Further Occurrence of Brown Ores in Kuroko-type Deposits in Japan

Abstract: The occurrence of so-called brown ore from the Kuroko-type deposits in Japan was examined. Brown ore specimens from the Kannondo, Inarizawa, Matsumine, Fukazawa, Uchinotai, Kosaka (orebody unknown) and Nurukawa deposits have been found in the ore collection stored by Dowa Mining Co. Ltd. and the subsidiary companies. In addition, occurrences from the Fukazawa, Matsumine, Ezuri, Shakanai, and Ginzan deposits were previously reported. The brown ore is characterized by its color and by its higher Ag concentration (up to around 2,400 g/t) than ordinary black ores. This type of ore occurs commonly in the Kuroko-type deposits in Japan, whereas its extent is limited. The brown ore is a type of Au-rich massive sulfide ore formed in submarine hydrothermal system.     

湘黔地区“卡林型”金矿中金的赋存形式

对矿石的化学物相分析结果表明，湖南─贵州─带“卡林型”金矿原生矿石中的金主要呈微粒状单质金被包裹于硫化物及以绢云母为主的粘土矿物中，反映了金的矿化作用与黄铁矿化和绢云母化等是同时发生的。不同的“卡林型”金矿床之间，由于形成的物理化学条件的差异，其主要载金矿物的种类也不相同。表生氧化带中，载金矿物硫化物和绢云母发生了氧化和分解作用，使矿石中的大部分金转化为游离态形式存在，提高了矿石的可选性。     

安徽当涂杨庄铁矿床地质地球化学特征与成因研究

杨庄铁矿床位于宁芜中生代火山岩盆地西南段的钟姑山矿田内,属于宁芜地区玢岩型铁矿中次火山岩体与前火山岩系沉积岩接触带中的铁矿床。该矿床的主矿体呈层状、似层状、透镜状,产于闪长玢岩岩体与徐家山组接触带部位以及闪长（玢）岩岩体内部。矿石矿物主要为磁铁矿、假象赤铁矿,脉石矿物主要为辉石、角闪石、长石、绿泥石、石膏、绢云母等。通过对该矿床地质地球化学特征和控矿因素的研究,认为杨庄铁矿床成矿物质主要来源于岩浆,属于玢岩型热液充填-交代型铁矿床。     

新疆阿舍勒铜矿容矿围岩蚀变的低钠晕及其意义

新疆阿舍勒铜矿的容矿围岩是一个套双峰式海相火山岩组合，围岩蚀变由多期次叠加和变质作用的影响而变得极为复杂，以细碧质碉石的青盘岩化、石英角斑质火山碎屑岩的黄铁绢英财化为主要特点，更有意义的是：原岩属钠质火山岩系，但容矿围岩无论是酸性次火山岩还是基性火山岩，蚀后都具有低钠的共同特点，这对于同类矿床具有找矿意义，低钠晕是海底火山喷气过程中高温气液交代而成，可作为海底火山喷发矿床的一个成因和找矿标志。     

广西鹰扬关-张公岭地区银金矿成矿地球化学特征及找矿标志

广西鹰扬关—张公岭位于博白—岑溪—鹰扬关深断裂带的北东端。区内银、金矿的成矿受地层、构造、岩浆热液 (或变质热液 )活动控制。主要矿床类型有破碎带硫化物型、破碎带黄铁绢英岩型、石英脉型。地球化学异常反映了该区的成矿特点。通过对银、金矿床地质背景、矿床分布规律及银、金矿床地球化学特征的研究 ,提出了区内的找矿标志     

