophysical and chemical structures of the bay, Hiroshima Bay was divided into northern and southern boxes, themselves divided into two layers of an upper 5 m and a lower layer according to the stratification of the water column. The model consists of equations representing all relevant physical and biological processes. The results revealed that the internal regeneration of materials was an important source of bioavailable nutrients for phytoplankton growth in the water column. The incorporation of phytoplankton aggregation improved the accuracy of the outputs in comparison to the observed data, especially during the stratified summer season. The results also indicated that phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton growth occurs in the upper layer during summer while light limitation occurs in the lower layer. In addition, physical processes such as diffusion and advection were also important as they ensured that most of regenerated nutrients in the lower layer were transported to the upper layer. Thus, these processes might support the high primary production and the production of oysters that are extensively cultured in this bay. Considering the informative results obtained, the model used in this study provides a sound basis and tool to describe the dynamics of phosphorus and nitrogen cyclings in Hiroshima Bay.     

Investigating the effect of ballasting by CaCO3 in Emiliania huxleyi, II: Decomposition of particulate organic matter

The quantitative relationship between organic carbon and mineral contents of particles sinking below 1800 m in the ocean indicates that organisms with mineral shells such as coccolithophores are of special importance for transporting carbon into the deep sea. Several hypotheses about the mechanism behind this relationship between minerals and organic matter have been raised, such as mineral protection of organic matter or enhanced sinking rates through ballast addition. We examined organic matter decomposition of calcifying and non-calcifying Emiliania huxleyi cultures in an experiment that allowed aggregation and settling in rotating tanks. Biogenic components such as particulate carbon, particulate nitrogen, particulate volume, pigments, transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), and particulate amino acids in suspended particles and aggregates were followed over a period of 30 d. The overall pattern of decrease in organic matter, the amount of recalcitrant organic matter left after 30 d, and the compositional changes within particulate organic matter indicated that cells without a shell are more subject to loss than calcified cells. It is suggested that biogenic calcite helps in the preservation of particulate organic matter (POM) by offering structural support for organic molecules. Over the course of the experiment, half the particulate organic carbon in both calcifying and non-calcifying cultures was partitioned into aggregates and remained so until the end of the experiment. The partial protection of particulate organic matter from solubilization by biominerals and by aggregation that was observed in our experiment may help explain the robustness of the relationship between organic and mineral matter fluxes in the deep ocean.     

Chemical forms and dynamics of amino acid-containing particulate organic matter in Pacific surface waters

Particulate combined amino acids (PCAA) are the most abundant identified constituents of particulate organic matter (POM) in Pacific Ocean surface waters, but their chemical forms are unclear. In the present study, chemical characterization of amino acid-containing materials in surface POM from subarctic to subtropical waters along 165 °E in the Pacific was carried out by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. At least four chemical forms of amino acid-containing POM were distinguished: proteins, acidic materials containing peptides, protein/peptide-specific dye-stainable low-molecular-mass materials (stainable materials) and non-stainable materials, all of which were considered to be major components of detrital POM. Seventeen distinct protein containing components were distinguished in samples across the transect. A majority of stainable materials was estimated to comprise 6–8 amino acid residues, while less than six amino acid residues made up the non-stainable materials. Among the four chemical forms, acidic materials and non-stainable materials were major components, accounting for 31–42% and 49–63% of PCAA, respectively, along the transect. Proteins were common, but they were quantitatively less than 2% of PCAA. Stainable materials were regionally variable and more abundant in subarctic waters than in subtropical waters. The mechanistic processes by which such amino acid-containing POM occurs as detrital POM are discussed.     

Vertical transport of particulate organic matter in the deep Bering Sea and gulf of Alaska

Sediment trap arrays were deployed at two deep ocean stations, one in the Bering Sea and the other in the Gulf of Alaska, in the summer of 1975. The sediment trap was constructed of a pair of polyethylene cylinders (0.185 m² opening) with funnel-shaped bases. The trap is equipped with a lid which is closed before recovery by a tripping messenger system triggered by an electric time release. 37–68% of the total organic carbon fluxes (37–38% in the Bering Sea; 48–68% in the Gulf of Alaska) were represented by large particles (67µm<) such as fecal matter and fecal pellets which contributed minor fractions to the total particulate organic matter concentration in sea water. The total fluxes were 11.1 and 14.2 mg C m^–2d^–1 at 1,510 and 2,610 m respectively at the station (3,800 m) in the Bering Sea, and were 7.60, 4.66 and 3.27 mg C m^–2d^–1 at 900, 1,500 and 1,875 m respectively at the station (4,150 m) in the Gulf of Alaska. The former values are several times greater than the latter, suggesting that there is a regional variation in the vertical carbon flux in deep layers. The fluxes were approximately equivalent to 1 to 3% of primary productivity in the overlying surface layers. These observations suggest that deep-water ecosystems may be influenced by relatively rapid sinking of large particles such as fecal matter and fecal pellets from near surface production.     