山东莱州新城金矿床流体包裹体

山东新城金矿是胶东焦家-新城成矿带上重要的蚀变岩型金矿床。矿体主要赋存在焦家断裂带下盘靠近主裂面的黄铁绢英岩和黄铁绢英岩化碎裂岩内,严格受焦家断裂构造控制。矿石矿物主要有黄铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、自然金、银金矿和辉银矿等。区内围岩蚀变类型主要有黄铁绢英岩化、绢英岩化、绢云母化、硅化、钾化和碳酸盐化等,且矿化主要与黄铁绢英岩化和硅化关系密切。本次研究主要针对新城金矿床深部矿石中的流体包裹体进行了岩相学、显微测温、单个包裹体成分激光拉曼光谱及氢、氧同位素分析研究。研究表明：该矿床深部矿石中纯CO₂包裹体数量有明显增加现象,同时发育含CO₂包裹体和气液两相包裹体;成矿流体具有低盐度(w(NaCl))（2.06%~10.24%）、低密度（0.54~0.97 g/cm³）的特点;主成矿温度为260~300 ℃,成矿压力为65~113 MPa,成矿深度为6.51~8.82 km。成矿过程中流体经历了CO₂-NaCl-H₂O体系的不混溶作用。氢、氧同位素分析认为,成矿流体δD_SMOW为－75.1‰～－61.4‰,δ¹⁸O_水为4.80‰～6.40‰,并将新城金矿床与典型“焦家式”金矿床成矿流体特征及来源进行对比,认为新城金矿成矿流体主要以幔源流体为主。综合研究表明,新城金矿床成因类型为幔源流体参与成矿的中温热液脉型金矿床。     

Metallogenic mechanism of cobalt in the Zhuchong cobalt -rich skarn iron deposit in the Middle -Lower Yangtze River Valley Metallogenic Belt: Constrained by in -situ sulfur isotopes and zircon U-Pb datingSCIEI北大核心CSCD

Cobalt, being a vital strategic rare and precious metal, is primarily produced within diverse deposit types through co association. The cobalt -rich skarn iron deposit is a key deposit type with considerable development potential. However, the source and enrichment mechanism of cobalt in skarn iron deposit remain unclear. The Zhuchong cobalt -rich skarn iron deposit is located in the Anqing-Guichi district of the Middle -Lower Yangtze River Valley Metallogenic Belt ( MLYB). It is the first large-scale skarn iron -rich deposit discovered in the metallogenic belt in recent years. Its associated cobalt resources have reached a medium scale. Meanwhile, the cobalt grade in the Zhuchong cobalt -rich skarn iron deposit is the highest among similar deposits in the MLYB, reaching 190g/t. In this study, the zircon U-Pb dating of the ore -forming intrusions and the spatial variation of pyrite in -situ sulfur isotopes in the vertical direction ( drilling section) of the Zhuchong cobalt -rich skarn iron deposit were carried out. The results indicate that the U-Pb ages of the two deep concealed magmatic rock samples are 139. 6 +/- 1. 0Ma and 138. 9 +/- 0. 6Ma, respectively, which occurred during the Early Cretaceous. Vertically, the overall range of pyrite sulfur isotope is +5. 3%similar to + 13. 9%o, and delta S-34 varies greatly from top to bottom, and shows strong heterogeneity, which is obviously different from the sulfur isotope compositions of Anqing skarn Cu -Fe deposit. The pyrite delta S-34 in the cobalt -rich magnetite ore body in the bottom -up mineralization -alteration zone of the Zhuchong deposit ranges from 5. 3%o to 10. 0%o. In the diopside skarn belt near the ore, the delta S-34 range of the vein pyrite spans from 12. 1%o to 13. 9%o. Within the altered diorite, the delta S-34 values of vein pyrite vary from 7. 1%o to 10. 8%o. In the outer skarn, the delta S-34 range of vein pyrite ranges fall between 6. 8%o and 7. 6%o. Within the siltstone of the Yueshan Formation, located in the gypsum -bearing salt layer, the delta S-34 values of pyrite range from 12. 0%o to 12. 7%o. Similarly, the uppermost siltstone vein pyrite of the Tongtoujian Formation exhibits a delta S-34 range of 6. 1%o to 7. 8%o. The sulfur isotope composition of pyrite within the Zhuchong cobalt -rich magnetite ore exhibits an intermediate range between that of the Yueshan pluton and the gypsum -salt layer of the Yueshan Formation. This suggests that the sulfur isotope signature within the ore reflects a mixture of two distinct end members. Statistical analysis of scale and grade within the MLYB cobalt -rich skarn deposits ( Fe -Cu -Co) indicates no apparent correlation between cobalt mineralization and the type of Fe -Cu skarn deposits. Furthermore, the involvement of sulfur through the gypsum -salt layer in the ore -forming hydrothermal fluid does not exhibit a discernible     

西藏冈底斯成矿带浅成低温热液型金锑矿床的发现及其意义--以西藏弄如日金锑矿床为例

通过化探、槽探和平硐等手段,对位于冈底斯成矿带东段的弄如日金矿床进行了评价和研究,在矿区发现金矿化带4条,圈出金矿体5个,控制2．3g／t品位以上的金资源量（333＋3341）为2．97t,确定该矿床属典型的浅成中低温热液型金矿床。矿区的金矿体赋存于破碎蚀变角岩和蚀变二长花岗斑岩中,受南北向正断裂系统的控制,矿化以金为主,伴有辉锑矿、雄黄、黄铁矿等矿物,可分为浅成低温热液和表生氧化2个成矿期,金可能以独立的自然金状态存在于脉石矿物的粒问或裂隙中。弄如日金矿床形成于伸展构造背景,在空间上居斑岩铜矿床外围,成矿时代为中新世一上新世,与冈底斯斑岩型铜钼矿床及其外围的矽卡岩型铅锌矿床的成矿时代基本一致,说明三者受统一的成矿作用制约,属斑岩岩浆一热液成矿系统中的浅成低温热液型金锑矿床。     

南秦岭震旦系中发现微细浸染型金矿

南秦岭震旦系中发现微细浸染型金矿隗合明（西安地质学院，西安７１００５４）关键词震旦系，微细浸染型金矿，矿源层，韧－脆性剪切带，南秦岭８０年代以来，黔东南、桂西北、川西北、南秦岭等地区相继发现了微细浸染型金矿带和一批较大规模的金矿床，由此我国的金矿地质...     

绢云母短波红外光谱特征及其在矿产勘查中的应用

蚀变矿物短波红外(SWIR)光谱特征日趋广泛地应用于矿产勘查研究中。绢云母作为热液矿床中最为发育的蚀变矿物之一,通过SWIR光谱技术提取其谱学特征,进而建立与矿床基础地质信息之间的相关性具有重要意义。然而,前人对于绢云母短波红外光谱特征的研究主要集中于单个矿床,缺少不同矿床间的对比。基于此,文章梳理了混合矿物光谱曲线中对单一矿物相对含量的提取方式,系统总结了温度、流体化学成分、流体pH值、寄主岩石、矿物结构、矿物粒度及共(伴)生矿物等因素对绢云母谱学特征空间变化规律的影响,最后,从契尔马克替换效应角度出发,分析对比了5种不同成因类型矿床中近矿端绢云母波长变化。虽然将绢云母短波红外光谱特征有效地应用于矿产勘查仍存在诸多问题,但作者相信,应用绢云母短波红外光谱特征进行矿产勘查依然具有良好的前景。     

中国新疆矿床成矿系列类型

研究认为在不同时代、不同地质构造单元中重复出现的矿床成矿系列，可称为矿床成矿系列类型。新疆主要矿床成矿系列类型带有鲜明的古生代造山带成矿作用特点，它们联系于新疆各造山带古生代地壳发展的拉张型过渡壳－洋壳－汇聚型过渡壳－古生代新陆壳的各特定阶段，与各阶段地质构造作用密不可分。矿床成矿系列类型本身也随着地壳发展、地壳成熟度的提高而有规律地演化     

甘肃李坝金矿围岩蚀变与金成矿关系

西秦岭地区是目前国内造山型和卡林型金矿找矿的热点地区之一,已发现的甘肃李坝造山型金矿为超大型规模。以李坝金矿6号矿带为例,系统地研究了其蚀变矿物组合、近矿围岩蚀变分带及相应的金矿化特征,总结了矿床(带)的蚀变分带模式。该模式具典型的中心式环带结构,可分为3个蚀变带,由中心向外依次为黄铁绢英岩化带、绢云母化带和绿泥石化带。蚀变矿物组合分别为黄铁矿+绢云母+石英±毒砂±白云母±电气石±方解石、绢云母+绿泥石+石英+黄铁矿±黑云母及绿泥石+黑云母±绢云母±黄铁矿;与这3个蚀变带相对应的是金的富集带、矿化带和无矿带。蚀变岩石物质组分迁移分析表明,围岩蚀变及其分带是热水流体/岩石反应时岩石化学组分发生迁移的结果,矿化伴随着蚀变发生,且金矿化与黄铁矿化和浸染状硅化关系最为密切。     