Seasonal variations in dissolved organic carbon concentrations and characteristics in a shallow coastal bay

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition and dynamics in temperate shallow coastal bays are not well described although these bays may be important as local sources of organic carbon to ocean waters and are often sites of economically-important fisheries and aquaculture. In this study surface water samples were collected on a monthly to bi-monthly basis over two years from a mid-Atlantic coastal bay (Chincoteague Bay, Virginia and Maryland, USA). Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and light absorbance characteristics were measured on sterile-filtered water, and high-molecular weight (> 1 kDa) dissolved OM (DOM) was isolated to determine stable isotope composition and molecular-level characteristics. Our time series encompassed both a drought year (2002) and a year of above-average rainfall (2003). During the dry year, one of our sites developed a very intense bloom of the brown tide organism Aureococcus anophagefferens while during the wet year there were brown tide bloom events at both of our sampling sites. During early spring of the wet year, there were higher concentrations of > 1 kDa DOC; this fraction represented a larger proportion of overall DOC and appeared considerably more allochthonous. Based upon colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and high-molecular weight DOM analyses, the development of extensive phytoplankton blooms during our sampling period significantly altered the quality of the DOM. Throughout both years Chincoteague Bay had high DOC concentrations relative to values reported for the coastal ocean. This observation, in conjunction with the observed effects of phytoplankton blooms on DOM composition, indicates that Chincoteague Bay may be a significant local source of “recently-fixed” organic carbon to shelf waters. Estimating inputs of DOC from Chincoteague Bay to the Mid-Atlantic Bight suggests that shallow productive bays should be considered in studies of organic carbon on continental shelves.     

广东省典型海湾表层沉积有机质的来源和分布

于2009年对广东省3个典型海湾湛江港、深圳湾和流沙湾表层沉积物的稳定碳同位素进行了分析。结果显示,湛江港表层沉积物δ13C值的范围为25.9‰—23.9‰,平均值为25.2‰;深圳湾表层沉积物的δ13C值的范围为25.9‰—23.2‰,平均值为25.1‰;流沙湾表层沉积物的δ13C值的范围为23.2‰—20.0‰,平均值为20.9‰。根据经典二元模式计算,湛江港陆源有机质的贡献比例范围为0.57—0.90,平均为0.78;深圳湾陆源有机质的贡献比例范围为0.45—0.90,平均为0.76;而流沙湾表层沉积有机质中海洋有机质的贡献比例较大,陆源有机质的贡献比例很小。湛江港和深圳湾表层沉积有机质主要来源于陆架,可能是C3(光合作用最初产物为三碳化合物)植物和海洋浮游微藻的混合有机质,但起主导作用的是陆架C3植物;而流沙湾表层沉积有机质主要来源于大型海藻和贝类的排泄物。各海湾沉积有机质的分布没有明显的规律性,主要受大陆径流、航运和潮汐的影响,同时也受海域初级生产力和水产养殖业的影响。     

普里兹湾水体悬浮颗粒物天然15N

本文研究了南极普里兹湾海域悬浮颗粒物中的天然15N丰度,并就δ15N与POC、PON等生化要素之间的相关性进行了讨论,对δ15N含量分布特征的形成机制及其与物理、生物学过程的耦合进行了探讨,给出了南极普里兹湾悬浮颗粒物中的δ15N与POC、PON含量呈负相关关系;表层水中δ15N、POC和PON的分布和δ15N的垂直分布可能与涡流有关.     

Temporal changes in the biochemical composition of particulate organic matter sedimentation in the Bay of Banyuls-sur-Mer

Gross sedimentation rates (GSRs) were monitored together with meteorological data and the main biochemical characteristics of the collected material (i.e. organic content, C, N, total proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and available proteins) over a three year cycle at a shallow station (18 m) of the Bay of Banyuls, France. GSRs were between 0.26 (l 1/04/ 92) and 317.75 gDW m⁻² d⁻¹ (18/02/94). They followed an annual cycle with low and relatively constant values during spring and summer and high, variable values during fall and winter. During the study GSRs correlated poorly (state of the sea, precipitation) or even non-significantly (wind speed) with the main meteorological parameters. GSRs correlated negatively with the organic content of the material collected within the sediment traps suggesting the importance of resuspension in controlling GSRs. This hypothesis is consistent with the fact that, among all the measured biochemical parameters, available proteins (i.e. enzymatically hydrolizable proteins) are the most negatively correlated with GSRs. Available proteins showed important temporal changes that are only partly described by changes in carbon and nitrogen contents. These results are discussed in relation to the conceptualisation and the modelling of benthic trophic networks. The major objectives of our research group within the framework of the second phase of the French “Programme National d'Océanographie Côtière” are briefly discussed.     