The Idaho cobalt belt,northwestern United States — A metamorphosed Proterozoic exhalative ore district

In the Idaho cobalt belt, originally exhalative, stratiform mineralization within the Proterozoic Yellow-jacket Formation has become increasingly coarse-grained and remobilized toward the northwest in the direction of increasing regional metamorphic grade. The Idaho cobalt belt is located about 40 km west of Salmon, Idaho in the northwestern United States. The most important deposit in the district is the Blackbird mine which produced copper-cobalt ore sporadically from the early 1900's until about 1960. The Iron Creek deposit at the southeast end of the belt has undergone greenschist fades, biotite zone metamorphism; zones of disseminated, veinlet and massive sulfides lie more or less parallel to bedding of quartzites and phyllites. The main ore minerals are chalcopyrite and cobaltiferous pyrite. Toward the northwest at the Blackpine mine, remobilization has concentrated most of the mineralization into relatively thin concordant and discordant veins containing chalcopyrite, pyrite and arsenopyrite. The cobalt is reported to occur within arsenopyrite. Further northwest at the Blackbird mine where the Yellowjacket formation has been metamorphosed to the lower amphibolite facies, zones of disseminated and coarse-grained vein ores lie approximately along the same stratigraphic zone. Chalcopyrite, cobaltite, arsenopyrite, pyrite and pyrrhotite are the dominant ore minerals. Up to 0.22 oz. Au/ton was present in some of the ore. In addition, tourmaline-bearing sedimentary rocks (tourmalinites) are associated with some of the Blackbird ores. The Salmon Canyon deposit at the northwest end of the belt has undergone upper amphibolite facies, sillimanite zone metamorphism. In these garnet-sillimanite gneisses, chalcopyrite is found as coarse blebs and cobaltite as large porphyroblastic crystals. Gold occurs in amounts up to 0.02 oz. Au/ton.Elsewhere in the world the two most similar districts are the cobalt-bearing portion of the Zambian-Zairian Copperbelt of central Africa where Proterozoic Roan sedimentary rocks contain stratiform copper-cobalt ore-bodies over a distance of more than 500 kilometers, and the Sheep Creek district of Meagher County, Montana, which contains strata-bound copper-cobalt mineralization.The Idaho cobalt belt is a strata-bound copper-cobalt district hosted by the Proterozoic Yellowjacket Formation and located in east-central Idaho within Lemhi County, approximately 40 kilometers west of Salmon, Idaho, northwestern United States (Fig. 1). Of the four main deposits described here (from southeast to northwest, the Iron Creek, Blackpine, Blackbird, and the Salmon Canyon deposits), the Blackbird mine is the most important in the district. It was discovered in 1893 and sporadically produced copper and cobalt until about 1960.The Yellowjacket Formation has undergone an increasing degree of metamorphism toward the northwest. The deposits are largely strata-bound in a belt over 50 km in length, strongly suggesting a syngenetic mode of origin. However, the proximity of the district to satellitic granitic plutons of the Idaho batholith has prompted many investigators to suggest an epigenetic hydrothermal origin (Anderson 1947 and Purdue 1975). Remobilization of some of the mineralization into veins at the Blackbird mine, where most of the previous work has been concentrated, has also suggested an epigenetic origin. A more district-wide view of the mineralization points to a strong degree of stratigraphic control.     

吉林老岭大横路式热水沉积叠加改造型钴矿床

大横路式钴矿床位于辽吉元古宙裂谷带中部的老岭金、多金属成矿带中 ,是国内近年来发现和查明的新类型钴矿床。该类矿床产于古元古代老岭群富硼、碳千枚岩夹石英岩 (硅质岩 )建造之中 ;矿体由含碳绢云千枚岩、含电气石绢云千枚岩、石英岩、电英岩组成 ,呈层状、鞍状产出 ,产状与围岩一致 ;矿石中钴呈独立矿物硫钴镍矿、辉钴矿、方钴矿和含钴黄铁矿等产出。通过对矿床层控特征、矿体产状与矿石组合、矿石沉积组构、容矿岩石地球化学、热水沉积岩、稀土元素及同位素组成等几方面的研究 ,证明该矿床具有明显的海底热水沉积成因特征 ,矿床受后期热液改造叠加强烈。从而提出大横路式钴矿床为海底热水沉积 -热液叠加改造型矿床     

中国新疆及周边国家和地区典型矿床特征对比研究

中国新疆及周边国家和地区是全球性中亚巨型成矿域的重要组成部分。黑色岩系矿床、斑岩矿床、块状硫化物矿床、陆相火山岩金矿床、与富碱性侵入岩有关矿床和砂岩铜矿等几种重要的典型矿床类型在该成矿域均已有不同程度的发现,特别是近几年来在该成矿域相继发现多个大型和超大型矿床的事实,说明中亚成矿域具有独特的成矿特点和巨大的找矿潜力。笔者通过分析研究中国新疆及周边国家和地区大型或超大型矿床的成矿规律和典型矿床特征,对新疆及相邻地区的大型或超大型矿床的找矿方向提出了见解。     

西藏改则县波龙斑岩型铜金矿床地球化学特征及成因浅析

波龙铜金矿床是喜马拉雅特提斯成矿域班-怒成矿带西段产出的大型铜金矿床,是多龙铜金矿集区的重要组成部分,找矿潜力巨大。波龙矿区内的含矿斑岩体基本上全岩矿化,矿体呈不规则筒柱状产于早白垩世花岗闪长斑岩体中及其与下侏罗统曲色组砂岩的接触带内。目前控制矿体长度1200m,向深部延伸大于1000m(倾向200o),最大连续厚度为473.47m,未穿透矿体。矿体平面投影呈似椭圆状,面积约1.2km2。本文通过对波龙铜金矿床地质、矿床地球化学特征的研究,认为该矿床的形成与斑岩体侵位、岩浆期后成矿流体的演化有关,矿床类型属于斑岩型铜金矿。矿石构造为斑岩铜矿典型的细脉-浸染状构造。金属矿物以黄铜矿为主,次为黄铁矿、斑铜矿、辉钼矿、磁铁矿、镜铁矿等,非金属矿物有石英、长石、绢云母、黑云母、硬石膏等。通过硅酸盐分析,里特曼组合指数—戈蒂里图解表明波龙斑岩型铜金矿的花岗闪长斑岩属钙碱性系列,形成于岛弧环境;稀土元素地球化学特征反映以岩浆热液成矿作用为主。     

猫场式黄铁矿矿床地质特征及成因探讨

在川滇黔交界地区二叠系峨眉山玄武岩被边缘地带,广泛分布着猫场式黄铁矿矿床(图1)。这一类型矿床具有典型特征,其成矿与峨眉山期火山岩密切相关,展布稳定,厚度大,品位较高,为我国西南硫矿带中佼佼者,颇具经济意义和地质找矿意义。     

Alteration and mineralization styles of the orogenic disseminated Zhenyuan gold deposit,southeastern Tibet: Contrast with carlin gold deposit