Stable carbon isotope distribution of particulate organic matter in the ocean: a model study

The stable carbon isotopic composition of particulate organic matter in the ocean, δ¹³C_POC, shows characteristic spatial variations with high values in low latitudes and low values in high latitudes. The lowest δ¹³C_POC values (−32‰ to −35‰) have been reported in the Southern Ocean, whereas in arctic and subarctic regions δ¹³C_POC values do not drop below −27‰. This interhemispheric asymmetry is still unexplained. Global gradients in δ¹³C_POC are much greater than in δ¹³C_DIC, suggesting that variations in isotopic fractionation during organic matter production are primarily responsible for the observed range in δ¹³C_POC. Understanding the factors that control isotope variability is a prerequisite when applying δ¹³C_POC to the study of marine carbon biogeochemistry. The present model study attempts to reproduce the δ¹³C_POC distribution pattern in the ocean. The three-dimensional (3D) Hamburg Model of the Oceanic Carbon Cycle version 3.1 (HAMOCC3.1) was combined with two different parametrizations of the biological fractionation of stable carbon isotopes. In the first parametrization, it is assumed that the isotopic fractionation between CO₂ in seawater and the organic material produced by algae, _P, is a function of the ambient CO₂ concentration. The two parameters of this function are derived from observations and are not based on an assumption of any specific mechanism. Thus, this parametrization is purely empirical. The second parametrization is based on fractionation models for microalgae. It is supported by several laboratory experiments. Here the fractionation, _P, depends on the CO₂ concentration in seawater and on the (instantaneous) growth rates, μ_i, of the phytoplankton. In the Atlantic Ocean, where most field data are available, both parametrizations reproduce the latitudinal variability of the mean δ¹³C_POC distribution. The interhemispheric asymmetry of δ¹³C_POC can mostly be attributed to the interhemispheric asymmetry of CO₂ concentration in the water. However, the strong seasonal variations of δ¹³C_POC as reported by several authors, can only be explained by a growth rate-dependent fractionation, which reflects variations in the cellular carbon demand.     

A new method of evaluating the mineralization of particulate and dissolved photoassimilated organic matter

A new method of evaluating the rate of mineralization of photoassimilated organic matter is described. This method enables us to compare the rate of direct mineralization of particulate organic carbon (POC) to CO₂ with the rate of solubilization of photoassimilated organic carbon followed by the mineralization of the resultant dissolved organic carbon (DOC) under the same conditions. The direct mineralization of photoassimilated carbon from POC to CO₂ is a more significant process compared with the mineralization of extracellular released organic carbon. The first-order rate coefficients range from 0.132 to 0.434 day^–1 for direct mineralization and 0.034 to 0.189 day^–1 for solubilization.     

Significance of oxides and particulate organic matter in controlling trace metal partitioning in a contaminated estuary

The sediment–water partitioning of radiolabelled Cd, Hg and Zn has been investigated along an estuarine salinity gradient using samples from the Mersey Estuary, UK. Partitioning was studied using untreated particles, and particles that had been extracted using either a reducing agent (NH₂OH.HCl–HOAc) or an oxidising agent (H₂O₂) in order to qualitatively evaluate the relative roles of Fe–Mn oxides and particulate organic matter (POM), respectively, on metal uptake. The extent of Cd partitioning between sediment and water, parameterised in terms of the distribution coefficient, K_D, exhibited a reduction with increasing salinity, regardless of whether or not particles had been digested. However, the magnitude of K_D decreased significantly following either chemical treatment, suggesting that both oxides and organic matter are important sorbents for Cd. The K_D for Hg in the presence of untreated particles increased with increasing salinity, and chemical reduction of the particles enhanced the uptake of Hg and reinforced this trend. Particle oxidation led to a significant reduction in the K_D for Hg, and uptake by the particles decreased with increasing salinity. These observations suggest that POM is considerably more important than Fe–Mn oxides in the removal of aqueous Hg, and that its presence is a prerequisite for enhanced sorption (or salting out) at elevated salinities. The salinity dependence of K_D for Zn displayed characteristics of both Cd (below salinities of about 5) and Hg (at greater salinities). However, the magnitude of K_D for Zn uptake was relatively insensitive to either chemical treatment, suggesting that oxides, POM, and residual phases contribute to the overall sorption of Zn by estuarine particles. Regression analyses of the metal partition data suggest that sorption to oxides and POM is nonadditive, and that the salinity dependence of metal partitioning results mainly from salinity-controlled interactions between metal and organic matter. Sequential extraction of metals bound to untreated and chemically treated particles in the partitioning experiments indicated that the exchangeability or lability of all metals increased on removal of either oxides or POM. This implies that sorption sites of relatively high energy are destroyed (or become less accessible), or sorption sites of relatively low energy are created (or become more accessible) on chemical treatment. These observations support a conceptual model for the particle surface whose integrity and binding properties are only maintained by the coexistence of and interaction between oxides and organic matter.