Orogenic disseminated and Carlin gold deposits share much similarity in alteration and mineralization.The disseminated orogenic Zhenyuan Au deposit along the Ailaoshan shear zone,southeastern Tibet,was selected to clarify their difference.The alteration and mineralization from the different lithologies,including meta-quartz sandstone,carbonaceous slate,meta-(ultra)mafic rock,quartz porphyry and lamprophyre were researched.According to the mineral assemblage and replacement relationship in all types of host rocks,two reactions show general control on gold deposition:(1)replacement of earlier magnetite by pyrite and carbonaceous material;(2)alteration of biotite and phlogopite phenocrysts in quartz porphyry and lamprophyre into dolomite/ankerite and sericite.Despite the lamprophyre is volumetrically minor and much less fractured than other host rocks,it contains a large portion of Au reserve,indicating that the chemically active lithology has played a more important role in gold precipitation compared to structure.LA-ICP-MS analysis shows that Au mainly occurs as invisible gold in fine-grained pyrite disseminated in the host rocks,with Au content reaching to 258.95 ppm.The diagenetic core of pyrite in meta-quartz sandstone enriched in Co,Ni,Mo,Ag and Hg is wrapped by hydrothermal pyrite enriched in Cu,As,Sb,Au,Tl,Pb and Bi.Different host rock lithology has much impact on the alteration and mineralization features.Carbonate and sericite in altered lamprophyre show they have higher Mg than those developed in other of host rocks denoting that the carbonate and sericite incorporated Mg from phlogopite phenocrysts in the primary lamprophyre during alteration.The ore fluid activated the diagenetic pyrite in meta-quartz sandstone leading the hydrothermal pyrite enriched in Cu,Mo,Ag,Sb,Te,Hg,Tl,Pb and Bi,but the hydrothermal pyrite in meta-(ultra)mafic rock is enriched in Co and Ni as the meta-(ultra)mafic rock host rock contain high content of Co and Ni.However,Au and As shear similar range in both types of host rocks indicating that these two elements most likely come from the deep source fluid rather than the host rocks.It was shown in the disseminated orogenic gold deposit that similar hydrothermal alteration with mineral assemblage of carbonate(mainly dolomite and ankerite),sericite,pyrite and arsenopyrite develops in all types of host rocks.This is different from the Nevada Carlin type,in which alteration is mainly dissolution and silicification of carbonate host rock.On the other hand,Au mainly occur as invisible gold in both disseminated orogenic and Carlin gold deposits.     

塔吾尔别克-阿庇因迪斑岩型金矿特征

矿床的形成与矿区二长斑岩岩体有关.岩体内发育4组原生节理或裂隙带,这些节理或裂隙带控制了矿体的分布,特别是它们的交汇部位是成矿的良好部位.矿体形态为脉状、网脉状和透镜体状.有4种矿石类型:黄铁矿石英脉型;黄铁矿硅酸盐石英脉型;黄铁绢英岩型和细脉浸染型.矿床可以划分为2个成矿期:内生成矿期和表生成矿期.内生成矿期划分3个成矿阶段,第2成矿阶段是金矿主成矿阶段.矿物组合为黄铁矿、自然金、银金矿、石英、绿泥石、方解石、白云石、绢云母、白云母和重晶石.矿体的围岩蚀变主要为硅化、绢云母化、黄铁绢英岩化、绿泥石化、硅酸盐化.氢氧同位素、硫同位素以及流体包裹体的研究表明,成矿热液为岩浆热液和大气降水的混合体.成矿热液温度为130℃,成矿压力为22MPa,盐度1.03%,氧逸度-36.7~-38.8,pH=5.8~8.8.成矿流体早期显酸性,晚期显碱性.认为该矿床为浅成低温、低盐度流体成矿,属于次火山斑岩型金矿.     

粤北白水寨石英脉型钨矿床地质特征及找矿前景

英德白水寨钨矿床位于粤北钨多金属成矿带雪山嶂矿田内,是近年来新发现的石英脉型钨矿床,初步探明储量已达中型规模。矿区浅部发育白钨矿线脉-细网脉密集带,往深部演化成黑钨矿细脉带,并在钙质地层发育地段形成了白钨矿体。与典型的石英脉型钨矿相比,该矿床具有浅部线细网-细脉带钨矿物"上白钨矿下黑钨矿"、发育细网脉与矽卡岩共存的白钨矿(化)体、矿石矿物组合中出现大量黄铁矿的特征,但总体属于石英脉型钨矿床,深部含矿岩浆热液是成矿的重要条件。详细的野外勘探资料显示,该矿床已具有"五层楼"成矿规律的雏形,物探成果指示深部岩体埋深0.5~1.2 km,而地表-浅部矿化带处于"五层楼"模式的细网脉标志带-细脉带的空间位置,矿区深部勘查脉带型钨矿有很大空间。